Bylye Gody

387-397

Authors: Anton K. Salmin

In the XV – XVII centuries the south-eastern and southern regions of Chuvashia were settled by Tartar-speaking Mishars from Saray and other regions of the Golden Horde. Then these settlements began to exert religious and ethnographic influence on the neighboring Chuvash. Such social pressure through the language, clothing and culture, eventually led to absorption of a significant number of the Chuvash population of the Middle Volga region and the Ural region by Tatars. A certain part of the Chuvash population shaved heads, ate horse meat, refused to keep pigs. The number of new mosques grew in the region, Quranic literature was published in mass circulations. In 1905, the Decree of Nikolai II on freedom of religion was issued, which became a sort of a signal for Tartars for attack and for the Chuvash about possible arbitrariness in religious manifestations. The Tartars hold a number of conventions in order to coordinate their propaganda activities. From 1834 to 1904 the number of Tartars increased by 150 %, mainly due to the change of faith by aliens. There were cases of fanatical behavior on the part of neophytes. Eventually, a significant part lost their identity, and some even joined the ranks of the Tartar population. As we can see, the influence of Islam on the Chuvash is great. It also has positive aspects. Islamization allowed the Chuvash to preserve the islands of settlements adhering to their original religion, and not to dissolve in Orthodoxy. At the earliest opportunity, the Chuvash, who “adopted” Islam, returned to their traditions.

407-416

Authors: Irina A. Ustinova

The article is devoted to the study of nastol'nye gramoty of Russian bishops of the last thirdof the 17th century as a historical source. The researcher focuses on the evolution of the text of nastol'nye gramoty. It can be traced in the course of comparative textual research of three unpublished nastol'nye gramoty of the last third of the 17th century (Metropolitan of Novgorod, Joakim (Savelov) in 1673, Metropolitan of Kazan Аdrian in 1686, Metropolitan of Krutitci Tikhon in 1696). The structure and content of the notes are the same, but their semantic content has significantly changed within the framework of the chronological segment under consideration. The article shows that the change in the texts of nastol'nye gramoty was directly related to the general political and church situation, the change in the nature of the relationship between the state and the church at the beginning of reforms of the Peter the Great. New realities brought to life a new image of the bishop. In the gramoty’s, theological passages and abundant quotations are replaced by lengthy lists of requirements for the newly delivered bishop, his duties are clearly recorded, sanctions are introduced for the bishop to violate the prescribed standards of behavior. An important trend, reflected in the text of nastol'nye gramoty of the late XVII century, there was an increase in the motive for the subordination of the bishop to the patriarch. The strengthening of the bureaucratic element and the tendency of discipline in relation to the higher clergy are being observed: to replace the understanding of the bishop from the point of view of his personification of the image of God on earth, his assessment is being formed from the point of view of the functioning of the management system, “yako nekoego uda”, part of the church’ body. All these tendencies found development and consolidation during the period of the church reform of Peter I.

428-436

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Larisa A. Koroleva, Ludmila G. Zimovets

The article discusses the system of public education on the territory of the Voronezh province in 1703−1917 years. In this part of the article, the attempt is made to restore the picture of the activity of the public education system in the period of 1861–1900, as well as to evaluate its effectiveness. There were used as materials the statistical data from the Memorial books of the Voronezh province, extracts from the report of the minister of education, as well as the Memorial books of some educational institutions, for example, the Voronezh men's gymnasium. In conclusion, the authors state that the public education system on the territory of the Voronezh province in the period of 1861−1900 achieved the significant success. On the territory of the province there was a whole network of secondary, lower and primary educational institutions. In the period from 1862 to 1900 on the territory of the Voronezh province, the number of children studying has increased 4 times, taking into account the natural population growth. In absolute figures, this value was even higher and increased by more than 10 times from 9938 students in 1862 to 102902 students in 1900. At the end of the 19th century, the importance of primary education in the province was given to the primary schools of the spiritual department, which made up the majority of all public schools. However, despite the success of public education, by 1900 more than 75% of school-age children still remained outside the school.

