Bylye Gody

2272-2279

Authors: Konstantin S. Zaikov, Nikita M. Kuprikov, Mikhail Yu. Kuprikov

The article is devoted to an overview of the historiographic discussion and the subsequent reconstruction of the Russian and Norwegian political borders formation in the Far North in the 13th–17th centuries. Analyzing the system of contractual relations between early state formations in the Far North of Europe, the authors have come to the conclusion that from the 13th to the 16th centuries the “common tax districts” were legally a condominium − joint ownership of Novgorod/Moscow State, Sweden and Norway. But in political terms they were a territory without clear borders of separate, spatial dimensions of power, including the borders of power competence, that is, a frontier. The gradual consolidation and centralization of state power in Norway–Denmark, Sweden and the Moscow state predetermined the subsequent reduction in the size of “common districts” and the number of state actors claiming them during the 16th–17th centuries. Thus, by the 18th century, in the Far North, a geographically narrowed buffer zone was formed. It was a territory where different ethnocultural and political state formations collided and interpenetrated. Russia was a huge dynastic empire with an absolute monarchy and an active expansive foreign policy. Norway was a territory dependent on the metropolis (Denmark) without its own independent administration and political institutions.

2292-2304

Authors: Mariya P. Chernaya, Dmitry O. Osipov, Sergey F. Tataurov, Nadezhda S. Ben

The colonization of Siberia has become a global challenge that has changed the vector of development of the region and Russia as a whole. Siberia has received a new pace of development, a new, previously uncharacteristic appearance, and new historical prospects: while remaining in its place, it entered the all-Russian and global context. The development of the space proceeded by adapting the new settlers to new realities, relying on their own cultural and mental code, on long and firmly adopted traditions. At the same time, Siberia is becoming a space of continuing Europeanization of the country and the territory of Eurasian relations. The development of the Siberian space in concrete historical practice was embodied in a variety of forms and details, the study of which makes it possible to reveal the content of this complex process. The study of the cultural transformation of the region significantly expanded the possibilities with the progress of Russian archeology of Siberia, which gave massive sources, differently than written ones, reflecting historical reality. The analysis of artifacts is not limited to the scope of purely archaeological source studies, they are considered in the historical context as a material embodiment of the transfer and adaptation of traditions during the development of the region by the Russians. The article presents the cultural and typological characteristics of the collection of leather products obtained during the excavations of the town of Tara, which are the material remnants of the development of leather production in the city, and on its basis – the manufacture of leather products, primarily footwear – shoe making trade. The article presents the cultural and typological characteristics of the collection of leather goods obtained during the excavations of Tara, which serve as a clear evidence of the synthesis of traditions transferred from the historical homeland, as well as the assimilated and processed foreign patterns and fashion, a marker of cultural changes in the process of frontier modernization.

2315-2323

Authors: Olga N. Naumenko

The article analyzes the two legal systems that existed on the territory of Yamal and Yugra, as well as their influence on the inquisitorial nature for the local prisons. The author concludes that these systems (customary law and continental law) were in conflict with each other. The legal customs of the North indigenous peoples who lived in the Arctic and subarctic zone did not imply the existence of prisons, torture and physical punishments for criminals from their ethno-confessional community; retribution was carried out by Northern gods and mythical creatures. Therefore, the introduction of Russian laws, the organization of prisons and torture chambers was not an effective measure for subjugating the indigenous population. In the XVIII century in the North, the state carried out a partial unification of local legal systems; Russian legislation began to penetrate the customs of the North peoples, but it was adopted by them only to the extent that it ensured humanity and justice from the position of traditional cultures. Their legal views and investigative practices have begun to be taken into account and used by local law enforcement agencies in the implementation of Russian law. Thus, there was a process of partial merging of legal systems and, accordingly, easing the inquisitorial nature of the Russian prison in the North. The author assess the scale of the use of torture in Germany, which extended its influence to the Arctic territories of Western Siberia, and conclude that the annexation of the North to the Russian state minimized the inquisitorial component in the life of indigenous peoples.

