Bylye Gody

14-22

Authors: Vladimir N. Benda, Nikolai D. Kozlov, Anatoly V. Pokhilyuk, Vadim O. Levaschco

The article pays attention to the problems associated with the organization of material and technical support of daily life of military special educational institutions in Russia, which trained non-commissioned officers, officers and other specialists for artillery and engineering troops, created and operated during the XVIII century. The order, features and sources of financing of the maintenance of military educational institutions, and also the sizes of the monetary maintenance and other types of providing pupils in these institutions are defined. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the problems faced by the state in providing the activities of military special schools and cadet corps, designed to solve the important state task of training domestic special personnel of various profiles and purposes, necessary to strengthen and maintain a high level of combat readiness and combat capability of the Russian artillery and engineering troops and the army as a whole. The authors draw attention to the fact that, in the course of organizing a quality educational process in military educational institutions organized and operated in the period under review, not only the teaching staff of these institutions were important, but also the teaching tools used such as: educational literature (textbooks, statutes, manuals of an official and unofficial nature, military-historical works) and teaching AIDS (artillery and engineering models, devices and tools, rulers, circulars, etc.). It is noted that a significant improvement in the organization and order of financing the content of the newly created in the second half of the XVIII century. military educational institutions, which trained personnel for artillery and engineering troops, had a positive impact on the development of military special education and the quality of both military and civilian specialists. For the first time, the article introduces many archival sources into scientific circulation.

31-39

Authors: Sergey V. Bereznitsky, Igor I. Halechko, Petr V. Primak

The article deals with the impact of the legislative framework of the Russian Empire on the evolution of the hunting industry of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of Russia. Traditional trades of the Siberian natives (hunting of taiga ungulates and fur animals, game, extraction of marine animals, fishing) not only were and are the basis of their system of activity, but also are strongly connected with features of their mentality, with a complex of beliefs, cults and rituals, ethics and many other layers of Outlook. Therefore, the external foreign cultural and ethnic influence in the form of introduction of European, Slavic and Russian laws on regulation of hunting terms and production volumes of commercial animals into the traditional economic system has had a significant transformative effect. The impact of European culture in the form of legislative acts on the indigenous peoples of the Northern regions in the field of crafts depends on the mentality of the contacting ethnic group, its social organization, the level of development of military Affairs, economic and cultural type, the degree of consolidation, the presence or absence of civil authorities, the nature of interaction with the Russian authorities, and other ethno-cultural characteristics. Some aspects of this impact led not only to the emergence of new types of hunting weapons among the natives, equipment, equipment, but also to the emergence of industrial hunting that was not peculiar to them before, led to a change in the ancient hunting worldview, manifested in fishing technologies in the form of ecophobic components.

49-56

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Mykola S. Nazarov, Lyubov G. Polyakova, Jasmin Gut

The article attempts to determine the proportion of officials who at the end of the 18th century used obsolete Ukrainian and Polish ranks in the context of the transition to the Russian imperial bureaucratic system. The dynamics of changes in the number of such employees during the last quarter of the eighteenth century was investigated. The authors identified the reasons why employees preferred obsolete titles to new ones. First, the earlier these officials provide to their owners a higher socio-political and social status. Secondly, representatives of local service elites at the end of the 18th century often did not understand their place in the social and bureaucratic system of the Russian Empire. The work uses published sources (for example, regulations from the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire and data from the annual Mesyatseslov) and little-known archival documents from the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kiev.

67-76

Authors: Sergey A. Pravkin, Vera V. Smirnova, Rosalina V. Shagieva, Maria A. Khvatova

The article deals with the problems of legitimacy, legitimacy and legality, and legitimization of power in relation to the period of monarchical rule, based on the political and legal platform of N.M. Karamzin, who was at the origins of russian conservatism. The system of legitimism represented in history not only the historical right of power to resolve issues of the state and defend sovereignty, national borders, and justify the legitimacy of dynastic power, but also the legitimacy of power in General. The authors' analysis of N.M. Karamzin's views touches on certain aspects of monarchical legitimation. The autocracy of the concept of legitimism is the root principle of the Russian state order. The historian proposed the implementation of Republican ideas through a monarchical form of government, while advocating the combination of the patrimonial model of power and the principle of legality. From the point of view of N.M. Karamzin, the legality is compatible with any method of government. Any state is based on the rule of law. The attempts to limit autocracy in its understanding contradict the natural nature of russian law, lead to lawlessness and anarchy. He recognized the freedom of man within the limits of the laws. N.M. Karamzin considered legitimism in the traditional sense as loyalty to the root laws and the truth of the monarchy. The authors conclude that the position of N.M. Karamzin can be called a political and legal justification of the monarchical power. His views were the starting point for subsequent discussions on individual approaches to the concept of legitimacy. The main source of the publication was N.M. Karamzin's work "A note on ancient and new Russia in its political and civil relations".

