Bylye Gody

15-24

Authors: Vasily S. Semenov, Olga V. Semenova

The article examines the characteristic features and state of the system of protection from water elements, relief of its consequences and assistance to victims in the South of the Russian Empire. The materials for the article were gleaned from the funds of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region and Krasnodar Territory, most of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as from the periodicals of the period under study. The study analyzes specific situations, organizational and managerial measures to prevent and protect against floods using the example of the Astrakhan province, as well as the organization of assistance to victims of the 1914 hurricane in the Kuban region. The authors made conclusions about the insufficient legislative regulation in the Russian Empire of measures to combat the water element, rescue and restoration work and assistance to victims. The weak participation of the central government in the development of a system for preventing disasters and stopping their consequences, which was built mostly on public funds and initiatives, was noted. The key areas that required state participation were highlighted: the construction of capital coastal protection structures, the creation of a centralized fund to help victims of the disaster, the formation of a specialized rescue service.

33-46

Authors: Marina L. Galas, Pavel S. Seleznev

The scientific paper explore the institutionalisation of the business, social and political activities of Russians in the 18th and early 20th centuries. Entrepreneurial activity of women of different classes is associated with the process of becoming their legal personality. In this process, the role of a woman in marriage-family relations was formed, property relations (relative to ownership, inheritance), in the civil-legal system, in the economic sphere, in the system of power and government at all levels. Attention is drawn to the educational and educational role in society of economically active Russian women. The charity work of Russian women entrepreneurs is shown. Statistics on the business activities of Russian women are presented: on the structure and industry composition of women's entrepreneurship, on the volume of production of enterprises, factories managed by Russians, share participation in various areas of the economy, production, the dynamics of the number of factories and enterprises owned by women. The socially oriented entrepreneurship of Russian women is considered. The authors analyzed the main areas of the women's movement related to the struggle for civil equality, equal opportunities in the labor market and employment, social guarantees, labor protection, supporting of mother-hood and child population. As part of the study's theme, the authors analyzed of the activities of women's civil society institutions. The forms of interaction between women's public organizations and the executive and legislative authorities in Russia are shown. The attention is drawn to the cooperation of such public organizations with the extranational women's movement. Multifaceted scrutiny of the topic allowed to show the importance of the women's movement for the development of economic, social, legal and management systems of pre-revolutionary Russia.

56-63

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Mykola S. Nazarov, Lyubov G. Polyakova, Jasmin Gut

Based on archival materials and other documentary sources, the authors studied the history of the little-known Ukrainian peasant-cossack Kunits family, who lived on the territory of the Konotop Cossack Hundred of the Hetmanate (eventually – Konotopsky uyezd of Chernihiv province). It was found out that the representatives of this family were peasants at the beginning of the XVIII century, but over time, probably, they were able to pass into the cossack state. After the final incorporation of the Hetmanate into the empire, the russian government made active attempts to reformat the social structure of the population of Ukraine on the russian model. A large stratum of Cossacks was dissolved in almost all social groups. But many of its representatives were given the opportunity to serve in state institutions in lower positions. A large number of cossacks took advantage of this. This gave them the opportunity to occupy a relatively comfortable niche in the social structure of the Russian Empire. The representatives of the Kunits family clearly illustrate this. According to the authors, the reconstruction of biographies of ordinary representatives of society, including small officials, makes it possible to more objectively assess certain historical phenomena and processes. In this case, some aspects of the development of the bureaucratic apparatus in the Ukrainian lands within the Russian Empire at the end of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries are clarified.

74-84

Authors: Alexander B. Khramtsov

The article considers the results of studying the basic problems of social life arising in the process of settlement of the population, the formation of stable traditions, crafts and crafts in the southern villages of the Trans-Urals of the late XVIII – early XX centuries. Three periods of historiography were highlighted: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern. In each of them basic works are studied, their characteristics are given, fragmentation of works is shown. The scientific novelty of the work is associated with little knowledge of the process of resettlement and the specifics of rural crafts, where, under the influence and enrichment of different cultures, a special figurative system of folk applied art has developed. A review of historiography allowed the author to formulate promising directions for further study of the topic: highlighting the main stages, features and patterns of the resettlement process; a comprehensive typology of rural settlements in the south of the region; Identification of rural crafts, handicrafts and traditions; a study of the specifics of folk crafts, their evolution, the causes of the decline of some species; introduction into scientific circulation of new sources on the topic: archival documents, museum collections, materials of field surveys, periodicals, maps of areas; creation of a regional tourist route in the southern settlements of the Tyumen region. The results obtained during the study can become a theoretical basis for popularizing traditional culture and spiritual and moral education of young people.