2336-2345

Authors: Milana V. Ragulina, Anna A. Sirina

The article discusses the entry of flour and bread into the culture of local groups of Tungus (nowadays Evenks) in Central and Southern Siberia. It was happened due to the fall of the sable trade, which produced the long and complex dynamics of the Evenkis' life support systems, including the introduction of flour and bread into the Tungus culture. The yasak tribute collectors were supposed to prevent the leakage of furs to the peasants. At the same time, they had to allow exchange relations between the Tungus and Russians. Thus, the basis was made for the creation of an extensive unofficial network of social interaction, mutual survival and cultural contacts, where bread played an important role. The influence of social and environmental crises on the restructuring of energy sources of the Tungus life support is shown. The symbolic role of flour food is traced. The significance of flour food for the formation of hybrid forms of nature use and management is considered. The peculiarities of the flour supply chains and the contradictory social relations associated with them are revealed. From an unfamiliar and rejected product in less than two centuries, flour becomes a strategic resource important for the survival of all the Tungus groups, regardless of their economic practices: hunters and reindeer herders, hunters and pastoralists, hunters and farmers of mixed origin with Russian peasants, who were moving to a settled way of life. The value of flour is reflected in everyday practices, spiritual culture, and the development of cooking and baking technologies. The formal economy of suppling the Tungus with flour created opportunities for informal economic relations connected with flour, including gift giving, sharing, exchange, meals and treat. Thus, a comprehensive informal network of mutual social and economic relations was established, supporting the energy balance of the Tungus life. Gradually, the main social and cultural capital of the region was created – the Siberian multi-ethnic social environment.

2356-2364

Authors: Andrey S. Ryazhev

The article mainly concentrates on the formation of a border military-political structure in the south and southeast of the Russian Empire in the second third of the 18th century. The fundamental principles of the relations between the state and the ethno-confessional groups of the steppe borderlands and their local elites at the head of them in a certain period of the early Modern Time were first studied in the scholar history literature. A representative example of the study is the Stavropol Kalmyk host (since 1745 – the corps of christened Kalmyks). The formation of the host upper estate around the first ruler of the Kalmyk settlement in Stavropol-on-Volga, convert princess Anne Taishin/Daichin (Tseren Yandji, granddaughter of Ochirt Tsetsen Khan) was traced on the base of little-known documents. The character/nature of social relations in which the ruling and most influential host commanders was included is indicated in proposed research, and the manifestations of social differentiation in this layer are revealed here also. Most attention is paid to the actual status and social claims of the privileged stratum of the host in comparison with its legal status. It is demonstrated that during the reign of Elizaveta Petrovna this group sought corporate feudal privileges by an explicit procedure due to the connivance, expressed both in laws of the state and in the policy of the local civil-military administration. However, it is indicated that with the advent of Catherine II, the situation began to change in the opposite direction. The author states in conclusion that with the development of political interaction of Russia with the Steppe and in the conditions of Catherine's toleration, the local group of the baptized Kalmyk aristocracy ceased to be in demand by the state, and, accordingly, the growth of its social privileges was limited.

2377-2384

Authors: Elena E. Ovchinnikova, Tatiana Yu. Bartashevich, Tatiana V. Chumakova

The article is centered on the study of speeches of University professors of the Russian Empire in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. The subject of research interest in this article is the ethical terminology, the philosophical language of the speeches of Russian professors. The main attention was paid to the speeches of professors of Moscow University – N.N. Popovsky, H.A. Chebotarev, E.B. Syreyshchikov, M.M. Snegirev and professors of Kazan University–A.S. Lubkin and I.E. Syreyshchikov. Being focused not only on the academic environment, but also on the enlightened Russian society in General, the speeches of professors contributed to the emergence of a philosophical culture and moral reflection of society. The historical period chosen by researchers for analysis was characterized by the formation of moral concepts, the careful work of University professors with the word. Many of them taught not only philosophy, but also literature, were publishers and translators. The research conducted by the authors allows us to reconstruct the historical stage of the formation of the moral consciousness of Russian society, the Genesis of ethical concepts in Russian thought. Professors of Russian universities in their speeches proclaimed and justified the importance of the science of moralizing as the first and necessary stage of moral improvement of a person and the beginning of all knowledge. Especially in the speeches sounded the educational task of the moral Sciences, the most important goal of all educational and educational institutions proclaimed the moral education of man as the Foundation of all education. By the beginning of the XIX century, the Russian University academic culture had developed a philosophical language, ethical terminology, and this very complex process was largely facilitated by the public speeches of Russian University professors.

2396-2408

Authors: Larisa V. Tataurova, Kristina O. Sopova

Pottery is the commonest type of artifacts in archaeological research. Also it is extensively represented in the ethnographic collections of museums. Despite these facts pottery is poorly understudied. This article presents the results of a study of Russian archaeological ceramics from the complexes of Modern age and ethnographic pottery from museum collections. We use unified methodology for this research. A pot is the most represented type of clay ware and we focused on its study. We have identified consistent pattern in relation to pot diameters, height and volume. Three groups of pots are singularized: small, medium and large pots. The results showed resemblance of the sizes and morphology of the archaeological and ethnographic Russian pottery. To interpret the results, we analyzed historical documentation containing information about pottery in counties, towns and villages of Western Siberia of the 19th century. The results showed that craft and home pottery production had a wide distribution. The production volume was estimated in thousands of items per year. A functional purpose of size groups of pots was revealed by ethnographic materials, linguistic and folklore sources. There is a terminological difference in the characteristics of the size groups of pots. Ethnographic sources trace the functional features of the dishes, not only within the framework of everyday, but also in ceremonial and ritual use. These interpretations are important for a retrospective analysis of the archaeological material.