453-462

Authors: Timur M. Ayupov

The article analyzes the degree of participation of the Bashkirs in the establishment and further development of economic, diplomatic and cultural relations of the Russian Empireand state entities of the Central Asian region – the Kazakh zhuzes, the Bukhara emirate, Khiva and Kokand khanates. On the basis of archival sources, diplomatic documents and published scientific works, it was possible to find out that all layers of Bashkir society were widely involved in the implementation of Russia's geopolitical tasks in the southeast direction: the tarkhans, batyrs, mullahs, merchants, ordinary community members. This was facilitated by ethnogenetic kinship, the similarity of languages and mentality, the unity of their religion with the peoples of Central Asia. The geographical factor was of no small importance – the border lands of Bashkiria at the turn of the 18th – 19th centuries were turned into a springboard for an attack on Turkestan. The tsarist government in every possible way encouraged the actions of the Bashkirs and generously rewarded them for their faithful serviceat the same time, they brought to the new land such an everyday culture that suited the authorities, and also served as a kind of catalyst for the beginning of its scientific research, helped to distribute printed materials.

474-485

Authors: Igor V. Krupko, Arnabai A. Nurzhanov, Aibek Zh. Sydykov, Gaukhar A. Kaldybaeva

The article researches the first period of archaeological science development in Kazakhstan (on the example of specific personalities), which laid the foundation for the formation of historical and archaeological knowledge on this territory in the period from the middle of XIX century to 1917, which subsequently evolved in the Soviet period. In the system of indigenous knowledge of the local population, archaeological sites did not exist in the status of such, despite the fact that they constituted a “sacred landscape” of habitat. The process of revitalization and construction of historical and cultural heritage began with the inclusion of the Kazakhstan’s territory in the legal and sociocultural space of the Russian Empire. It’s allowed to continue its development in the Soviet period at a qualitatively different methodological level, and then in the period after 1991 to consolidate its status of ethno-historical riches, legitimizing autochthonism, antiquity and the mobilizing discourse of nation-building.

495-507

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko, Aleksandr N. Volkov, Marina A. Ponomareva

The article explores the modern Ukrainian historiography of the history of the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire. The work was mainly based on the scientific works of modern scientists Ukraine. The subject of research of these scientists was the government policy in the field of the state apparatus and the organization of the service of officials, the formation and various aspects of the development of the bureaucratic apparatus in the Ukrainian lands of the Russian Empire, questions of official and unofficial everyday life of officials of the Russian Empire. The authors noted a feature in the study of the subject field of the history of officialdom in Ukrainian historiography, which consisted in emphasizing the national-regional features of the history of officialdom of the Russian Empire.

519-529

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade

Recent years have seen the publication of a plethora of articles covering the distinct features of education in various regions of the Russian Empire. However, most of these publications mainly focus on sharing statistical information (e.g., number of schools, number of students, etc.). Issues relating to the theoretical pedagogical beliefs of major provincial instructors and the characteristics of their instructional activity remain underresearched. This paper examines the experience of the Novocherkassk Gymnasium, a major center for science and education in the Don region in the 19th century, whose teaching staff included a number of major local figures. Note that much of the material on the actual pedagogical process in the above gymnasium was gathered back before 1917, mainly in conjunction with the celebration of its 100th anniversary – with much attention, due to a lack of documents, devoted to collecting information from former students of the gymnasium. Consequently, most of the information on the educational process in said educational institution is based both on official documentation and on oral, often critical, accounts by contemporaries about its teaching staff, which included individuals proven significant to the history of the Don region. The first part of this paper covers the activity of two of the gymnasium’s seminal first-cohort instructors. One of these men, A.G. Popov, the gymnasium’s principal and author of one of the first-ever books on the history of Don Cossackdom, was an eminent practician who was the first in the Don region to endeavor to have instructors get the learning material across in an accessible and consistent fashion, for which reason he would even regularly attend classes. However, he still did underestimate the significance of special pedagogical talents and skills, keeping in the gymnasium well-educated yet incompetent instructors, some of whom spoke poor Russian. This, in large part, was associated with the distinct theoretical pedagogical beliefs dominant in the gymnasium. Some of these beliefs were born and propagandized by another seminal pedagogue – protoiereus A.G. Oridovsky, who asserted the beneficence of any education. Yet, while beliefs like these did little to motivate pedagogues, A.G. Oridovsky’s being an eminent person and an eloquent speaker did help to attract students into the gymnasium, which was a far-from-perfect educational institution.

