Bylye Gody

1594-1601

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Lyudmila V. Sokolskaya, Elena N. Kaliakperova, Diana G. Alekseeva

Today, the interest of researchers in regional history has increased all over the world, especially to the history of the peoples of the Arctic zone of Russia. The purpose of this work is to study the regulatory potential of the positive and customary law of the Zyryans and Samoyeds in the use of land, water and forest resources in the XVII–XVIII centuries. The authors formulate the conclusion that the Arctic peoples under consideration have not lost their own identity, traditions and managed to preserve the regulatory force of customary law. In the XVII–XVIII centuries positive and customary law functioned in parallel on the territory of settlement of these peoples. The regulation of the sphere of nature management was aimed at preserving not only natural objects, but also the traditional system of life of ethno-local societies, as well as the established model of nature management. This trend appeared in the XV century. Since the XVII century, the legislator began to impose restrictions on the use of natural resources, legislatively allocating a list of protected, sovereign and other territories where the principle of freedom of use did not apply. By the end of the XVIII century, there is a tendency of mutual influence of the norms of positive and customary law in the field of environmental management. At that time, the customary law of the Arctic peoples supplemented the norms of positive law. The authors studied various historical documents, national folklore, mythological prose. An important source is archival documents, systematized in collections. Publications in the periodical press and pre-revolutionary normative legal acts of the Russian Empire systematized in the «Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire» (PSZ), are attracted.

1615-1623

Authors: Natalia A. Dushkova, Larisa I. Maslikhova

The article is devoted to the problem of the growth of entrepreneurial activity in Voronezh region as the result of shipbuilding. It manifested itself primarily in the construction of private metallurgical plants, cloth factories. The authors disclose state measures to support private owners, characterize the advantages of private enterprises over the state. Some attention is paid to the identification of the reasons for the conservation and further development of a wide range of fisheries along with manufacturing. A large place in the article is devoted to the process of expanding the entrepreneurial layer in trade. The social composition of Voronezh merchants was investigated, the fact of the increased specialization of the trading layer in the Petrine period was noted. The authors emphasize the special importance of agriculture during shipbuilding in Voronezh, which becomes the main branch of the economy of the Voronezh Territory. They identify three categories of the population that have shown entrepreneurial activity in this area and have significantly succeeded in their work. The work shows positive results from entrepreneurial activity, indicates the advantages gained by different categories of the population from this activity, shows the economic effect.

1638-1649

Authors: Bulat A. Aznabaev, Aleksey I. Kortunov

In the literature, there are conflicting interpretations of the Russian citizenship of the Bashkirs of the XVI-XVIII centuries caused by the assertion that the Bashkirs did not have a political structure, which was understood exclusively as a form of chiefdom or state. At the same time, a number of researchers at the end of the XX century noted that the political unity of the people is not always achieved through the formation of rigid forms that alienate the sovereignty of the communities. Bashkir society of the middle of the XVI – first third of the XVIII century is an example of the creation of a military polity without the power vertical that is customary for nomads. In the middle of the XVI century the tribal formations of the Bashkirs united into a horizontal structure, which in Russian official documents of the XVIII century received the name “Bashkir Horde”. The absence of an institutional elite in Bashkir society, represented by the Chingizids, who have the right to state power, determined the democratic character of the Bashkir polity. All decisions related to political existence (declaring war or concluding peace) were made at the yiyyn – “worldly gatherings” of Bashkir clans. The unification of the Bashkir clans into a single military structure was the result of an agreement with the Russian state, which obliged the Bashkirs to guard the southern border of their lands. In the south, the Bashkirs were opposed by nomadic chiefdoms and states (Kalmyks, Nogai, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks), then the Bashkirs were forced to create a single military structure, taking into account their specific social structure. The protection of its southern border is becoming a common concern of the entire Bashkir people, therefore, the most economically valuable territories located in the border zone have become the property of all Bashkir clans. The main test of the military polity of the Bashkirs passed during the massive invasion of the Kalmyks in the 20s and 30s of the XVII century. If the former rulers of Bashkiria, the Nogai and Siberian Sheibanids, were forced to recognize the power of the Kalmyks, then the Bashkirs, even having lost the steppe estates behind the Yaik, not only managed to repel the onslaught of a numerically superior enemy, but went on the offensive. In the early 60s of the XVII century Kalmyk leaders conditioned the acceptance of Russian citizenship by the cessation of the raids of the Bashkirs and the return of prisoners. However, in the 20s of the XVIII century, the military organization of the Bashkirs faced the threat of disintegration for the first time. The southern clans, who lost their estates beyond Yaik as a result of the advance of the Kazakhs to the north, supported Russia's intention to build a city on the border of the Ufa province. However, the majority of the Bashkirs saw the intentions of I.K. Kirilov's desire of the state to take control of the southern border. The Bashkirs took this step by the authorities as an intention to terminate the citizenship agreement of the middle of the XVI century, which guaranteed the Bashkirs unprecedented privileges in the Russian state.