2427-2436

Authors: Roman O. Raynkhardt

The article provides an analysis of the role of personalities in the academic diplomacy of the first quarter of the XIX century on the case of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Using the materials of the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Empire alongside specialized literature with recourse to the prosopographic method, the author outlines the impact of professional diplomatic background of the above school’s first directors and teachers on their academic and pedagogic activity. As the most prominent and elitist academic institution of the period in question, the Imperial Lyceum initially did not have an explicitly stipulated specialization. Still, many of its alumni upon graduation embraced a career in diplomacy and became civil servants at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Such a choice was to a considerable extent influenced by the professional skills and values transmitted to them by ex-diplomats, who used to be their headmasters and pedagogues. The analysis looks into the particular features, on the one hand, and similarities, on the other hand, of the respective career paths of the latter. It reveals that most of them shared certain values and ethical principles typical for the diplomatic professional community, i.e. patriotism, defense of the State’s national interests and networking. At the same time, a lot of attention was paid to technical training in terms of working with archives, as well as acquiring mastery in foreign languages. The author concludes that in the aggregate these factors shaped a unique educational environment for future diplomats and experts in international relations.

2443-2455

Authors: Lyalya T. Faizrakhmanova

On the basis of archival materials and literary sources, the article shows the socio-cultural processes that arose in the Kazan province in the 19th century. These processes are studied in close relationship with the activities of outstanding scientists and educators N.I. Lobachevsky and S.V. Smolensky, whose fates are closely intertwined with the history of Kazan. The analysis of the sources made it possible to identify factors that influenced the development of the processes under study. Among them: 1) the historical and geographical position of Kazan, which was the eastern outskirts of the Empire with a gradual change in its status by the end of the 19th century. as a large provincial city in the central part of Russia, which has become one of the centers of educational, spiritual, military and judicial Russian districts; 2) the peculiarities of the historical time, caused by the state reforms of the emperors Alexander I and Alexander II, the "anti-reforms" of Nicholay I and Alexander III, as well as the state national policy, which is based on the rejection of compulsory methods of missionary activity among the "foreign" part of the population; attention to the region of representatives of the House of Romanov, their repeated visits to Kazan, which contributed to the economic and cultural development of the city; 3) the state of society and the characteristics of the socio-cultural environment associated with the multi-ethnic and multi-confessional composition of the population of the province, with the isolation of the Russian and "foreign" part of urban residents; with the gradual formation of a cultural environment of the "European" type, due to the activities of secular higher, secondary specialized, general educational institutions, the functioning of the theater, various public, scientific and artistic associations, amateur music making, the emergence of music and art schools; at the same time, the revival of public interest in the ancient layers of Russian spiritual culture; 4) the personal qualities of historical persons: the work shows the scale and significance of N.I. Lobachevsky and S.V. Smolensky for the development of socio-cultural processes in the Kazan province of the XIX century.

2464-2470

Authors: Ivan A. Ermachkov, Larisa A. Koroleva, Elena K. Mineeva, Leonid L. Balanyuk

The article discusses the features of the slave trade in Circassia in the first half of the XIX century. The attention is paid to the driving forces of this process, regional specifics, as well as to the regulatory measures of the Russian administration to prevent the capture of slaves and the slave trade. The work was performed on archival sources that were first introduced into scientific circulation, and documents from the state archive of the Krasnodar Krai (Krasnodar, Russian Federation) were involved. The sources of personal origin were also used, such as the diary entries of the polish emissary T. Lapinsky. When solving research problems, both General scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, concretization, generalization) and traditional methods of historical analysis were used. The paper uses the historical-situational method, which involves the study of historical facts in the context of the studied epoch in conjunction with "neighboring" events and facts. By using the analysis method, it was possible to consider the evolution of the regulatory framework for the prevention of the slave trade on the territory of Circassia during the first half of the XIX century. In conclusion, the authors state that in the first half of the XIX century, one of the main sources of Circassian exports was a living commodity – human trafficking. Due to the high prices for slaves in Circassia, the slave trade was actively developed, making another process related to slavery, namely the process of slave capture, economically attractive. At this time, almost the entire free Circassian population was included in the slave trade, since the presence of slaves was an indicator of wealth and a high position in society. After the appearance of Russia on the borders shared with Circassia, the process of civilizational dialogue began, aimed at eradicating the slave trade and slave-grabbing in this region.