88-104

Authors: Violetta S. Molchanova, Leonid L. Balanyuk, Evgeniya V. Vidishcheva, Irina I. Potapova

The article deals with the development of the primary education system on the territory of the Kuban Cossack army in 1803–1917 years. This part paid attention to the most difficult period from 1908 to 1917. (the preparatory work for the introduction of all-russian primary education). There were used as materials the reports on the state of the Caucasus educational district, unpublished archival materials from the funds of the Ministry of public education and the Holy Synod, which are stored in the Russian state historical archive (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), and russian scientific literature on the history of public education in the Caucasus, and in particular in the Kuban region. In conclusion, the authors state that the system of public education in the Kuban region in 1909−1917 had its own extensive network of secondary, lower and primary schools. During this period, much was done to train teachers for primary schools, and the number of gymnasiums and higher primary schools increased dramatically. The public education system has risen to a higher level of its development and laid the groundwork for the creation of the first higher education institution in the region. Despite the success in the field of universal primary education in the Kuban by 1917 there continued to be a significant number of girls who were not enrolled in public schools.

115-129

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko, Oleg E. Chuikov, Vladimir A. Svechnikov

In this work, the authors continued the study of modern historiography of the history of the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire. The work was mainly based on the scientific works of modern scientists from Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. The subject of research of these scientists was the questions of official and unofficial everyday life of officials of the Russian Empire. Particular attention is paid to the works devoted to the study of stereotypes, values and morals characteristic of a bureaucratic environment. Many studies have studied the system of motivation, rewards, punishments, and other issues related to the daily routine of civil servants in the Russian Empire. The authors once again noted the unevenness in the study of the subject field of the history of bureaucracy. The block of scientific papers in which general theoretical questions of the formation and functioning of the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire are highlighted is very large. At the same time, little attention is paid to the study of the life of officials, in particular, living conditions, leisure and entertainment, family and marriage relations.

142-151

Authors: Gulzada O. Charginova, Aitkul Sh. Mahaeva, Rustem D. Kubeyev, Kanat K. Bazarbayev

The article focuses on the influence of the state Yettishar in the 60-70s of the XIX century on Kazakhs and Kirghiz who were in the possession Turkestan Governor-General of the Russian Empire. For the purpose of disclosing this problem, the materials of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Central State Archives of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Central State Archive of the Kyrgyz Republic were used. The formation of the state of Yettishar had a significant impact on the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz of the Russian Empire. Archival documents prove that as a result of negotiations between the Turkestan Governor-General and the ruler of Kashgaria, a number of issues on the resettlement of Kazakh-Kyrgyz aristocrats in East Turkestan were resolved. This is because the Russian Empire wanted the existence of a buffer state between the two Qin empires and great Britain. It can be said that the political processes taking place in Kashgar were under the control of the tsarist government. Representatives of the Kazakhs and Kirghiz, who opposed the policy of the tsarist government in Central Asia, went to the state of Yettishar for support. Yakub-Bek was pressed into the service of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, who moved from the possessions of the Russian Empire in the state of Hattisar. Some members of the noble Kazakhs and Kirghiz had held high positions in the state Hattisar. However, they failed to achieve their goals due to internal strife and the restoration of The Qing Empire in Kashgar. The changing policy of the Kashgar rulers contributed to the formation of a diverse opinion among the Kazakh-Kyrgyz nobility who served them. One group of aristocrats decided to return to the Russian Empire, others thought to continue the received directions. This was used effectively with the tsarist administration. Later, due to the termination of the existence of the state of Yattishar, many of the Kazakhs and Kirghiz returned from Kashgaria to their homeland.

162-172

Authors: Michael B. Averina, Pavel V. Nikitin, Anna V. Popova

The study of the activities of the Central Department of justice of the Russian Empire to improve the judicial system of the national suburbs allows you to get a more detailed idea of the relationship of the General Imperial legal norms with various local legal provisions, to trace the adaptation of national judicial institutions to local conditions. In addition, the article aims to identify essential principles the outskirts of the judicial policy of the authorities, as well as the influence of local conditions on their adjustment in the implementation process in these regions, therefore, generalization of experience of application of advanced legal institutions in difficult conditions in the periphery of Imperial territory is the subject of this article. In the study the authors come to the conclusion that the General policy of the government in the process of modernization of the Russian Empire in the national outskirts of the period under review was the desire to unify local institutions, including the judiciary, with national institutions. However, the Ministry of justice, responsible for the administration of justice almost throughout the Empire, had to take into account all the expected consequences in carrying out judicial reforms and addressing the identified shortcomings of the judicial system in the national suburbs.