1661-1671

Authors: Yerke T. Kartabayeva, Gulzhan S. Bedelova, Aitolkyn A. Toktagan, Nurgul N. Akpanbet

The proposed scientific article, based on the data of Kazakh and Russian archives, examines the political and social activities of the institute of batyrs who served in Western Siberia as part of the Russian Empire in the XVIII-XIX centuries. After joining the Russian Empire, there were a number of changes in the structure and direction of development of the institute of batyrs of Kazakh society. First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to increasing the political and diplomatic missions of the batyrs. The tsarist government intensified the political activity of the Kazakh batyrs of the West Siberian Steppe, involving them in various state and border issues. It must be recognized that at the previous stage, the activities of the Batyr Institute were limited exclusively to military purposes. In the XVIII-XIX centuries, Russian researchers who were in the Kazakh steppe for various reasons characterized the comprehensive development of the role of batyrs in society. During the analysis of the Russian archival data, we were convinced that the position of the Batyr institute in the system of power has changed. They successfully carried out a connecting activity between the common people and the ruling khan-sultans. Representatives of the Batyr Institute were able to effectively interact with the tsarist administration to resolve conflicts that occurred in the districts of the fortress lines. Also, state initiatives to resolve intertribal conflicts in Kazakh society and their elimination were significantly influenced by the authority of the batyrs in the public environment. Such batyrs as Bogenbai, Kabanbai, became advisers to the khan-sultans. One of the changes that took place in the institute of batyrs during this period can be called their ascent to the rank of the ruling elite of society. Having gained the trust of the tsarist government, the batyrs achieved the position of foreman, tarkhan.

1683-1691

Authors: Yulia G. Kokorina, Maсhach M. Vagabov, Vasily A. Rogozhkin

In this article, based on the consideration of a diverse set of literature, a systematic description of the policy of the House of Romanov and the Russian government in the XVIII – early XX centuries on the development of Scythian archaeology is given. The entire range of literature and sources used in this article is divided into three groups, which include works on the history of archaeological knowledge, works on state policy in the field of archaeology and directly works on Scythian archaeology. A review of the literature shows that despite the increased interest in the history of archaeological knowledge, the policy of the House of Romanov and the Russian government on the development of Scythian archaeology has not been specifically investigated. Under the "Scythian archeology" in this work, the study of the European Forest-Steppe, Steppe, Crimea and the Kuban is considered, although if we interpret this concept in the perspective of "Scythian-Siberian unity", it is necessary to expand the scope of the study and analyze the expeditions of Russian scientists to Siberia and the fate of the Siberian collection of Peter I. The attention of the Romanov House to Scythian archaeology was expressed in the personnel policy, which dictated the principles of choosing the leaders of the excavations of the richest Scythian mounds. They were initially military, and later – major scientists who occupied a high social position. The main role in the study of the Scythian mounds was played by the Archaeological Commission, called the Imperial Commission. The Russian government and the Imperial House personally spared no expense to research the Scythian mounds, archaeologists received government awards and ranks. An ambiguous situation developed with attempts to suppress predatory excavations of Scythian mounds by landowners, peasants and impostor archaeologists. In general, the experience of the development of Scythian archaeology on the part of the reigning dynasty and the Russian government seems useful today, when "black archeology" is flourishing on the territory of modern Russia and Ukraine.