541-548

Authors: Sergey V. Bereznitsky

The article considers the results of the impact of salt regalia, government and private salt trade by various institutions of the Russian Empire in the XIX – early XX century on the life-supporting technologies of the indigenous peoples of the Amur-Sakhalin region, on traditional sources of life energy. These technologies were based on waste-free production and consumption of products of hunting, fishing, sea hunting, gathering of food, medicinal, and technical wild plants. The traditional food model assumed minimal consumption of salt when eating, and almost complete absence of it when preparing food for the future, in technologies for processing skins of land and sea animals, sea and river fish for the production of clothing, shoes and utensils. Archaic prohibitions on the use of salt in cooking the meat of sacred animals and in treating numerous supernatural beings were carefully observed, which, in accordance with the ancient views of the indigenous peoples, constantly and strictly ensured that people did not violate the laws of ecology and social morality. Salt was also not used for feeding domestic animals, especially dogs, which were the main draft animals on the Amur and Sakhalin, with the exception of domesticated reindeers. The main food for sledding and hunting dogs was dried and not salted fish. During the development of the Amur basin by the Slavs, as a result of the salt trade, which was an important factor in replenishing the state Treasury, the traditional life-supporting technologies of the indigenous peoples of the region were transformed, which can be traced in the food complex, dog breeding, in the system of cults, rituals and sacrifices. Gradually, but inevitably, salt has become a necessary component of the modern system of nutrition, life and life of the indigenous peoples of the region.

558-570

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov, Anatoly N. Loshkarev

During the First World War, the Votkinsk plant completely modernized the way-service of the Volga-Caspian Canal. He equipped it not only with hopper lighters, but also with refractory type reclamation excavators. But the plant acquired the first experience in the construction of hopper lighters by order of the Ministry of ways back in 1905, when it produced six hopper lighters for the Volga and Kama, four hopper lighters and two guard-ships for Siberia. Based on a comparison of the clerical documentation of the plant and the data of the river registers, the biographies of Siberian hopper lighters are being reconstructed. To identify the correspondence between the lists of 1923 and 1928, a correlation analysis was carried out. A technique of three-parameter correlation analysis with an implicitly expressed objective function for solving this historical problem is proposed. The analysis showed that in the period from 1923 to 1928, all the hopper lighters passed a renumbering in the same numerical range. The most probable correspondence of old and new numbers was reconstructed. On the basis of the reconstruction, the conclusion was made - despite the fact that the Siberian hopper lighters built in Votkinsk accounted for only a fifth of the way-service’s fleet (4 units out of 21) of the Ob and Irtysh, nevertheless, they became successful analogues when further ordering a series of such ships. Although the plant could not withstand the contractual terms and prices, and on the hopper lighters themselves there were many factory defects, the hopper lighters were in operation until the 1950s. And the ships built according to the Votkinsk type for a long time formed the backbone of the way-service’s fleet both on the Ob and on the Irtysh.

583-594

Authors: Tatiana N. Goncharova

The Abbé de Pradt, who established himself as a liberal publicist at the time of the Restoration, can hardly be suspected of sympathy to the Russian Empire. And yet he might have contributed a great service to the Russian cause in 1812. At least, Napoleon implied so much as he laid on his ambassador in Warsaw the whole responsibility for the catastrophe of the Great Army in 1812, for not supplying it with the expected military units and horses. Pradt answered this accusation in a pamphlet praising his own foresight and denouncing Napoleonic megalomania. This paper examines both cases. Basing on the study of diplomatic reports, contemporary publicists and memoirs, the author concludes that Pradt did not deliberately betrayed his master, but his inaction and pessimism did not allow him to do all that was expected from him. On the other hand, the mistakes made by Napoleon and some objective circumstances played a negative part. Napoleon’s reluctance to move from words to deeds and satisfy Polish aspirations to the restoration of “Greater Poland”, was not very stimulating for the local patriots. As for Pradt’s complains about the poor situation of the economy of the Duchy of Warsaw, which hampered his activities in the rear of the Napoleon’s army, they seem to be rather exaggerated.