188-205

Authors: Ilya V. Sidorchuk

The article is devoted to study the social history of science and technology in Russia on the example of satirical publications of the 1870s−1910s, which published stories, sketches, notes and cartoons, which were a response to such realities of the era as the domestication of technology, belief in miraculous inventions, human defenselessness before the onset of technology and obscurantism of the uneducated audience. The source base of the research was the materials of satirical publications published in the Russian Empire (“Budil’nik”, “Strekoza”, “Schut”, “Iskra”, “Satyricon”, “Oskolki”). The author comes to the conclusion that science and technology were integral heroines of domestic satirical publications of pre-revolutionary Russia. They gave writers and artists a lot of new bright metaphors and images. On the one hand, in the reviewed publications can be found skepticism about the potential for technical innovations to change the world for the better, mocking fanatical inventors and had a real basis of the fear of technical innovations, able to kill and maim. At the same time, the publications were consistent advocates of knowledge and education. The objects of criticism were superstitions, prejudices, belief in pseudoscientific ideas and obscurantism, and the vices of the uneducated public. Various aspects of “shadow science” and the careerism of pseudoscientists were also exposed.

215-225

Authors: Sofya I. Gabrielyan, Azizbek G. Kholliev, Abdurasul A. Razakov, Askhat A. Beikyziev

One of the interesting pages in the history of the Middle East is the "big game" in which, as in a whirlpool, were drawn into the major European countries – England and Russia. Persia was caught between the Russian hammer and the British anvil. The struggle for Persia was very fierce, the governments used all means and methods to turn Iran into their colony. Although the motives were different for Russia and the UK, but the goal was the same. Each power tried to achieve its own hegemony in Persia through a combination of means, the main of which were: influence over the Shah and his chief Ministers, trade, concessions, intimidation. In order to use any of them freely, it was necessary for England and Russia to secure access to as much of Persian territory as possible, while at the same time trying to limit the rival. In order to outdo its rival, the British government sent Henry Drummond Wolff as her Majesty's Ambassador. He had great authority and influence, was a zealous supporter of Eastern diplomacy. As the British envoy to Tehran, he was able to conclude treaties with the Shah of Iran, which granted Great Britain a number of very favorable concessions, such as the permission of navigation on the Karun river for British ships, the opening of the Shahinshah Bank, and so on. The article attempts to analyze how the mission of Henry Wolff influenced the course of the "big game" and how England became the main player on the Middle Eastern chess Board by the beginning of the twentieth century.

242-249

Authors: Elena V. Vititneva, Galina M. Lushchaeva, Natalya V. Pahomova, Maria D. Lushchaeva

The article is devoted to analysis of the types of violations of discipline, law and order by students of the Imperial Tomsk University in the pre-revolutionary period. The specificity of the legislation regulating the order in the student community was revealed. The work of law enforcement – the inspector of students, the professor's disciplinary court was analyzed, their role and functions in maintaining deanery were determined. The types of violations were also investigated and detailed examples of them were given, based on archival materials of the State Archive of the Tomsk Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan, that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation. In this research work we have founded that the characteristic features of the violators were the denial of guilt, unwillingness to take responsibility for their actions, an unhealthy sense of confidence in their rightness. As a result, a negative student image was formed in Russian society at the beginning of the XX century. Nevertheless, the number of cases, that were shaded the noble status of students was small in comparison with the general number of students, which indicates the absence of a ubiquitous and topical nature of the problem.

258-271

Authors: Oksana V. Ishchenko, Timur A. Magsumov

Using ego-documents as the base, the authors are trying to study the process of opposition formation in students of the late-imperial Russia, focusing on the identification of what had inspired the protest actions, as well as methods and techniques employed by representatives of revolutionary parties to target young people. The main reasons for the involvement of Russian students in active protest at the turn of the XIX−XX centuries included their lack of rights, financial constraints, being not only actual, but also clearly recognized by young people. This made the harsh school regime even more severe, thus leading to strengthening the influence of revolutionary parties in young people. Among the factors shaping the young people’s worldview was the modernist family and its environment that included exiled revolutionaries as well. Active reading and the joint singing of revolutionary songs contributed to embracing lofty ideals and formed the spirit of camaraderie especially in conditions of crowded living in private apartments and boarding schools, participation in the work of revolutionary circles. The revolutionary parties clearly recognized these factors, having developed a set of measures to involve students in the protest movement as well as in their ranks. Starting from conversations on abstract topics that included young people’s everyday hardships, the revolutionaries’ leaders, being attractive due to their set of moral principles and sometimes appearance, proceeded to proposals for building a new world after overthrowing the current regime, and from that they would turn to involving young people directly in supporting underground activities.