1701-1709

Authors: Olga Y. Zhukovets, Elena K. Sklyarova, Yulia A. Sidorenko, Elena N. Butova

The article considers socio-political aspects of the evolution of scientific medical societies of Great Britain and Russia in the XIX – XX centuries. The authors investigate different socio-political processes and effects of the formation of scientific medical societies of Great Britain and Russia in the XIX – XX centuries using the comparative and historical-genetic methods of scientific research. The rise of the most scientific medical societies in Great Britain happened during the period of the epidemics, urbanization and the reign of Queen Victory. The founders of the most of societies were the members of parliament, the representatives of medical profession of the United Kingdom. In the XX century, scientific medical societies of Great Britain united in The RoyalSocietyofMedicine, and then got royal confession and support. Their progressive socio-medical ideas during the period of urbanization and epidemics were developed in Russian Empire, where progressive Russian doctors created the “Pirogov`s Society”. However, socio-political events of the period of Russian Revolution 1917 brought to the liquidation of Russian monarchy and this scientific medical society. Only after the disintegration of the USSR and communist system the “Pirogov`s Society” was reestablished in Russia.

1716-1727

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko

The article reveals the influence of representatives of Ukrainian «enlightened bureaucracy» on the processes of formation and development of higher education system of the Russian Empire in the XIX century, in particular, legal education on the example of the Moscow and St. Petersburg Imperial Universities. To this end, an attempt was made to systematically examine the life and career of P.G. Redkin, a native of Romny (Sumy Region), who was one of the representatives of Ukrainian «enlightened bureaucracy». Redkin's contribution to the development of higher education system, as well as his influence on the intellectual life of the Russian Empire is considered in this manuscript in several aspects. Firstly, it is educational activity of P.G. Redkin as an Extraordinary and Ordinary Professor, Head of the Chair of Encyclopedia or General Review of Law System of the Moscow Imperial University (1835-1848); Chair of Encyclopedia and History of Law Philosophy of the Saint Petersburg Imperial University (1863-1873), Rector of the Saint Petersburg Imperial University (1873-1876); Honorary Member of this University (1878). Secondly, it is public and state activity of P.G. Redkin as a founder and publisher of the first law journal in the Russian Empire, founder of educational community, popularizer of universal literacy and professional education of teachers, etc. Thirdly, it is the scientific activity of P.G. Redkin, the author of fundamental works on the history and philosophy of law, an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. It is shown that scientific, social, state and pedagogical activity of Redkin, Varadinov and other representatives of Ukrainian «enlightened bureaucracy» significantly affected not only the sphere of higher education and science in the Russian Empire, but also the system of state and public relations.

1737-1750

Authors: Valerii L. Muzykant, Galina N. Trofimova, Valerii D. Takazov, Almas Kalimoldaev

The work examines the civilizational mission of the Russian Empire in Central Asia in the XIX century on the basis of archival sources. The attention is paid to the main types of crimes, such as kidnapping, murder, robbery of merchant caravans, sea robbery, barymta, as well as the system of punishment for these crimes. The inventory No. 10 (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th parts) of the State Archive of the Orenburg Region (Orenburg, Russian Federation) of the Fund No. 6 was used as materials, which presents the cases of the border department of the office of the Orenburg Governor-General. In conclusion, the authors state that in the first half of the XIX century, the Russian Empire in Central Asia faced a whole range of serious criminal acts, namely kidnapping and slave trade, murders, robbery of trade caravans and fishing vessels, nomad raids and barymta (abduction of horses and cattle). Only in the state archive of the Orenburg region about 2 thousand archival files were devoted to these issues. The illegal acts involved, especially at the initial stage, not only the nomads of the Kyrgyz steppe, but also the Kyrgyz who are part of Russia (the Inner Horde). Since 1820, Russia has been working tirelessly to spread literacy in the steppe, provide medical and humanitarian assistance, attract local people to service (first as postmen, then as guards for sultans and caravans, and then until entering the civil service after graduating from Russian educational institutions). Thanks to this, the steppe began to change, this process was long and complicated, but in general, by the 1870s, the number of criminal offenses in the region was minimized, and Central Asia was able to adopt many initiatives proposed by the Russian administration.