604-613

Authors: Utash B. Ochirov

Before the Napoleonic Wars, Kalmyk military units as parts of the Russian army had been used as allied forces with independent internal structures, weaponry, and officer corps. But in the aftermath of the 1771 abolition of the Kalmyk Khanate, Kalmyk ethnic troops were gradually being modified to meet common Russian standards. The year 1811 witnessed the establishment of the 1st and 2nd Kalmyk Regiments that were completely identical to Cossack ones – in terms of structure, weaponry, uniform, and funding. The units were actively involved in key combat actions throughout 1812–1814. Initially, those were attached to the 3rd Army, operating in Ukraine and Belarus. In 1813, the 1st Kalmyk Regiment got into line with the corps that sieged Modlin Fortress, and stayed there to the enemy’s capitulation. The 2nd Kalmyk Regiment as part of F.G. von der Osten-Sacken’s infantry corps (later incorporated into the Silesian Army of commanded by G.L. von Blücher) conducted warfare all across Poland, Germany, and France. They showed their worth in guerilla activities, blocking fortresses, rolling up infantry columns and squares, winning hold of batteries, and coming to deadly grips with hostile regular cavalry units, including Dragons de la Garde Imperiale, Cuirassiers, and Mamluks of the Imperial Guard. Still, war heroes of the 1st and 2nd Kalmyk Regiments were awarded military decorations very hesitantly first. Staff officers of the 3rd army doubted if non-Christians should be granted military medals with Christian symbols. The year 1813 witnessed a significant increase in the number of conferrals. However, the inefficient bureaucratic procedures resulted in that quite a number of military decorations were delivered either in bad time – or failed to reach the addressees at all. Officers of the two regiments were virtually unfamiliar with the rules of bestowals, and lots of decent award recommendations were rejected for technical reasons.

624-631

Authors: Kaiyrbolat Zh. Nurbay, Bauyrzhan B. Yensepov, Nurgul A. Mukhametzhanova

The article discusses the features of Kazakh-Russian relations in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries in case of the Middle Zhuz, characterized by the strengthening of Russia's political influence in the region, the reinforcement of mutually beneficial trade, economic and cultural ties. Based on the analysis of archival sources, it is concluded that the strengthening of Russia's position in the region was carried out by, first of all, the implementation of the economic dependence of the Kazakh population. At the same time, the strengthening of Russia's political influence took place in all spheres of socio-political life, including the spiritual and cultural life of Kazakh society. An objective study of the regional characteristics of Kazakh-Russian relations in the context of the political transformation of the Kazakh nomadic society will make it possible to take a fresh look at the historical experience of bilateral relations and avoid political mistakes and miscalculations in the future.

640-651

Authors: Orazgul H. Mukhatova, Gulzhan B. Tleubekova, Nazgul K. Baigabatova

Since the end of the XIX century, the processes of spontaneous resettlement of peasants to Central Asia required an urgent decision on the part of the royal government, which realized that it was necessary to take measures to streamline the resettlement movement. In this regard, Resettlement organizations have been established in a number of regions of Kazakhstan.The purpose of this article is to use archival materials to highlight the activities and role of the Semirechye Resettlement administration in solving the land issue of the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century.Based on previously unpublished archival data, from the Central state archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the authors analyze the main activities and results of the Migration Department of the Semirechye region.The analysis of administrative documents of the resettlement institution contributes to the study of the essence and content of the resettlement policy carried out in this region. The methods of analysis and synthesis used in the study, review, and selection of new archival materials made it possible to make theoretical generalizations of the activities and contribution of the Semirechye region's Resettlement administration in solving the land issue of the Russian Empire.