287-294

Authors: Olga V. Kolpakova

The article reveals the main functions of the parish clergy of the Penza diocese and their changes in wartime conditions (for example, the Russian-Japanese war of 1904−1905). An attempt is made to highlight the range of duties performed by the clergy, as well as the features of their service during the war. It is concluded that the clergy had a very wide range of responsibilities, which increased in wartime. The main duties of the parish clergy included service in the Church, preaching, preaching, and missionary work. During the war, in addition to their direct duties, the clergy performed, first of all, information and moral and educational functions, as well as duties related to the appeal of parishioners to donate to the needs of wartime, the organization of hospitals for sick and wounded soldiers, providing assistance to families affected by military actions. The main sources of the research were data from the periodical press (1904−1905) and materials from the Russian state historical archive.

334-344

Authors: Irina V. Stavetskaya, Nadezhda Yu. Gavrilova

The authors of the article turn to the study of a little-studied topic devoted to donations in the Tobolsk province of the Russian-Japanese war. According to the All-Russian Census of 1897 in Tobolsk province, one of the largest in the Russian Empire by territory, there were 1,443,043 inhabitants. From the first days of the Russo-Japanese War in the Siberian outback, people began collecting donations for the war. The authors focus on how the mass charity movement was reflected in the unique sources of factual material – the printed editions of the Tobolsk Provincial Gazette and the Siberian Trade Newspaper. A study of the newspaper chronicle allowed the authors to identify the key areas of charitable gatherings, the dynamics of cash contributions and material assistance, and to calculate the total amount of donations received from the population of the Tobolsk province.

352-359

Authors: Gulzhaukhar K. Kokebayeva, Ziabek E. Kabuldinov, Tolkyn N. Mukhazhanova, Yerkezhan T. Akhmetova

The World War I was a global conflict in which the population of many countries of the world was involved. Consideration of this topic is limited to studying their role in the material support of armed forces of metropoles, when it comes to the participation of colonial possessions of Entente Powers in World War I. However, a huge mass of representatives of Asian and African people, the vast majority of whom were Muslims, served in the armed forces of the member countries of both military blocs. European countries witnessed the arrival of hundreds of thousands of colonial soldiers fighting on European territory, getting captured and coming into contact with European society and culture. Capturing them, keeping them in camps and creating conditions under the norms of The Hague Convention of 1907 required certain efforts from the authorities of the Triple Alliance countries. In addition, prisoners of war from various regions of Asia and North Africa, held in the camps of the Triple Alliance countries, were of great interest to scientists studying anthropology, ethnography and the languages of the eastern people. The countries of the Triple Alliance sought to use the anti-colonial feelings of Muslims from the British and French possessions, promoting “jihad” against the Entente Powers. However, the creation of favorable conditions for the life of prisoners of war in the camps and increased propaganda work caused a mixed reaction from Muslim prisoners of war. Many prisoners of war from the Muslim regions of the Entente Powers remained faithful to their military oath, although they dreamed of freeing their countries from colonial dependence.

370-381

Authors: Galya A. Alpyspaeva, Gulmira Zhuman, Lazzat Т. Jumaliyeva, Sholpan Т. Abdykarimova

The problem of the legal status of the Kazakh woman in the family and society in the XIX – early XX centuries by the assessment of Russian researchers, whose scientific or professional activity was connected with the study of the Kazakh region is being considered in this article. The views of the authors on the question of women’s rights in traditional Kazakh society are described by the method of comparative research. The information about the legal status of the Kazakh woman is more narrative in the works of the first half of XIX century (G.I. Spassky, A.I. Levshin, S.B. Bronevsky, N.R. Mamyshev). But we can get from the materials of the researchers the information about the legal status of women in the conditions of preservation of the traditional Kazakh society, when specific social institutions and rules of law existed in their traditional form. In contrast with it, the works of the authors of the latter half of the XIX and early XX centuries (A.K. Gaines, N.G. Mallitsky, N.I. Grodekov, N.M. Izrastsov and others) contain more systematic information and reflect changes in the legal status of women as a result of the Kazakh society reform. The essence and origin of such specific institutions of the Kazakh society as levirate, dower, and polygamy are described by the authors of the work. The features of the positional status of Kazakh women, which were correctly assessed by Russian contemporaries not in every instance, can be explained by the costs of the “European” view of the nomadic society of Kazakh people. Many social-legal institutions of the Kazakhs were formed in the pre-Islamic times and were due to economic reasons, the features of management and a nomadic way of life. The authors' theoretical justifications on the influence of Adat and Sharia law on the position of a Kazakh woman are quite objective, confirmed by field research materials and examples from bureaucratic practice. According to the authors' interpretation, the relatively free position of the Kazakh woman in comparison with the women of Central Asia was due to the regulations of the Adat law protecting the woman, as well as due to increasing Russian influence in the latter half of the XIX and early XX centuries. This was expressed in a gradual departure from Sharia law requirements in matters of family and marriage.