1762-1778

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Ludmila G. Zimovets

An attempt has been made to conduct a comprehensive historical and statistical study of the long-livers of the Russian Empire in the period of 1836−1914. In this part of the work, the period of 1900−1914 is analyzed, at this time, the male and female population of the Orthodox faith was recorded. As materials, we used the reports of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod on the spiritual department of the Orthodox faith for 1836−1914. The work is based on the basic principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. The statistical method is of great importance in the work, which allowed us to analyze as fully as possible the available statistical data on mortality in the territory of the Russian Empire in the period of 1836−1914, as well as to reveal the important characteristic features. In conclusion, the authors state that the analysis of the statistical data for the dioceses made it possible to identify the territories where the maximum number of the long-livers was recorded for every thousand people among the dead. Thus, the most favorable territories were: the territory of the Caucasus (the Georgian exarchate, including the Vladikavkaz diocese, as well as the Astrakhan diocese); the territory of the Ukrainian dioceses (Tauride, Kherson) and the territory of the Asian part of Russia (the Far Eastern territories – the Blagoveshchensk diocese, in addition to the Omsk, Yenisei and Turkestan dioceses). Some other dioceses, for example, Tobolsk, Ufa and Samara, also had high rates. In general, we can say that these territories had a positive (climatic and geographic) effect on human life expectancy. Besides this, thanks to statistical data for the period from 1836 to 1914, the authors revealed that the maximum value of the long-livers among men was recorded in 1836 – 808 people (the earliest of the analyzed reports), subsequently, the number of male centenarians steadily decreased and by 1874 reached its minimum – 135 people. The minimum values for male long-livers were characteristic until 1881, after which a gradual increase began, which continued until the First World War (the maximum value among men in 1911 was 612 centenarians). The situation was similar for women in the period from 1850 to 1914. Thus, the trend of a decrease in the life expectancy of people in the world, in the Russian Empire, was not confirmed.

1789-1799

Authors: Olga V. Natоlochnaya, Ruslan M. Allalyev, Alexey V. Dyuzhov, Svetlana V. Petrova

The authors attempt to consider the systems of public education on the territory of the Caucasian Educational District in the period from 1848 to 1917. In this part of the work, the attention is paid to the period from 1848 to 1900. There were used as materials the annual “Reports of the trustee of the Caucasian Educational District on the state of educational institutions of the Caucasian Educational District”, which were published from 1884 to 1914. These reports published data on the public education system subordinated both to the Ministry of Public Education and, especially at the initial stage, on schools of other departments, for example, the Holy Synod. Due to the specifics of the work, the statistical method was widely used in methodological terms. Thanks to its application, we managed to systematize a variety of statistical information on different types of educational institutions (primary, lower and secondary), as well as to identify changes in the number of students in the Caucasus and pay attention to their gender balance. The authors come to the conclusion that the system of public education on the territory of the Caucasian Educational District consisted of secondary, lower, primary and private education. Various parish schools (Orthodox, Armenian-Gregorian, Jewish, Muslim) were not subordinated to the Caucasian School District and data on them were not considered in this work. The Caucasian Educational District, created in 1848, was a territory with scattered centers of public education with the predominance of primary schools. By 1879 there have already been more than 800 educational institutions in the Caucasus, of which 25 are secondary and 32 are lower, together with private ones. By 1900, the number of secondary and lower schools reached 55 and 84, respectively, and the total number of schools reached 1902, with 168 thousand students. Despite the obvious successes in public education, the gender imbalance and the infringement of girls' rights to primary education continued to be a significant problem.

1814-1825

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The article analyzes the process of creating a system of excise taxes in the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire on the basis of historical sources of diverse origins, which were introduced into scientific circulation at first. It is noted that the goal of the excise reform in the Steppe Territory and Turkestan was to modernize and integrate this ethnoregion into the Russian economy, to increase its profitability. In the Steppe Territory, an increase in excise receipts to the state treasury in the second half of the 19th century was associated with the development, first of all, of the distillery industry. A number of factors contributed to this situation: permission for the free production of alcohol, unlimited trade in alcoholic beverages, the development of the raw material base of this industry and an increase in demand for products due to a sharp influx of the peasant population into the region. After the introduction the state wine monopoly, the size of excise taxes in the regions of the Steppe region began to decline at the beginning of the twentieth century. In Turkestan, the introduction of the provisions of the excise reform began later – in the 70–80s of the XIX century. This was due to the later involvement of the region in the modernization processes, the lack of demand for wine and vodka products, the orientation of government circles to the development of cotton farms. Nevertheless, by the end of the 19th century, as a result of the development of the railway network, the distillery industry in Turkestan, oriented towards the Russian market, began to bring significant tax revenues. State wine monopoly did not affect the region at the beginning of the twentieth century.