97-109

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Aleksey A. Korolev, Elena V. Krasnenkova

The article deals with the problem of the Nogais flight from Circassia in 1793–1839. The attention is paid to the causes of migration, as well as the influence of the Circassian slave capture and slave trade on the demography of Nogai families. The main source on this issue is the collection of documents “The Circassian Slave Narratives”, which was published in October 2020 in a special issue of the journal “Bylye Gody”. This collection includes 1.2 thousand archival documents from the State archive of the Krasnodar Krai (Krasnodar city, Russian Federation). In total, due to the data of this collection, in the period from 1793 to 1839, 897 Nogais left Circassia according to incomplete data. The methodology is represented by a set of general and special methods of historical research. The content of the sources and their features determined the application of the statistical method used to account the Nogais who fled from Circassia, as well as to determine the generic ties and the number of people in one Nogai family. The analytical method was also used to systematize and evaluate general information about the Nogais and the reasons for their migration. In conclusion, the authors state that the “The Circassian Slave Narratives” is a valuable source on the history of the Nogai people in the late XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries. In the late XVIII – early XIX centuries, the Nogais fled from the territory of Circassia, and were subjected to violence by the local population. About half of the families of the Nogai fugitives were abducted and killed, which predetermined the attempts of their departure on the territory of Russia. It is important to explain that the flight of the Nogai communities continued until 1808, and after that there were few cases of flight of the Nogai people who were abducted on the Russian side

118-125

Authors: Andrii E. Lebid, Andriana M. Kostenko, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko

The article analyzed one of the most important sources on the history of the Russian Empire of the middle of the XIX с. − «History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs» N.V. Varadinov – Doctor of Law and Philosophy, the brightest representative of «enlightened bureaucracy». The considerable heuristic potential of this source in the political, economic, social, spiritual and cultural life of the Russian State during this period is noted. It is established that the history of the Ministry of Internal Affairs by N.V. Varadinov describes in the period from 1802 to 1855, singling out in it three periods: the period of formation of the ministry according to the manifesto of Emperor Alexander I, the period of transformation of the ministry (1810) when some of its functions were transferred to other agencies, and the third period when the basic functions and competencies of the Ministry of the Interior were almost formalized. It is noted that the most important part of N.V. Varadinov’s research is the 8th, an additional book in which the scholar explores religious issues, in particular issues related to the spread of splintering in the Russian Empire and government policies concerning it. The historian explores the history of the «split» on the example of the «sect» of the iconoclasts, khlists and others. The distinguishing feature of N.V. Varadinov’s work is factual accuracy, direct work with archival materials of the Ministry itself and other departments.

138-145

Authors: Viktor V. Titov

The presented study is devoted to the study of the specific and factors that hindered the effective implementation of the policy to promote the imperial form of national-state (all-Russian) identity in the Grand Duchy of Finland during the reign of Alexander III. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive assessment of the factors that acted as obstacles to the successful spread of imperial identity in Finland during the reign of Alexander III. The source base of the work includes materials from the State Archives of the Russian Federation (from the funds of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs) and the Russian State Historical Archives (from the funds of the Department of General Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the office of the Minister of Internal Affairs and the personal fund of the Minister of Education I.D.Delyanov). The methodology of the work is built through a combination of elements of descriptive, structural and comparative analysis. The author comes to the conclusion that already by the beginning of the reign of Alexander III, the policy of his predecessors led to the emergence of a situation in which the implementation of a comprehensive program for promoting imperial identity in Finland was fraught with undermining Russia's internal political stability. Favorable conditions were formed for the development of Finnish nationalism, first in a cultural and then in a political form. The Grand Duchy turned out to be economically isolated from Russia to a large extent. At the same time, the growth in living standards due to the benefits provided to Finland, along with the creation of a mass education system, contributed to the formation of outgroup discrimination against other subjects of the empire. Traditional institutions for the spread of identity (school, army, church) were isolated at the regional level. The situation was aggravated by the preservation of the image of the “Russian enemy” in the cultural memory of the Finns. As a result, the emperor was forced to choose a course of limited reforms, at the expense of refusing to fully integrate the border region, ensuring the stability of the state.