2485-2494

Authors: David I. Raskin

The paper is devoted to the history of the 1827 pension reform in Russia, which remained entirely unstudied until now. Our investigation is mainly based on the documents of the State council of the Russian empire. The reform preparation started under Alexander I and ended under Nikolay I encompassing a whole decade. Nikolai I had personally participated in preparing the reform that was a result of a long process of creating the system securing pensions of Russian military officers and civil servants. It played a significant role in the final formation of the Russian bureaucracy. Simultaneously with reform preparation, a discussion in the governing circles was going on regarding the cancellation of the Table of Ranks, i.e., elimination of civil ranks. This project, although not implemented, in the long run, made a significant imprint on the reform development. The dignitaries of the empire, such as Counts A.A. Arakchejev, A.D. Gur’ev, V.P. Kochubei, and also E.F. Kankrin, had conflicting opinions on how the reform should proceed. Behind the discussion on whether the pensions of civil servants should correspond to their salaries, or to their civil ranks, were fundamentally differing views on the role of ranks in civil service. As a result, the final Pension Charter was a compromise. All civil service positions were divided in categories (“razryady”), and the amount of the full pension in each category corresponded to the average salary of positions in this category. However, the salaries grew with the time, while the pensions did not. The pension system of government servants resulting from 1827 pension reform existed until 1917.

2505-2513

Authors: I.V. Voloshinova, V.G. Afanas'ev, A.B. Tesla

In this article, the features of training personnel for the mining industry in Russia in the first half of the 19th century are discussed. The ambiguous policy of the government in the development and improvement of mining education was closely related to the situation in the mining industry, in particular with the crisis in ferrous metallurgy in the first two decades of the 19th century, due to a sharp reduction in metal imports, taxes and wars. Feudal Russia lagged behind European countries, where a large machine industry drove the rapid development of metallurgy. The situation was also reflected in the "Mining regulations" introduced in 1806, which became the main regulatory document for the country's mining industry. The special section on education, which required mining chiefs to establish mining schools at factories, changed over the course of three years and schools were abolished. The subsequent increase in metal production, higher prices for products, and the government's patronizing policy led to a shortage of mining personnel. The urgent need for miners required the government to expand opportunities for entering the profession of mining engineers. Not only the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute and corresponding schools and colleges, but also educational institutions that had suitable existing laboratory facilities were involved in the process of training professional mining engineers. These other institutions were the Institute of Technology, the School of Land Surveyors and the Mint of St. Petersburg. Economic and political changes in the country caused the development of mining education to continue for several decades.

2522-2530

Authors: Sergey S. Belousov

The article analyzes for the first time in historiography toponymic legends about the history of the emergence of settlement villages in the Kalmyk lands of the Astrakhan province in the second half of the XIX century. The information contained in them is compared with archival documents and historical facts, on the basis of which the degree of their reliability is determined. The article is based on the documents of the Russian state historical archive (RSHA), The State archive of the Astrakhan region (GA AO), The National archive of the Republic of Kalmykia (NA RK) and published materials. It is revealed that toponymic traditions are divided into two groups by their nature: 1. Realistic information about historical facts and legends. 2. Legends in which a significant place is occupied by fiction. The research has shown the presence in the legends mainly of stories related to the time, circumstances of settlement formation, geography of places where migrants left and the origin of the names of localities. The author comes to the conclusion that the relatively late nature of the emergence of settlements on the Kalmyk lands, as well as the implementation of this process by the state, predetermined a fairly good preservation of the documentary base, so most of the most important events described in the legends can be rechecked by archival documents. At the same time, the legends contain information that was not reflected in the documents, which allows us to expand and deepen our understanding of the process of settlement of the Kalmyk steppes by migrant farmers. A comparative analysis of the traditions of residents of settlements formed on the initiative of the state and unauthorized migrants has shown that in the memory of the latter, the initial period of their settlement and relations with the authorities and nomads has been preserved more fully than that of organized migrants. This was due to the fact that unauthorized migrants had to live for years in a conflict situation, in a state of psychological tension and stress, under the influence of which the circumstances of settlement in a new place were fixed in their memory more fully and more firmly than those of other migrants.

2546-2553

Authors: Alexey H.Abazov

The article considers the structure and management bodies of the Caucasian Army in the late 50s of XIX century Described as head administrative institutes (Main Headquarters in the Chancellery, Office of the Quartermaster General and Duty General) and regional (on the Right and Left Wings of the Caucasian Line, Caspian Territory, Lezgi Cordon Line, Kutaisi Governorate General orate). Attention is drawn to the fact that the functions and principles of organizing the activities of regional headquarters were largely comparable to those of the General Staff. The role of the Regulation "on the management of the Caucasian Army" (1858) in the formation of the system of military-public administration in the Caucasus was determined. It is noted that the prerequisites for these processes developed in the region long before 1858, and the adoption of the Regulation "On the Management of the Caucasian Army" only gave its normative legal form. The powers of structural units of the Main and regional army headquarters are described. The place of artillery and engineering departments in the administrative hierarchy of the Caucasian Army has been determined. It was concluded that with the adoption of the Regulation of 1858, an attempt was made to unify the management mechanisms of army structures (including artillery and engineering) in different subregions of the Caucasus.