1835-1848

Authors: Igor I. Verniaev

The Justice of the Peace (hereinafter referred to as «JP») court existed in the provinces of the South-Western Land (Kiev, Volyn, and Podolsk) for 45 years from 1872 to the end of the empire. Multiethnicity was one of the main factors of functioning of the JP courts there. Staffing of JP courts became a challenge for the imperial judicial powers. JPs had to be professionals in the judicial sphere, to have knowledge of regional specifics, to remain loyal to the imperial center leading the mission of legal integration of the frontier. To what extent was it possible to comply with these criteria? To answer this question, the article turns to official documents and narrative materials, such as personal files of JPs, annual lists of judges, audit materials, memoirs, and periodicals. Their analysis indicates three interrelated processes that took place in the late 19th – early 20th century: 1) the JP's corps was becoming more and more democratic in its composition; more and more representatives of the urban and rural middle and lower classes were being appointed as JPs, while the share of nobles was decreasing sharply; 2) the professional level of the judicial corps was improving, the share of judges with higher legal education was rapidly increasing with regional universities, primarily the Kiev University of St. Vladimir, playing a great role in this process. 3) the share of JPs of Ukrainian origins started to increase in the 1890s; contrary, the share of Russians from inner provinces was on decline; so there was an intensive process of nativization of the judicial corps. Thus, the study demonstrates that at the beginning of the 20th century, a corps of professional judges had formed in the region. The majority of them were connected with the Ukrainian provinces in personal, educational, and career terms. The results of the changes are evaluated by the criterion of the dynamics of the demand for JP courts by the broad strata of the population in the region.

1857-1866

Authors: Lazzat S. Dinasheva, Murat M. Tastanbekov, Gulmira Y. Sabdenova, Tengesh S. Kalenova

The article is devoted to the analysis of the significance of the Orenburg-Tashkent railway in the socio-economic life of the Syrdarya region of the Turkestan region. This railway line is considered as a mechanism that opened the way for the entry of the region into capitalist relations. Most of the railway line passed through the territory of the Syrdarya region. Among the regions included in the Turkestan Region, the Syrdarya region stands out for its geographical and socio-economic character. This is due to the fact that there were very few cities and industrial centers on the territory of the region. The vast majority of residents led a semi-nomadic lifestyle. It was difficult for the peasants to get their goods transported to other consumer environments. It can be argued that this development trend has changed dramatically with the construction of the railway. Based on archival materials, an assessment of the activities of new railway stations and industrial facilities formed on the territory of the Syrdarya region is given. In addition, much attention is paid to the phenomenon of diversification of the labor sphere caused by the functioning of the railway. In the course of the research work, an objective approach to the factors of the construction of the Orenburg-Tashkent railway is revealed. As one of them, it is concluded that the factor of highway construction was carried out not because of competition between empires (as noted in many studies), but in order to involve the socio-economic isolated part of the empire in integration processes. Due to the activity of the railway, the export-import potential of the region has increased. The Syrdarya region has received ample opportunities for the export of salt, santonin, wool, dried fruits. In general, the railway line had a significant impact on the transition of the region from the old feudal relations to a partial agrarian-industrial form.

1877-1885

Authors: Oksana V. Klevtsova, Nikolay A. Zhirov

The article is devoted to the analysis of the situation in the field of literacy among the rural, mainly peasant population through holding public readings. The authors made an attempt to study the legislative framework, to study the state policy and recommendations on the methodology for organizing mass public readings. The relevance of the study lies in the poor knowledge of the out-of-school form of education in the Russian Empire, including within the framework of the Oryol province, in the period under study. Particular attention was paid to holding readings on the territory of the Oryol province, analyzing the demand for this area of work among the peasant population. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, the principle of historicism, comparative historical, mathematical and other methods. As a result of the study, the reasons for the popularity of folk readings among the villagers were established. At the same time, there is a noticeable lack of consistency in the conduct of this work, a plan for the organization and dissemination of religious and moral education of young people has not been formed. The reasons that hinder this process are identified: a lack of funds, a meager material and technical base of libraries, a lack of qualified teachers. The state has shifted the responsibility to the local authorities and the public. At the same time, throughout the entire period under study, there has been a steady increase in interest among the peasant population in folk readings and books.