159-168

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Marina A. Ponomareva, Ludmila G. Zimovets

The authors made an attempt to carry out a comprehensive historical and statistical study of the long-livers of the Russian Empire in the period of 1836−1914. This part of the work analyzes the period of 1836−1849, when only males of the Orthodox faith were registered. The attention is paid to the number of the long-livers, namely to persons whose age has exceeded 101 years, their places of residence, as well as the proportion of the long-livers to the total population. There were used as materials the reports of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod for the Spiritual Department of the Orthodox Confession for 1836−1914. The work is structured using the basic principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. The statistical method is of great importance in the work, which allowed us to analyze as fully as possible the available statistical data on mortality on the territory of the Russian Empire in the period 1836–1849, as well as to reveal the important characteristic features. In conclusion, the authors state that in the period of 1836−1849 among the deceased long-livers of the Russian Empire were: one person under the age of 165, one under 155, two under 150, seven under 145, two under 140 and 15 under 135. Overall, in the Russian Empire at the indicated time, more than 4.7 thousand people overcame the milestone of 101 years. The regions with the largest number of long-livers were in the European part of Russia (the Caucasus and the Chisinau-Kherson region), and one region in the Asian part of Russia – the Tomsk diocese – was also in the top 5 leaders.

182-190

Authors: Alexey A. Kiyashchenko, Dmitry V. Naumov, Dmitry S. Gudov, Svetlana R. Gubaeva

The study of social mobility and social lifts of the 50sof XIX century – early XX centuryis an urgent scientific problem of Russian history. The preparation and implementation of the great reforms of Alexander II led to the transformation of all spheres of public life, deeply affecting the estate system of the Russian Empire. The ensuing intensification of emancipation, leading to the evolution of inter-social relations, activated social lifts, stimulating both vertical and horizontal mobility. In this article, a team of authors analyzes the transformation in the second half of the 19th century of the main estates of Russia: the nobility, merchants and clergy, which were the final (or intermediate) goal for the transition of representatives of less privileged corporations. The structure of this work is based on the principles of social ranking of the three specified estates in terms of their attractiveness for the transition. On the basis of this principle, methods of transition to the nobility, merchants and clergy, as well as the rights and obligations of newly entered individuals arising in connection with this transition, are consistently investigated. Based on the quantitative data of official sources, a conclusion is made about the mass character of the merchant's transition to the nobility, despite government measures aimed at complicating such a transition, at the same time, a regularity is drawn about the relative stability of the spiritual class, while softening the restrictive framework for its entry. At the same time, the team of authors analyzes the gradual erosion of the estate framework during the last third of the 19th – early 20th centuries. and, in parallel, accompanied by this process, the interpenetration of moral norms, values and ideas inherent in the representatives of these estates, which, in turn, simultaneously contributed to the formation of the class structure of Russian society, instead of the de facto collapsing estate system.