663-673

Authors: Anna I. Tatarnikova

The article considers the process of organizing sanitary and medical work that provided sanitary inspections of educational institutions and medical examinations of schoolchildren in cities of Western shows their role in the sanitary supervision of schools, prevention of infectious diseases, and protection of children's health. At the beginning of XX century considerable changes were put into practice at educational institutions of the region. Medical examinations of pupils were organized for the first time, sanitary sheets were introduced so that to carry out regular monitoring of physical development of schoolchildren, some attempts were made to provide hot food and organize outdoor games. Special attention was paid to health instruction for children and their parents, and special courses for teachers on the basics of school hygiene were given. On the basis of archival sources, it is concluded that unsanitary conditions of studies at educational institutions, high morbidity of students, and frequent cases of mortality intensified the activity of representatives of the central and local authorities, doctors, teachers and concerned citizens. They did much to improve the situation and save the health of the younger generation. There was a change in the attitude of the society to lives of children and their health. Established behavioral practices gave way to an active search of ways of solving the problem of deteriorating health of students; the number of requests for official medical services was growing; new hygiene skills and habits concerning maintenance of cleanliness of one's own body, neat appearance, and prevention of infectious diseases were beginning to be formed. At educational institutions, it was common to use disinfectants and hygiene products, boil water for drinking, wash hands, air and do wet cleaning of premises.

687-698

Authors: Raigul Khazretalikyzy, Khazretali M. Tursun, El'mira E. Alzhanova, Erlan E. Saylaubay

Thepaperanalyses the process of creating the Turkestan region conquered by Russia in the southern region of Kazakhstan as a result of the Kokand-Russian revolts. The real facts highlight the process of military colonization, as a result of which there were clashes between the adherers and opponents of the regime. The local administration organized a delegation from among the influential residents of the region who wished a desire to express gratitude to the Emperor "for getting rid of the oppression”, i.e. of Kokand oppression. The prime objective of this study is to reveal the goal of scientific reconstruction of the history of the first deputation visit from Turkestan region to Emperor Alexander II in 1867. In the course of this study, archival documents and information from the Funds of the Russian State Archives of the State Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the State Autonomous Educational Establishment were studies and provided for the first time. TheCollection of Turkistan published in St. Petersburg containing significant historical data serve as materials from the periodicals of Moscow as well. According to the history of the Turkestan deputation, the historical poem by Mailyqoja Sultankhodjauly (1835−1898), "The Journey of the Datha to St. Petersburg," published at the end of the 19th century, is an only Kazakh traditional source. In the course of the study, the formation criteria and the socio-political composition of the deputation were specified. Along with the socio-political mission of the deputation was determined and an assessment of its implementation was also presented in this paper. As a result of a factual background related to the historical reconstruction of the deputation process, the following conclusions were made: regarding the formation of a modern civilizational dialogue between Kazakhstan and Russia, in the light of the Turkestan deputation of 1967, which had special cultural and political significance. The Turkestan deputation did not have broad powers due to the political pressure from dictatorial tactics. At the same time, representatives of the ethno-elite as qadi, heads of clans, religious figures who are not able to exert a direct influence on the formation of colonial power structures, and who gave the deputation a fake character, significantly reducing its political power For these reasons, the “deputy mission” could not denounce to the authorities the demands and aspirations of ordinary people, and could not protect their interests. Despite this, the analysis of archival sources on the history of the first deputation of the Turkestan Territory is the beginning of the official recognition of a civilized dialogue between the socially and economically backward periphery and the technologically developed metropolis.

709-720

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The article analyzes the system of direct and indirect taxation of the indigenous population of the Central Asian suburbs of the Russian Empire on the basis of legal acts and records. It is emphasized that the tax policy in this ethnoregion was an important component of the process of its modernization and was implemented in line with the government's discussion on the rationalization of the economy of national suburbs, increasing the efficiency of using their resources and reducing the center's costs for their maintenance. In this regard, during the 70s of the XIX – first decade of the XX century, the state took various measures aimed at increasing the total amount of tax payments by the indigenous population of the Steppe region and Turkestan. In the end, the regional model of taxation has acquired a number of distinctive features, including: various ways of calculating and paying taxes to nomadic and settled populations, granting them preferences in paying both direct and indirect taxes. The author comes to the conclusion that the solution to the problem of profitability of the Central Asian tax model was significantly hindered by a number of objective factors: understaffing of tax authorities – land-tax inspections, imperfect legislation that restricts the ability of tax authorities to collect taxes, inertia of regional authorities, peculiarities of the structure of employment and income of the population, etc. As a result, government circles were forced to recognize that using only data on Russia's expenditures and revenues in the Central Asian region could not objectively reflect its role in the General Imperial economy. Therefore, on the eve of the First world war, they stopped looking for ways to increase its profitability by increasing direct and indirect taxation of the indigenous population.