1898-1909

Authors: Andrey A. Avdashkin, Tatyana V. Raeva, Igor V. Sibiryakov

The article examines the images of China and the Chinese in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries on the example of “Niva”journal. This journal published news articles, reports from the scene, portrait sketches, literary works on the “Chinese theme”, biographical and ethnographic essays. Texts and numerous illustrations showed the history of China, the way of life and traditions of its population to a wide audience. The authors came to the conclusion that the publishers, editors, and authors of the journal, as well as, probably, the pre-revolutionary Russian public failed to form a complete image of the Chinese and state of China. In the aggregate of various, sometimes mutually exclusive, ideas about them, depending on the Russian and world socio-political context of the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries certain elements were updated. This explained the volatility of public opinion in Russia in relation to China, the problem of “yellow labor”, gave dynamics and flexibility to Russian policy in the Far East and its representation in public space. The images of the state of China and the Chinese were multifaceted and dynamic.

1922-1934

Authors: Sergey N. Kastornov, Yulia Y. Ponomareva, Alexandra P. Chervinskaya, Oksana V. Leonova

The authors, based on the publications of the journal “Russkoe bogatstvo”, consider the views and assessments of legal-populist authors on the problems of parliamentarism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Great Britain, France, Germany and Austria-Hungary. The study of the experience of Western parliamentarism by representatives of the socio-political thought of Russia is intensified at the beginning of the 20th century in connection with the formation of a multi-party system and a Duma monarchy in our country. The publicists of “Russkoe bogatstvo” considered it useful to use the experience of this experience in the process of forming a constitutional state in Russia that guarantees civil and political human rights. The legal-populist authors called for taking into account and adopting the positive experience of Western states, the political structure of which provided the working people within the framework of the existing system with real opportunities to defend their economic, political, ethnic interests and raise the standard of living. This was a typical point of view of the reformist populists, whose worldview contained both socialist and liberal elements. The experience of parliamentarism in Great Britain and France seemed to them more valuable in comparison with the experience of Austria-Hungary and Germany. The publicists of “Russkoe bogatstvo” were close to an objective assessment of the realities of the social and political life of Western countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and led their readers to the idea that the main direction of the state's development should be progressive, consist of socio-economic and political legal, not revolutionary transformations. The study shows that the study of the ideas of parliamentarism by legal populists still has its relevance from a practical and scientific point of view.

1947-1954

Authors: Tatiana A. Kattsina, Natalya V. Pashina, Ludmila E. Mezit, Natalya А. Goncharevich

The Elberfeld system, which originated in Germany's charitable community at the communal level in the middle of the 19th century, represented an innovative breakthrough in the organization of social assistance to the poor in the early industrial era. Thanks to a careful selection procedure for those in need, strict adherence to the principles of individualization and decentralization, it ensured the targeting of permanent and temporary assistance, a wide range of preventive and rehabilitation measures, including the formation of life skills, the ability to leave the care of society and independently support their existence. Elberfeld's experience in solving the problem of poverty was used not only in Germany, but also in the cities of Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Austria, and Switzerland. Many similarities with the German Elberfeld system can be traced in the organization of institutions for the care of the poor in the Russian Empire during the period of industrial modernization of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. In this article, on the basis of office materials, testimonies of contemporaries (lawyers, city public administration officials, charity functionaries), the application of general provisions on social support to those in need, developed by the practice of the Elberfeld system, is considered in Russian reality. The geography of the study covers Tomsk – the administrative, cultural and economic center of the south of Western Siberia.