200-209

Authors: Vladimir V. Blokhin

In this article, V.V. Blokhin analyzes the worldview of Alexander Herzen and Nikolai Mikhailovsky, their projects for the social reconstruction of post-reform Russia in the second half of the 19th century.Scientific interest in the theorists of populism is caused by the similarity of their socio-political concepts, which are based on the ideas of liberal socialism. In modern Russian historiography, interest in the typology of trends in democratic thought is growing from year to year.In modern Russian historiography, interest in the typology of trends in democratic thought is growing from year to year. Modern researchers give priority attention to reformatory socialism, in which the right and left, conservative trends are distinguished. The author believes that Herzen and Mikhailovsky expressed an unorthodox liberal-socialist trend in populism.Based on scientific journalism and memoirs, the author compares the socio-political views of Herzen and Mikhailovsky. The common foundations for theorists of liberal socialism are personalism, the idea of personality as the goal and meaning of progress. If Herzen formulated his doctrine of personality, relying on the philosophy of Hegel and the teachings of Saint-Simon, then Mikhailovsky – on the ideas of Proudhon. The philosophy of the Enlightenment with faith in man and a rational social structure became the theoretical prerequisite for the social theory of the populists. Being people of a critical and free mind, both Herzen and Mikhailovsky viewed progress as a contradictory and unfinished process of gradual changes in society. They were decisive opponents of violence in history, believing that the state as a historical institution had not yet outlived its usefulness, and therefore believed in the reform potential of the autocratic power.The reformism of Herzen and Mikhailovsky was based both on the conservatism of the peasantry, who did not want to follow the revolutionaries, and on the unpreparedness of young people for revolutionary activity, their ignorance of the people. The idea of the intrinsic value of an individual and his freedom, of the priority of social reform over the revolution, of the struggle for political freedoms are the constituent components of liberal socialism, to which both Herzen and Mikhailovsky belonged.

222-230

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov, Anatoly N. Loshkarev, Yurii N. Makarov

The article concludes the cycle of works devoted to the reconstruction of order numbers of the shipbuilding shop of the Votkinsk plant. Based on the office documentation of the Votkinsk plant, a list of objects was compiled for which work was carried out in the period 1860−1867. These were orders from the Russian military department with a small number of ships for their own needs. In the Ship's Lists of 1864, 1879, 1881 and 1904 the products of the Votkinsk plant of the reform period were identified and compared with the list drawn up according to the office documentation. During the comparison, it was found that barges No. 30 and 31 of the Astrakhan port are 75-foot barges built by the plant for the Sveaborg port, which were transferred to the Caspian, probably during the hostilities with the Kokand Khanate. The resulting combined list of products from the Votkinsk plant was combined with the numbers of orders received. From which it was concluded that the bulk of the orders was received in 1859-1860 and was aimed at modernizing the auxiliary floating facilities of the Baltic Fleet. As a result of the orders received, the Votkinsk plant was able to survive the reform period relatively painlessly. Subsequently, he was forced to re-profile for private orders. The equipment produced in Votkinsk during this period made it possible to radically re-equip the capacities of the Kronstadt and Petersburg ports, and some of the ships produced during this period even participated in the Great Patriotic War.

244-252

Authors: Maria S. Sergeeva, Evgeniya L. Panova

In modern European historiography, the name of Dr. Joseph-Antoine Roussel and the device for blood transfusion he invented are commonly associated with the studies of the revival of transfusion in medicine in the 1870s. The discussion about the clinical application of transfusion methods, developed in the medical community during this period, was mostly confined to the technical issues: who should become a blood donor (animals or humans), which blood should be transfused (whole or defibrinated), and which method and device was better to use. Roussel was a proponent of transfusions of whole, unaltered venous human blood. The history of Roussel’s device is presented in this article as an example of one of the first successful marketing campaigns, which was actively introduced into medical practice in the middle of the 19th century. Based on archival documents, articles, evaluations and reviews of the doctor’s contemporaries, the authors have attempted to reconstruct the circumstances which determined the success of his “transfuser” among numerous competitors in the mid-1870s. Roussel’s strategy was based on the needs of military field surgery, the development of means and methods of scientific communication, and the expansion of social interest in scientific and technical discoveries and inventions. The key elements of Roussel’s advertising campaign were accessible and open demonstrations of the device for professionals, his reliance on the support of influential representatives from both the aristocracy and the professional community, and popularization of the device among ordinary people. As a result, in the 1870s Dr. Roussel managed not only to organize an international clinical trial of his device “in experiments on patients” with the involvement of the leading European and Russian doctors, but also to arrange the supply of his own device to the armies of Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Belgium.