734-741

Authors: Boris E. Andusev, Larisa J. Anisimova, Denis N. Gergilev, Evgeny A. Akhtamov

The article covers the problems of common law of peasant community in Siberia on the example of Yenisei province in the XIX – early XX centuries. The article based on the materials of State Archive of Krasnoyarsk Krai, namely, on the personal fund of the Soviet ethnographer Anton Aleksandrovich Savelyev. The fund contains a variety of materials, including verdicts of rural and volost gatherings, volost court, court proceedings. The article emphasizes the problems of peasants’ ownership of arable and mowing lands, a number of objects as a result of personal labor, compensation for material damage. The example of a trial between two hunters on the ownership of hunting prey is of interest. The authors came to the conclusion that the traditions of common law were based on a wide range of common legal, moral, religious and social beliefs. Legal regulation of the peasant communities in Yenisei region in the XIX – early XX centuries retained its complex matter. At the same time, the principle of equity was the basis for all evaluative, legal and regulatory ideas of peasants about common law. That principle was not declarative, but actually applicable as a tool for solving problems in a peasant community.

759-768

Authors: Zhanna V. Petrunina, Galina A. Shusharina, Roman A. Gromov

The paper analyzes the process of gold mining industry development in the second half of the XIX century in the East Siberian Governorate General. In this paper interaction forms between local and central authorities regarding gold mining are determined. The historical sources used in the work confirm that the main factors influencing the development of the industry during the period under review were as follows: remoteness of the territory from the center, poor technical equipment, and geographical features that does not allow the use of existing methods of gold mining, lack of qualified personnel and high crime rate. Despite the difficulties, conditions for the gold mining development in Far Eastern regions of the East Siberian Governorate General have developed in the Amur Territory. Most of those conditions were taken into account in the following years. Brisk economic growth of the Amur Region stimulated scientific research in the Far East of the country concerning ethnography, hydrography, ichthyology, and cartography; and served as an impetus for the development of transport infrastructure and the construction of telegraph lines. The work raised the question of the national policy implementation in the region by the Russian government. Geological exploration provided an impetus to the development of the Russian Far East as a whole, and helped to attract and consolidate the population in this part of the country. The authors note that the experience gained can be useful in realities of the modern Far East development.

785-795

Authors: Inessa G. Adoneva

The article deals with specificity of representation of foreign law and legislation in the "Journal of the Ministry of justice" of the turn of XIX−XX centuries. The reasons of attention of Russian specialists to foreign justice was the revision of Judicial statutes of Alexander the Second, an active foreign policy of the Russian Empire, the interaction of Russian lawyers with foreign colleagues and the common problem problems. Most of the authors served in the Ministry of justice, as well as engaged in research and teaching activities. Professional education, formed in the logic of the European conceptual and categorical apparatus, made Western realities understandable for Russian specialists. The generation of lawyers who were actively published in the departmental journal shared the ideas of the sociological school, which was based on the strong relationship between law and all other spheres of society. Their worldview was also influenced by the mass codification of European legislation. It is revealed that the most frequent appeal of Russian lawyers to the French legislation was caused by similar positions laid down by the Judicial statutes of 1864, and to the German – by serious economic ties between Russia and Germany. The specifics of the justice system in England provided few opportunities for borrowing, but it retained the honorary role of the founder of modern legal institutions. Russian lawyers described the legal realities of the East from the point of view of orientalism: for Japan, France and England played a civilizing role, and for China – Russia, which was positioned as a European state. The law was accepted as a tool to set society on the path of progress. At the same time, Russian lawyers agreed with their European colleagues in the need to make the legislation as clear as possible for the population.