1964-1971

Authors: Valeriy V. Suvorov, Lyudmila V. Klimovich

Far Eastern policy of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century outlined for the Russian authorities the tasks of providing everything necessary for the Pacific squadron, among which the most important was the receipt of an ice-free port. Searches were undertaken back in the 1880s, but they had no practical result and this issue remained unresolved until the mid-1890s, when it was re-identified in connection with the Sino-Japanese War. The Russian leadership coincided in their views that the use of Japanese ports for the repair and parking of the Russian fleet after the Sino-Japanese war became inconvenient, since Japan could stop it at any time. Maintaining the combat readiness of the Pacific Fleet in the presence of a port and a repair dock only in Vladivostok was a difficult task. In this context, the study of the development of the views of statesmen and the naval command regarding obtaining an ice-free port in the context of their understanding of the military-strategic and cultural-historical tasks of Russia acquires particular importance. At the same time, if the event history is well known enough, then the evaluative side, views and judgments of persons directly related to the solution of the issue of a non-freezing port need further research. Despite the study of the terrain and active discussion of the issue of an ice-free port, neither the naval command, nor representatives of various ministries were able to come up with a solution to this issue. The refusal to take decisive action on this issue was due to fears of a negative reaction from the European powers or Japan, with which it did not seem advisable to enter into an open conflict. It is significant that none of the departments of the state apparatus of the Russian Empire was able to take responsibility and resolve the issue of occupying the ice-free port. The delay in resolving this issue in the context of the provocations of Germany in 1897 and her occupation of the Chinese port of Kia-Chao caught the Russian government by surprise, which resulted in the unplanned occupation of Port Arthur, which, on the scale of the Far Eastern policy, became a turning point that changed the main political vector of “peaceful penetration”to the East, promoted by S.Yu. Witte.

1981-1995

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the analysis of the document, which was not previously involved in scientific circulation, «Doklad sostoyashchego v rasporyazhenii voennogo ministra General'nogo shtaba general-leitenanta Maslakovtsa po voprosu o detsentralizatsii del Glavnogo Upravleniya Kazach'ikh voisk». Contrary to its name, this text proposed a complete restructuring of the administrative structure of the Russian Cossacks, with the granting of broad economic autonomy. It was prepared in 1900, when the War Ministry of the Russian Empire was concerned about the impoverishment of the Cossacks, especially in the Don Host. An authoritative government expert on Cossack issues, the former Orenburg ataman N.A. Maslakovets, said that the administrative structure of the Cossack troops should also contribute to the achievement of Cossack welfare. He proposed giving to the Host’s administrations broad economic autonomy and introducing elected delegates from the stanitsas to their composition, so that they defend the economic interests of the Cossacks. The most curious conclusion from the analysis of the text is that many ideas of N.A. Maslakovets coincided with the ideas of the Don opposition figures. The general, like them, believed that the well-being of the Cossacks with their complete submission to the imperial administration was impossible.

2005-2013

Authors: Stanislav E. Prokofiev, Pavel S. Seleznev, Aleksey V. Fedyakin, Viktor V. Titov

This work is devoted to the topic of changing the views of Russian monarchists on the strategy of ensuring the stability of the political and social regime of the empire in the period 1905−1917. The aim of the study is to identify the main vectors and trends in the evolution of the views of monarchists on the strategy of ensuring political stability in the Russian Empire in the designated chronological period. The source base of the work is formed by attracting materials from the pre-revolutionary periodicals, sources of personal origin and publications of office documents and program materials of political parties. The methodology of the work is built on the basis of a combination of synchronous and diachronic comparative analysis. It is concluded that during the period under review, the views of monarchists on the strategy of ensuring the political stability of the empire were actively evolving. Initially, they did not have their own views on this issue, delegating the function of determining the vector of its decision to the system of the current government. However, as the revolutionary crisis grew, the monarchists began to develop their own position on this issue. Initially, popular were the ideas of a partial limitation of the powers of the recently created parliamentary institutions or the restoration of “primordially autocratic principles” in the system of state administration. However, in the end, the point of view of moderate monarchists prevailed, insisting on the need to create mechanisms to cut off political radicals from participation in legislative activity. In the period 1907–1911 the monarchists promoted the idea of the need to combine moderate reforms with the conservation of social institutions that ensure the functioning of the patriarchal model of Russian society. At the same time, attention was focused on the fact that transformations in the socio-economic sphere should become a priority for the authorities: the transition to political reforms in the absence of an increase in living standards was seen as fraught with the beginning of new revolutionary uprisings. In the future, the monarchists moved to more radical positions. They proposed to rebuild the political and economic models of the organization of society in the spirit of corporatism. During the First World War, they actively discussed projects for the establishment of the post of a dictator, uniting in his hands the supreme powers in the civil and military spheres. Thus, the monarchists went beyond the traditionalist paradigm of autocracy. At the same time, their very perception of political stability was transformed. Initially it was seen as a static state corresponding to the “sacred past”. However, by the end of the period under study, monarchists perceived stability as a state of the political system that allows political and social systems to remain resistant to external and internal challenges through evolutionary transformations or the creation of new extraordinary institutions and forms of management or economic organization.