262-269

Authors: Galina I. Sinko, Vladimir N. Shaidurov

After the suppression of the January uprising of 1863, the anti-Polish policy in the Russian Empire intensified. Many participants of the uprising ended up in hard labor, in prisons and in exile. The degree of the rebels ' guilt determined the severity of the punishment. In the Novgorod region, which was located between the two capitals, people who did not pose a great threat to security, relatives of exiles, participants of the uprising who had already served many years of hard labor and exile in Siberia were exiled. Persons with a special social status could serve their exile in Novgorod. Such an exile in Novgorod was the bishop of the Roman Catholic Church, Vikenty Theophilus Popel. The peculiarity of the Polish events of 1863‒1864 was that in the mass armed uprising organized in the North-Western region of the Russian Empire, there was a pronounced religious component. The Catholic clergy led the ideological struggle against the imperial power, actively carried out propaganda, using clerical methods of mobilization. The exile of Bishop Popel to Novgorod (1868‒1875), who did not take an active part in the uprising, was not punitive, but isolated in nature, and therefore limited the bishop's ability to communicate with the Catholic clergy and flock. The article deals with the actual topic of the influence of a historical event on the life of an individual on the example of Bishop Popel. The consideration of the conditions for serving the exile by priest F. Sidorovich allows us to conclude how the social and confessional status of the exiled influenced the repressive nature of the measures of influence on him by the state.

281-287

Authors: Igor A. Tropov, Sergey I. Podolskiy, Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy

The article examines the contribution of the scientists of the Mining Institute to the study of the mineral resources of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century to the early XXth century. For the first time, we present the results of a comprehensive analysis of the scientific, theoretical and practical activities of such prominent representatives of mining in post-reform Russia as K.I. Lisenko, I.F. Schroeder, L.I. Lutugin, N.S. Kurnakov and others. On the basis of published materials and using archival sources, it is shown that scientists of the Mining Institute were at the forefront of scientific developments in the fields of exploration, production and use of mineral resources (oil and coal mining, potassium salt production, etc.). Their high scientific potential was in demand by the state, which often acted as the initiator of scientific research on the mineral resource base of the Russian Empire. Scientists of the Mining Institute, being experts in mining, acted at the same time as popularizers of science, undertaking this work both though the meetings of various public organizations and though publishing in periodicals. A high level of scientific training, ensuring continuity in the development of scientific schools, exceptional diligence, and striving for a combination of scientific achievements and production practices have all determined the significance of the results obtained by the scientists of the Mining Institute, which became an important basis for further study of the mineral resource base of Russia and, in general, for the development of the Russian economy.

296-306

Authors: Zhanna V. Petrunina, Galina A. Shusharina, Roman A. Gromov

Zheltuginsky issue arose with the beginning of the active development of gold-bearing deposits by Russian and Chinese subjects in northern Manchuria, which led to the emergence of a large illegal mine settlement. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from 1883 after the first miners appeared on the Zheltuga River and ended in 1886 with the burning of the winter quarters of the Zheltuga Republic. Amur California was able to emerge due to insufficient control on the Russian-Chinese border and the undevelopment of northern Manchuria. In 1883–1886, the activities of workers in Zheltuga led to the creation of an independent social and political entity, which had an impact on the economies of both states. The events on the Zheltuga were examined by authors from the point of view of the development of Russian-Chinese relations at the end of the XIX century, from the standpoint of studying the organization of life in a territory where there was no obvious interference of state power, and the development of intercultural interaction between the Russian and Chinese peoples. The authors analyzed issues of organizing the labor of a mine worker in the last quarter of the XIX century. The resulting picture of the events of 1883–1886, which took place on the Zheltuga, supplements the image of Russian mine workers and become an example of the organization of people's lives. The source base of the research was materials from periodicals, official documents and works of contemporaries of the events. The authors come to the conclusion that the interest of people in consolidating themselves in almost uninhabited territories is possible with the assistance of state authorities and fair distribution of income. In this case, trade relations, infrastructure will receive an additional impetus, the population will consolidate, and, ultimately, the authority of the state itself will be strengthened.