2563-2571

Authors: Dmitriy M. Sofjin, Marina V. Sofjina

Unlike the Imperial Court, small (Grand Duke’s) courts have not been the subject of separate studies until now. Meanwhile, these institutions played a significant role in the life of each Grand Duke, formed the basis of his entourage and the main support in the various activities of the Grand Ducal couple. If in the correction of positions in the state and military service, Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich relied primarily on subordinates who were not part of his Court, the multifaceted social, cultural and charitable activities of Sergey Alexandrovich and his wife, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, to a large extent, provided by the involvement of the ranks of the Court. They played a major role in the history of the formation and development of a number of institutions headed or patronized by Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich and Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, including the currently existing the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society and the Emperor Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts (now the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts). A comprehensive study of such a small court as the Court of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, in institutional and personal dimensions involves the involvement of a wide range of archival sources, many of which were not previously introduced into scientific circulation.

2580-2587

Authors: Oksana V. Klevtsova, Nikolai A. Zhirov

Тhe Russian Federation continues to reform the education system, including the training of specialists in the field of public education. Due to the dynamic development of the school system, there is still an open question of a shortage of qualified personnel. This problem has always been relevant – in the conditions of modernization of the country's socio-economic and political development, transformation of public relations, specialists were required who were ready to meet dynamic changes, especially in the field of education. The relevance of the research is due to the need for a detailed analysis of the implementation of the educational process in the training of teachers for public schools and colleges in educational institutions of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century.in the conditions of liberal reform of the country's education system. The sources used were archival materials of the state archives of the Lipetsk and Oryol regions, as well as published documents on the education system of the Russian Empire. The research methodology is based on the use of General historical methods (comparative-historical, retrospective, chronological, and the principle of historicism) and modern methods, such as the civilizational approach, which implies the justification of the theory of modernization of society and the phenomena accompanying this process (in this case, the development of the education system). The study analyzed the training of qualified personnel for educational institutions, primarily public schools of the Russian Empire. The problems of shortage of teachers, the reasons for their outflow from educational institutions were considered, their financial situation and the social composition of the teaching staff were studied. The article describes in detail the regional personnel policy in the field of public education of the studied period. The results of the study made it possible to study not only the process of teacher training, but also the implementation of state policy in the regions in relation to the development of the local education system and improving the level of literacy of the population.

2598-2608

Authors: Irina N. Litvinova, Elena O. Danilova, Oksana A. Karagodina

The article analyzes the history of creation of architectural objects surrounding the main Alexander square in Tsaritsyn. The buildings belong to the historical and cultural heritage of Volgograd (Tsaritsyn) of the late XIX – early XX centuries, but were seriously damaged or lost during the battles for Stalingrad. The original purpose of buildings is shown. The historical mission of representatives of business circles in the formation of the architectural appearance of the urban environment and its individuality is outlined. This historical analysis is necessary for subsequent computer modeling of historical and cultural objects of Tsaritsyn-Stalingrad, based on the methodology of 3D reconstruction of structures. This approach is partly able to present to contemporaries various stages of the existence of historical monuments, to fix the current state of architectural objects for future generations. Historical buildings and structures suffered from wars, regime changes, atheistic propaganda and worldviews of the new owners, so they need to be protected and restored, and objects lost to posterity should be studied using new methods of reconstruction and compositional modeling.

2622-2630

Authors: Alexey G. Topilsky, Ruslan M. Zhitin

The development of national consciousness of the Ruthenian-Ukrainian population on the territory of Austrian Galicia during the second half of XIX – early XX century were characterized by the presence of a number of alternative versions of national identity, especially Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Ruthen. These types of national identity were primarily due to the peculiarities of interaction with the prevailing Polish and Jewish influence in the cultural, socio-economic, and socio-political life of Galicia during this period. Their significant role in the economic development of the region, and above all-control over large tabular land ownership-caused the presence of a pronounced national dichotomy of large land owners and peasants who worked in the agricultural sector of Galicia. In view of the above, this article examines the Polish-Ruthenian and Jewish-Ruthenian representations of the second half of the XIX-early XX century in the context of the analysis of the press and the program settings of political parties. It is shown that certain Ruthenian-Ukrainian political parties in Galicia (primarily radicals) fought against the growing anti-Semitism and polonophobia among the peasantry, as well as among the secular and spiritual intelligentsia. Manifestations of negative attitudes towards Jews among a number of political figures and publicists of the Ruthenian movements are considered, and key ways of promoting their views are indicated. The article describes the connection of hierarchs and individual representatives of the Greek Catholic Church with existing interethnic contradictions, the role of its clergy in the development of Ukrainian national consciousness in Austrian Galicia during the second half of the XIX – early XX century.