2026-2033

Authors: Irina N. Litvinova, Oksana A. Karagodina, Elena O. Danilova

Based on the materials of Tsaritsyn and partly his district, the specifics of the main forms and directions of charity in the Lower Volga province at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries are considered. The special role of entrepreneurs in improving the work of institutions in the areas of public care and care for orphans, as well as education and assistance to students from poor segments of the population is shown. To a certain extent, the philanthropic activities of public organizations and individuals in the field of healthcare in relation to the category of "babies", as well as rural residents in a lean year, are considered. A new source, introduced into scientific circulation, is analyzed in more detail – a report on the activities of the Tsaritsyn boys' shelter. The purpose of the work is to reveal the content of charitable practices in the field of guardianship and public education in a large district center of the Saratov province, to publish new information about the benefactor – a well-known merchant in the region A. N. Serebryakov and the orphanage opened by him. The materials of the article are necessary for researchers to develop a virtual excursion on one of the important topics – the social history of Volgograd.

2043-2052

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Ksenia V. Reznikova, Yulia N. Menzhurenko

The article examines the possibilities of the materials of the journal “Cine-phono”to act as historical sources on the development of national cinema at the time of its formation. The discussions of the greatest interest for potential researchers, unfolding on its pages, were revealed: about the phenomenon of cinema, about its relationship with the authorities, about the reflection of the main current events in the development of cinematography, etc. by the residual principle. Analysis of the materials of the journal “Cine-phono” made it possible to single out in 1907–1916 three periods in the formation of provincial cinematography (1907–1908 cinematography mastered territories outside the boundaries of capital cities; in the 1909–1914s – active extensive development; decline in the number of references to provincial cities in 1915–1916 associated with the events of the First World War) and rank the regions depending on the level of development of cinematography. The most significant topics in the development of provincial cinema have been identified, these are general issues of the functioning of cinemas; political action in relation to cinema; education; emergencies; charity.

2062-2072

Authors: Pavel A. Merkulov, Svetlana V. Bukalova, Oksana V. Leonova, Nadezhda V. Mironenko

The article analyzes the "patriotic upsurge" that accompanied Russia's entry into the World War I. This phenomenon of public consciousness and mass behavior is considered within the framework of the pre-revolutionary evolution of the socio-political sphere in the Russian Empire, which demonstrated the paradoxical dynamics of the transition from the apparent unity of society and authorities to the predominance of anti-autocratic sentiments in the conditions of the external military aggression. The authors points out the weakness of ideological basis of patriotic moods of July-August 1914, which led to the predominance of the emotional component in them and determined the temporary limitation of this phenomenon. The content of the "moods of 1914" is analyzed through their objective external manifestations: patriotic processions, a surge of charity and volunteerism, riots of the mobilized. Each of these phenomena can only be explained to a limited extent by patriotic or "anti-patriotic" motivation. It is concluded that the initial period of the World War I in Russia was accompanied by contrasting manifestations of social activity and opposite emotions, reflecting the transition of society from a stable to an extreme status. The authors come to the conclusion that "patriotic upsurge" by its nature was an independent phenomenon, which allows us to consider it outside of the widespread three-stage periodization of the patriotic sentiments evolution in Russia during the World War I. This point of view removes the problem of the autocracy "guilt", which couldn’t use the potential of universal patriotic enthusiasm to mobilize Russian society to the total war.