807-819

Authors: Olga V. Natolochnaya, Igor A. Gordeev, Ruslan M. Allalyev, Vladimir A. Svechnikov

The article discusses the strategic plans for the capture of the Bosphorus Strait by the russian armed forces during the First World War. The attention is paid to the operational considerations and approximate calculations of forces and means. The attempt is made to compare the plans of the Bosphorus operation of 1897 and 1915. The unpublished archival documents of the Central state archive of the Navy (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) were used as materials. The methodological basis of the study was the principles of systematic, historicismand scientific objectivity that are traditional for russian historiography. During the work, such general historical methods as problem-chronological methods were used, which made possible to study individual plans for the capture of the Bosphorus in their historical sequence; historical and comparative, with the help of which it was possible to compare the scope of planning operations in 1897 and in 1915. In conclusion, the authors state that in the period from 1897 to 1915 the significant re-equipment of the Bosphorus fortifications did not occur, moreover, the number of heavy guns (from 152 to 350-mm) even decreased (73 guns – in 1897, 63 – in 1915), of which the strong reduction was in the largest caliber of 350-mm: it was 6 – in 1897, and it became 2 – in 1915. The field artillery (75 mm) was also reduced from 18 guns in 1897 to 12 in 1915. If in 1897 it was supposed to use 97 heavy fleet guns and 104 field landing guns against the Bosphorus fortifications, then in 1915 152 heavy fleet guns, as well as 72 heavy and 336 field landing guns were provided for a smaller number of Bosphorus guns. In other words, the artillery fleet was increased by more than 2 times for heavy and 3 times for field guns. At the same time, the estimated number of infantry units was slightly increased: a little bit more than 3 army corps– in 1897,4 army corps – in 1915.

832-841

Authors: Nataliya B. Akoeva, Leva A. Karapetyan, Oxana V. Resnik, Antonina V. Shvetsova

The problem of legislative regulation and financing of cultural heritage in the new political and legal conditions of transition to constitutional monarchy is considered. P.A. Stolypin himself understood that the cultural level of society depended on comprehensive reform and the future of the country. The solution to the problem was now possible with the cooperation of the Government and Parliament. Our focus is primarily on the draft law of the Ministry of the Interior and the estimated costs of the Ministry of Public Education. Although not passed, the bill is important in terms of cultural conservation thought. Its positive and negative aspects have been identified. In general, the Government followed the residual principle of budgetary financing of the noted area, which was also typical for the Doodum period. And popular representation here has fundamentally changed little. Although we note the positive interaction between these entities in relation to the draft laws of one-time and annual financing of certain measures for the protection and updating of monuments.

854-862

Authors: Ivan A. Bulatov, Daria N. Kovaleva

The people of the 19th century differed from the people of traditional society in many ways. One of the most important differences was a new type of identity – nation. It replaced class and local identities. However, people could not immediately recognize themselves as part of a new community based on culture and civil rights. The new identity gradually established itself through the regular army, the press, and schools. Youth organizations have become another instrument for national identity. They, as well as Nations, were a phenomenon of the late modern period, since in a traditional society there was no problem of free time for a large number of youth. In the Russian Empire, the public authorities didn’t immediately realize the need to form a national identity. However, having realized that the Nations, including the Russian one, will develop in any case, the state decided to lead this process. Children's movements, which appeared in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, were also involved in this process. In addition to physical development, and education of the qualities necessary for a good person and citizen, ‘Sokol’, ‘Poteshnie’ and Scout movements, in alliance with the state built the identity based on patriotism, monarchism and religion. The article examines the history of these organizations, their relationship with the public authorities and the system of national-Patriotic education.

871-877

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Svetlana I. Grakhova

As being based on the recorded materials of oral history, the authors, while applying public history and local history approaches, aim to study the processes of representation of the provincial merchants of the Zakamsky region of Tatarstan in the historical consciousness of wide groups of their contemporaries. Oral narratives are characterized as being plot-based, traditional, dynamic, simple and easy to perceive; they have an arbitrary form and memoir-illustrative style of speaking. They follow well-known historical texts and general-audience information and contain a certain degree of artistic fiction, which is why they tend to turn into a popular mass culture product, contributing to advertising the city. Oral stories represent the images of the merchants in historical memory as simple and open in communication businesspeople, sincerely caring for fellow countrymen and city patrons who worked for the common good. With that said, the extremes of highlighting class shortcomings, satirization or iconization of reconstructed merchant images in the existence of history are completely absent in public space.