2640-2650

Authors: Aleksei Yu. Viazinkin

The article provides a comparative analysis of the ideological complexes of Russian Narodnichestvo and American Populism. The novelty of the study lies in the first experience of such comparative analysis in domestic historical science. As a key problem, the interpretation of the concept of «people» by Narondiks and populists as a combination of the labor population is considered. The different social composition of the movements and the historical conditions of emergence affected the aims and methods of political struggle of Russian Narodniks and American populists. The political platforms of Russian Narodnichestvo and American Populism reveal both conservative ideological elements and attitudes to protect some socio-economic conditions, as well as the demands for radical political and social changes. Russian Narodnichestvo is considered as a kind of socialist doctrine («Russian socialism») about the ideal of social solidarity with elements of a democratic system. American Populism was essentially an updated ideology of «agrarian democracy» with some socialist evasions. The solution to the problem of individual freedom, common to Russian Narodnichestvo and American Populism, was determined by the socio-economic historical conditions of the development of Russia and the United States, as well as the traditions of political thinking. It was concluded that Russian Narodnichestvo and American Populism have many ideological points of contact.

2661-2670

Authors: Marina E. Kolesnikova, Olga I. Shafranova

The consistent formation of an adequate understanding of the problem posed presupposes a purposeful study of the previous historiographic tradition, including differentiated asynchronous narratives. A meaningful analysis of the author's concepts is based on the structural composition created by the initial list of involved works. Purposeful study of bibliographic indexes created in the previous period and characterizing the socio-economic, political and cultural development of Abkhazia in the 19th – early 20th centuries, allows us to highlight significant research trends that remain relevant in new conditions. Genetic reconstruction of problematic bibliography makes it possible to correct the initial ideas about the objective prospects for further analysis of the selected problematics, to expand the complex understanding of value judgments that deserve a discussion review. Within the framework of the presented article, the authors consider pre-revolutionary bibliographic indexes dedicated to the general Caucasian problems and formed by S.L. Avaliani, E.G. Weidenbaum, A.L. Gisetti, B.M. Gorodetsky, K.A. Kompansky, E.D. Felitsyn. Special attention was paid to the generalizing works of Russian bibliography, which characterize the research interest in ethnographic literature, Orthodox monasteries and the customary law of Russian foreigners. With regard to the Soviet period, special attention was paid to bibliographic indexes embedded in scientific works as a structural element. Certain results of the analysis are summarized in the framework of a comprehensive description of modern publications directly devoted to differentiated bibliography, covering the Abkhaz history of the 19th – early 20th centuries.

2679-2687

Authors: Pavel S. Seleznev, Roman V.Pyrma, Viktor V. Titov

The presented research is devoted to the topic of the policy of Alexander III in the framework of the solution of the "Polish question". The purpose of this work is to assess the effectiveness of the emperor's policy aimed at integrating Polish territories into the common space of the empire. The methodology of the work is built on the basis of a combination of elements of descriptive, structural and comparative analysis. The authors conclude that the policy of Alexander III towards Poland was not built on the basis of xenophobia or adherence to any value systems. In terms of strategic goal-setting, the emperor formulated his point of view regarding the solution of the "Polish question" taking into account two objective factors: first, the growing military threat from the bloc of Germany and Austria-Hungary; secondly, the negative experience of the policy of concessions and liberalization, which his predecessors periodically resorted to. The emperor planned to achieve the integration of Polish lands into the administrative, cultural and educational space of the empire. To this end, he introduced the practice of monolingual functioning of state institutions and educational institutions. As the main support of the Russian government in the region, he considered the poor and middle peasantry, whose interests were ensured by the state by limiting the privileges of the gentry through the mechanism of easements. However, the full implementation of the emperor's plans required compliance with such conditions as a large-scale renewal of the administrative apparatus in terms of increasing the general level of competence of its representatives, as well as the allocation of funding sufficient to create a system of universal primary education in Russian and create an infrastructure for the dissemination of Russian culture in the region. Despite regular requests from local authorities, the political leadership of the empire did not ensure the fulfillment of the indicated conditions. As a result, measures aimed at integrating the region not only did not bring the desired result, but also turned into one of the driving factors in the spread of Russophobia. In the absence of a full-fledged cultural and educational expansion, comparable to the programs implemented by the German authorities in Poznan, the assimilation process actually stopped. Moreover, prohibitive measures regarding the use of the Polish language began to be perceived exclusively as a discriminatory practice devoid of practical meaning. The situation was aggravated by the fact that the political leadership in St. Petersburg ignored the initiatives proposed by local officials regarding the development of economic integration of the region and the "Great Russian" provinces. As a result, Poland's isolation only strengthened, and even more favorable preconditions for the development of aggressive forms of nationalism emerged on its territory.