316-323

Authors: Maria A. Ponomareva

The article is about actual new methodological approaches, various types of worldview of the local nobility are considered in the new socio-economic and political conditions. The main attention is paid to the subjects of the memoirs of S.Y. Trubetskoy, A.A. Kornilov, as well as the autobiographical notes of V.V. Rozanov, liberal periodical press. On the basis of new methodological approaches, the question of self-identification of the Russian local nobility is raised. The review of the current modern historiography on the problem is carried out. It defines the basic methodological approaches and methods: micro-historical approach, narrative modeling. The analysis of sources was carried out using comparative-historical, historical-typological and historical-biographical research methods. Several worldview types of the Russian local nobility of the XIX-XX centuries are revealed, their distinctive characteristics are given: «new local nobility» (A.A. Kornilov); «local bison» (S.E. Trubetskoy, A.A. Shcherbatov); «enterprising type» (Kubrin); «philosophical» (V.V. Rozanov). The proposed classification is determined by family traditions, the way of life and way of family life, the existing environment.

332-342

Authors: Vladislav F. Antonov

The presented article is devoted to the organization and principles of fiscal institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia. The study shows the historical and legal conditionality of a number of legislative acts that ensure the flow of monetary incomes to state institutions, and analyzes scientific approaches to the essence and purpose of tax payments in the period under review. Legislative acts reflecting and consolidating the evolution of tax legislation of the pre-revolutionary period are studied successively. Due to the wide range of historical documents, the specifics of collecting individual tax payments and fees have been analyzed. The theoretical aspects of the system of fiscal institutions are highlighted, and the system of financial bodies dealing with taxation issues is reviewed. The analysis of historical sources shows a balance of revenues and expenses maintaining the activities of state institutions. It is emphasized that the tax legislation of the pre-revolutionary period was based on the need for the participation of all social classes in the formation of the revenue side of the budget. The primary focus is on the specifics of the regulatory framework in the field of tax regulation, as well as on the interaction of state bodies in the implementation of the fiscal function. The peculiarities of the tax system in pre-revolutionary Russia were manifested in the centralized management of public finances which were intended to solve the most important state issues. The characteristics of legal acts regulating the procedure for collecting taxes and fees are provided. The study is based on a wide range of historical materials reflecting the organizational and legal issues of financial institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia.Illustrated by specific legislative acts, the socio-economic content of certain types of taxation is revealed. The system of legislative acts is studied in connection with the political and economic situation of the period under review.

357-364

Authors: Tatyana G. Karchaeva, Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Tatyana V. Gryaznukhina, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev

This article tested the facts of the disunity of the socio-political views of local officials at the beginning of the 20th century. It’s previously unknown to historical science. Territorial boundaries are defined by Siberia as a remote territory of the Russian Empire, characterized by greater class heterogeneity among civil servants than in European Russia. Thus, the last governor of the Yenisei province, Ya. G. Gololobov, before his appointment to Siberia, was a member of the “Soyuz 17 October party”, a deputy of the Third State Duma of the Russian Empire, a hereditary nobleman, but openly opposing conservatism in the system of government. He had many supporters of his ideas in the parliament. The reasons for the formation of his socio-political views were ideological principles, which consisted in the need for changes. On the basis of archival materials, it has been proved that officials in Siberia (natives of the peasant and bourgeois environment) were more susceptible to tendencies characteristic of the oppositional mass consciousness of the early 20th century. For example, the stories of an employee of the notary office of the city of Kansk (M.D. Yudin) and a clerical employee of the Yenisei Provincial Administration (A.F. Ilyushin), who committed crimes against the order of administration, but were not brought to the appropriate legal responsibility for unknown reasons, are shown. The first of them, a peasant by origin M.D. Yudin participated in the shooting at Gorodovoy of the Kansk district police in 1910. M.D. Yudin was sentenced to short-term arrest. He was listed in the police structures as a politically unreliable person. He was involved in revolutionary sabotage; however, he continued his career and in 1916 even served as a notary of the city Kansk. The second, official A.F. Ilyushin was the tradesman of the city of Achinsk. He outraged the state flag of the Russian Empire publicly in 1908. He told slogans of proclamation of the revolutionary events of 1905–1907. He tried unsuccessfully to continue his career in the Tomsk province, but he managed to recover in the staff of the Yenisei provincial administration. Archival data indicate that AF Ilyushin worked in the system of public administration until 1919. The top officials of the Irkutsk Governor-General saw the reasons for the disunity and opposition of political views among officials in the low level of salaries. The statistics presented in the article from the reports of officials of the interdepartmental meeting proves that the remuneration of civil servants does not correspond to the requirements of the time in the conditions of the high cost of the beginning of the 20th century.