889-897

Authors: Inna V. Anisimova

The history of prisoners of the First World War in Russia is a topic which has research actuality. The historiography of the problem revealed a number of unresolved issues, among which the situation of war prisoners in the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire requires study. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the inclusion of foreign prisoners of war in the economy of the Steppe region in 1914–1917. The materials for the preparation of the article were archival documents from the RSHA funds. The reasons for the employment of prisoners of war in the enterprises of Ridder and Kirghiz mining joint-stock companies are identified and justified, and the organization of their work is considered. It is emphasized that hiring foreigners was a forced measure in the context of the mobilization the East Slavic population of the region and the requisition of Kazakhs for rear work. The situation of prisoners of war was regulated by General Imperial legislation, but the regional authorities have repeatedly pointed out the need to make adjustments to the adopted resolutions, primarily in the field of pay for prisoners of war and their legal accountability. The management of the industry enterprises spoke about the extremely low economic effect of attracting prisoners of war to work, caused by the reluctance of the latter to work in the difficult conditions of the region, as well as the high costs of mining enterprises associated with the transportation, provision and placement of distributed workers. At the end of 1916, due to the permission to hire requisitioned Kazakhs for work, the need for prisoners of war in the enterprises of the mining industry of the Steppe region began to decrease. However, until the end of World War I, foreign prisoners of war worked in the factories and mines of Ridder and Ekibastuz.

907-915

Authors: Tatyana G. Karchaeva, Anna S. Zhulaeva, Galina M. Lushchayeva, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev

The article provides historical information about the activities of the tsarist administration of the Uryankhai Territory in the land issue during the protectorate of the Russian Empire. We established the national principles and foundations of civil law relations, which acted simultaneously in land use on the territory of Tuva from 1914 to 1917. Russian peasants moved to southern Siberia. Land was attractive for Siberian peasants near the Biy-Khem River (Big Yenisei). The elders of the Tuvan communities distributed land between the immigrants until 1914. The immigrants executed documents called permits, which were made in writing. Cash payments were a prerequisite for all land transactions between Tuvans and peasants. Tuvans set terms for the use of land. It was a land lease. However, Russian peasants thought about buying and selling land, they were mistaken. The number of Russian peasant immigrants increased significantly during the Protectorate of the Uryankhai Territory. Cases of sale and “resale” contributed to the fragmentation of land. Russian rural elders executed transactions of purchase and sale of land. Old-timers peasants sold land to immigrants who arrived in the Uryanhai Territory recently. These cases violated the Circular of the Commissioner for the Urikhay Territory (April 1914, day 18, No. 627). The commissioner gave the village elders the right to register transactions only, the sale was officially prohibited. The elders confirmed the presence of land transactions in the Russian villages of the Ust-Irbeyskoye, the Bayan-Kol, the Shcherbakovskoye from 1915 to 1916. Wardens denied cases of official land transactions in the Russian villages of the Kemchik, the Tarlyk, the Atamanovo, the Uyuk, the Fedorovka, the Sosnovka, the Verkhne- and the Nizhne-Nikolskoe, the Berezovka. This was an unresolved land issue. This was a lack of guarantees from the local authorities and reliable protection of property rights, ownership and use of land. Peasant land disputes were a characteristic from 1914 to 1917 in the Uryanhai. Peasants-applications were considered by the Commissioner for Affairs of the Uryankhai Territory, the Chief-Border of the Minusinsky okrug (Usinsky Chief-Border) and officials of the Resettlement Department. Peasants complained to officials about the violation of their property rights. However, land disputes were resolved by the concept of the lack of private ownership of land in the Uryankhai Territory. The peasants addressed their complaints to the Yenisei governor and the Irkutsk governor-general. Claims consisted in the actions (inaction) of the local royal authorities. The land issue persisted in the social and economic conditions of pre-revolutionary Russia. There was an authoritarian regime, a vertical of power and centralization of decisions. The land issue was not resolved by local authorities in Uryanhai.