2698-2707

Authors: Branislav Šprocha, Pavol Tišliar, Vladimír Bačík

Carpathian Ruthenia was a historical territory which is now mostly situated in the Zakarpattia Oblast in Ukraine. During the long nineteenth century, however, it was an integral part of the Kingdom of Hungary. It became a part of interwar Czechoslovakia after the First World War, and after the Second World War it was annexed to the Soviet Union. Regardless of the period or state to which Carpathian Ruthenia belonged, it has always been a peripheral area outside the main thrust of social and economic development. It is this peripherality, combined with unfavourable socio-economic conditions, that could be one of the reasons that Carpathian Ruthenia showed several signs of the old demographic regime for a long time in the twentieth century. The first signs of demographic transition occurred in Hungary at the end of the nineteenth century, and knowing the nature of the demographic reproduction of Carpathian Ruthenia and its possible changes in the second half of the nineteenth century is a key development. Using available data, the aim of the study is to analyse the basic demographic processes and their development over a longer period and to point out some possible differences in comparison with the whole population of the Kingdom of Hungary. The study will focus primarily on the intensity of mortality, fertility, and nuptiality, with an effort to identify their longer developmental trends. It will also analyse some aspects of the timing of marriages and motherhood, as well as the interconnection of nuptiality and fertility processes. For this purpose, the study will construct some basic indicators (crude marriage rate, crude birth rate, and crude mortality rate) as well as some more sophisticated indicators (life tables, total fertility rate, total marriage rate, mean age at marriage, and mean age at birth).

2720-2728

Authors: Nikolay A. Vlasov

The main topic of this article is the image of Russia by the famous German statesman of the second half of the XIXth century, Prince Otto von Bismarck. The reconstruction of this image is necessary for better understanding of Bismarck’s policy towards Russia. To achieve this goal we need to examine the whole set of Bismarck’s statements about Russia dispersed over his papers and speeches and to use different methods of textual analysis to discover patterns and interconnections between particular notions. An important part of the research process was the creation of a database including all relevant statements. The main finding of this research is that Bismarck’s judgments about Russian people and Russian Empire were shaped by his “race theory” regarding Slavs as weak, “womanly” and generally inferior to Germans. He believed that German elements were of crucial importance in Russian history and treated Russia as a “semi-barbaric” country. Bismarck held Russian elites and government officials in low esteem and was deeply pessimistic about the future of Russian Empire and Russian-German relations.

2742-2755

Authors: Paul L. Karabushenko, Elena E. Krasnozhenova, Sergey V.Kulik

The Great Russian revolution of 1917 was the fatal event in the life of the tsarist elites, which they could not overcome and which broke them as the basis of the system of making and implementing managerial decisions. The growth of crisis phenomena in the Russian Empire led to the growth of the revolutionary movement, which in turn had a direct impact on the formation of negative moods in the ruling elites and a premonition of the coming end of their existence. The reign of the last two Russian emperors simultaneously became the time of the last rise of Russian Imperial power and a time of deep systemic political crisis. Attempts to understand the essence of these events were made by the elites at the same time in their course. But these assessments were not always objective and constructive. In their memoirs, many representatives of the political class of Russia sought to give a fairly objective, although not always scientific, assessment of the events taking place in the country related to the systemic crisis of the management system. Some (such as General A. I. Denikin) pointed out that the authorities were late with the reforms being carried out in the country, while others (such as K. N. Pobedonostsev) argued that the country was not "frozen" enough and that it should be "frozen"even more. This paper examines the features of the worldview of the elite associated with their feelings of socio-political reality on the eve of a revolutionary revolution. Their eschatological premonitions were predetermined by a sense of their own historical impotence and inability to change the situation for the better by their own efforts.

2765-2776

Authors: Nursan A. Alimbay, Bolat K. Smagulov

The article analyzes the main factors and consequences of radical changes in the traditional land use system of Kazakh nomads. In this regard, we consider a set of socio-economic and administrative-legal measures aimed at colonization of Kazakh lands in the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The analysis of various sources shows that these factors led to the destruction of the traditional land use system of nomads. This is reflected in the fact that, on the one hand, sharply reduced the area under pasture, with another – practically destroyed a centuries-old traditional ways of exploitation of fodder and water resources of tribal areas. As a result, there were strong changes in the structure of social relations in the nomadic environment. At the same time, special attention is paid to the study of "Materials on Kyrgyz land use collected and developed by the expedition to explore the steppe regions", organized by the Russian authorities during 1896–1902. At the same time, the process of the expedition survey of Kazakh farms and the materials collected as a result of this event are considered not only as a unique source, but also as an integral part of the measures that served as an economic justification for the seizure by the Russian authorities of the so-called "surplus" lands from Kazakh nomads. The source base of the article consists of a variety of data from both Kazakh and Russian archives, official periodicals, as well as statistical information and materials contained in various publications of the period under review. Based on the analysis of these categories of sources, it is concluded that the colonization of Kazakh lands had an impact on various aspects of the life of the Kazakh society. At the same time, the colonization of Kazakh lands objectively had positive aspects, which were expressed, first of all, in the emergence and establishment of a settled way of life in almost all regions of the Kazakh territory