375-383

Authors: Viktor N. Razgon, Dmitry N. Belyanin, Anton V. Razgon

Based on the analysis of the materials of the all-Russian agricultural census of 1917, the article characterizes the role of craft activities in the adaptation of immigrants who settled in the Altai region during the implementation of the Stolypin reforms. The involvement of settlers of the Stolypin period in crafts was wider than that of old-timers and migrants of earlier times, which reflects the important role of crafts in the process of adaptation of migrants to the new natural and social environment. Hiring for agricultural work and handicrafts were the main economic activities of the settlers outside of agricultural occupations on their farms. The crafts of the Stolypin settlers were less technically equipped than those of the old-timers and in the vast majority of cases did not go beyond small-scale handicraft production. Most of the settlers-artisans combined crafts with agriculture, but there was also a significant layer of professional artisans who were not engaged in land cultivation, who arrived in Siberia in the expectation of increased demand for their services in a region with a weak development of the manufacturing industry. Stolypin settlers were included in extractive industries (hunting, fishing, beekeeping, collecting wild plants) to a much lesser extent than the old-timers, which indicates their still weak adaptation to the new natural environment.

392-403

Authors: Pavel A. Merkulov, Svetlana V. Bukalova, Oksana V. Leonova

The article presents a comprehensive description of the main trends in the development of the social assistance system in the Russian Empire during the World War I (1914−1917) as a part of the fundamental problem of the evolution the role of the state in the management of social sphere. It is argues that the concept of "social policy" is applicable to the researched period, and charitable activities are considered as an element of a pluralistic model of social policy. The authors note that during the World War I, state social guarantees were established, detailed and legislated for certain categories of the population, which can be combined with the concept of "war victims". It were families of conscripts, soldiers ' orphans, refugees, and war invalids. The article describes the mechanism of social guarantees realization by the public organizations activity. It was peasant self-government, local self-government and their national units, major Russian charities semi-formal character, i.e. under the auspices of the members of the Imperial family, and numerous local charities. The authors concludes that the "supporting structure" of this system was the Supreme Council for the care of families of conscripts, which performed organizational and administrative functions and financed specialized committees and commissions subordinate to it, as well as charitable organizations and institutions. The all-Russian Zemstvo Union and the all-Russian Union of Cities, which were interested in expanding the participation of local governments in the implementation of state social policy, tried to create an alternative to it. According to the authors, the multi-subject nature of the social assistance system, typical of the Russian Empire, can mobilize society's resources for assistance to war victims more flexibly and effectively.

413-419

Authors: Goran Rajović, Ivan S. Denisov, Diana I. Stepanova, Igor А. Gordeev

The article deals with the entry of Romania into the First World War on the side of the Entente, the military operations of the Romanian army and the creation of the Romanian Front. The considerable attention is also paid to the numerical composition of the troops of the Central Powers and the Entente. As a source, the documents of the Russian state archive of the Navy (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation), which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, were used, namely, the fund 716 – Naval Headquarters of the Supreme Commander (Stavka). In conclusion, the authors state that although Romania's entry into the war led its army to defeat and forced Russia to significantly lengthen the front, introducing the entire 9th army into Moldova, and then transferring up to 20 infantry and 10 cavalry divisions from other fronts, this allowed to form a new – the Romanian Front. Nevertheless, this had a positive significance for the Russian army, since the enemy sent part of his troops from other fronts and part of his new formations, up to 30 divisions in total, to a new theater of operations. Moreover, 23.5 divisions initially operated against the Romanian armies, that is, Romania's entry into the war drew off the enemy's free forces, which could otherwise be used to conduct operations on other fronts against the Russian army or the allies.