2790-2797

Authors: Larissa Yu.Logunova, Ekaterina A. Mazhenina, Vladislav A. Rychkov

Family-patrimonial memory is a type of social memory, its lowest level. The conventional content of social and f family-patrimonial memory is the basis of community solidarity. Family-patrimonial memory connects the tearing tissue of time through the mechanism of social inheritance. Descendants inherit the symbolic capital of victories, achievements, historical tragedies in the form of images of memory, which are socially differentiated and create mnemonic clusters contradictory in content. The content of family-patrimonial memory is consonant with the sociocode of community memory. Family-patrimonial memory not only fixes facts, but also evokes a historically conditioned feeling associated with involvement in the events of the past, in the territory with which people are connected by a single historical destiny. The history of Siberia is represented by the facts of "historical truth" recorded in the documents, and the truth of memory resounding in the oral histories of Siberians ("the voices of the silent"). The article shows the experience of working with a hybrid methodological complex, created to study the content of family-patrimonial memory of siberians. To understand the historical event, a mixture of various approaches of the humanities based on the principle of interdisciplinarity was used.

2809-2816

Authors: Tatyana G. Karchaeva, Galina M.Lushchayeva, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev, Alexander S. Kovalev

The article shows about Sergei Nikolaevich Veletskii. The life’s and professional facts are questioning this research. He is known to historical science as a member of the Imperial Free Economic Society, a member and employee of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, a "remarkable zemstvo statistician" who carried out a detailed study of the districts of the Ufa province and other places where he was in the civil service in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. His multivolume books call "Zemskaya statistics" (Moscow, 1899–1900), "Collection of statistical information on the Ufa province" (Ufa, 1898–1911) and etc. These publications are representing a significant source potential for historical research about socio-economic development of Southern Urals, Steppe region and Siberia. The evidence and theoretical conclusions presented in this article were obtained on the basis of an analysis of archival documents stored in the funds of the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (KGKU SACK), as well as from databases compiled using relatively reliable materials, including declassified documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This article also establishes facts from the life of Sergei N. Veletskii. These are spouses Yadviga Iosifovna Veletskaya (or Gedronovich) and Nikolai S. Veletsky. Yadviga I. Veletskaya was guardians of orphanages in the Ufa and Yenisei provinces. Nikolai S. Veletsky was eldest son which participants in the Civil War and Soviet employee who suffered from repression in 1937. This data about Sergei N. Veletskii complements information about seniors and officials of the provincial administration in Siberia.

2826-2834

Authors: Yuriy I. Nadtochey, Dmitrii N. Khristenko

The article examines the features of the US Congress policy towards Russia on the eve and in the early years of the First World War. Based on the archival materials of the Congress the authors explain the reasons why negative dynamics in bilateral US-Russia relations in 1911-1913 prevailed and the ways partners were slowly seeking to overcome it just on the eve and at the beginning of the war. It is noted that the key role in whipping up anti-Russian sentiments in American public opinion and their broadcasting into the political, environment, including Congress, was played by Russian origin immigrant groups. The later consisted of people who left the Russian Empire because of prosecution and other political reasons, so they were trying to revenge Сzarist regime with support of that part of the American entrepreneurial class that viewed Russia as a direct a competitor to the United States on the world markets. However, the problem of protecting the rights of minorities as a matter of bilateral ties between Washington and St. Petersburg had to not only economic, but also ideological reasons. The American political environment developed under the influence of strong isolationist sentiments, part of which was hostility to the European empires, namely, as all these powers, including Russia and their alliances appeared to be guilt in unleashing the war. Antimonarchist sentiments were reflected in the nature of US foreign policy, especially in those aspects that directly affected the competence of the Congress (military supplies, immigration laws). As strong supporters of republicanism, liberty and democracy, American lawmakers, failed to grasp the importance of supporting the Russian Сzarist government, especially in the most difficult early years of the war. The anti-Russian sentiment of the Congress was overcome only by the February revolution of 1917. However, strengthening relations with democratic but weak provisional government of Russian Republic could no longer create a solid foundation for relations between the two countries, leading them to a state of affairs later named by historians as the "First Cold War".