Bylye Gody

921-934

Authors: Andrey A. Pushkarev

The article focuses on the study of Nuremberg jetons as a unique phenomenon of the late XVI to the XIX centuries in the Russian territory. For the first time presented is an overview of all the jetons found in the territory of modern Russia that come from archaeological sites, ethnographic and random collections. For a better presentation of this material, description of the finds is divided according to three geographical areas, namely, the European part of Russia and Povolzhye; Western Siberia; and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The mapping of the locations where the Nuremberg jetons were found allowed identifying the specific features of their distribution across the territories and constitutes an integral part of the article. More specifically, in the European Russia, the majority of the finds comes from the region of Povolzhye, whereas in Western Siberia, the distribution is more or less equal across the whole area. In Eastern Siberia and the Far East, there is a cluster of the finds in the Priolkhonye region; the rest are spread across the wider area. The article contains a large reference section which is a product of the author’s many-year work on accumulating publications on the Nuremberg jetons found in the Russian territory.

956-963

Authors: Peter P. Chuvatkina, Sviatoslav A. Gorbatov

The study of the institutional framework of youth tourism in the pre-revolutionary period makes it possible to identify those laws of the tourism development that escape notice of scientists, who have set a later period as the starting point. The article conducted a retrospective analysis of the development of youth tourism from the ХVII to the early ХХ centuries. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the beginning of the development of youth tourism is associated with the formation of the Russian state, with the objective need of the state for educated young people from noble families in order to form competent government bodies. The first trips of young people outside the young Russian state are connected with the need for them to receive new knowledge – both in the exact sciences and general information about the life, languages and traditions of the peoples of Europe. However, such trips met resistance from the church and upperclass society. Everything has changed after the tough Peter’s break of the usual foundations. The first emperor of Russia allocated budgetary funds for educational trips to Europe for children of poor and ruined noblemen, education became the primary task. The article shows that as the Russian state strengthens, the national economy develops, society becomes interested in educational tourism, studying and learning about their country, that is, domestic youth tourism begins to develop and the corresponding institutional framework begins to form. A large role in the development of youth tourism at the end of the nineteenth century was played by public organizations such as the Crimean Mountain Club, the Russian Mining Society, the Society for the Promotion of Technical Knowledge, and many other organizations. The analysis of the development of youth tourism in the pre-revolutionary period carried out in the article made it possible to identify three stages in the development of youth tourism, differing in areas, goals and sources of financing tourist trips and the stage of involvement of various institutions. Thus, the article proves that the sources of tourism in general and youth tourism in particular, on the one hand, are associated with certain economic processes, on the other hand, they are formed by sociocultural human nature.

974-985

Authors: Ludmila V. Mininkova, Tayjana Ju. Ajdunova

Peter the Great as one of strongest and most sustainable lieu de mémoire was represented in different forms. They included short one-word characteristics of the czar. They are to be considered as important historical source for the study of public consciousness of Modern Russia. Even short, they meant important information that was connected with attitudes of various social groups towards czar. First of them were formed in public consciousness of Peter’s epoch and one of the most important was image of the czar as czar-Antichrist. The latest image, czar-revolutioner, was introduced by Alexander Gertcen. Among these characteristics were both critical and apologetical. Critical characteristics, for instance, czar-Antichrist, was formed among mass people and developed within society. In post-reform period till the beginning of 20th century, during the crisis of Russian autocracy, these ideas were developed among democratic intelligencia. Apologetic ideas were given by educated people who recognized input of the czar in the development of education in Russia and by people who were closed to the authorities. Among of the most popular characteristics of the czar were hero, navigator, worker and reformer. The desire to generate godly image to Peter the Great was not developed. Also, image of Peter – revolutioner could not be considered as apologetic or critical.

998-1007

Authors: Aleksandra V. Spichak

The purpose of this article is to consider one of the parties to the marriage in the Russian Empire in the middle of the XVIII–XIX centuries – female adultery. The tasks are to study the attitude to this offense of the Russian Orthodox Church and society, the analysis of the practice of documentation in the spiritual consistories of this vice, as well as punishing women for adultery. The article reveals the historical aspects of the regulation of liability for adultery committed during marriage. The author analyzes the documentation of the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory, deposited in the State Archive of Tobolsk on female adultery during this period. The basic powers are revealed at consideration of marriage and family affairs by spiritual Consistory.The article identifies the causes of female adultery. The main attention is paid to the content of the affairs of the Tobolsk spiritual consistory of adultery. The hypothesis that in the middle of XVIII–XIX centuries the public attitude to women's infidelity was softened is confirmed, the conclusion about existence of a uniform type of punishment for adultery – penance is drawn.However, it is also established that in addition to this Church punishment could be used whipping, excommunication, exile. The severity of the censure and punishment of treason has declined over the past five centuries. Legislative changes also indicate a change in public opinion regarding adultery.

1017-1024

Authors: Daglara V. Amaeva, Aleksandr N. Komandzhaev, Natalya P. Matsakova, Ludmila V. Okonova

The Kalmyk Republic is located in the driest part of the South of the Russian Federation. Permanent water supplies are needed to allow livestock to survive on its arid plains. Water supply from «Artesian» bores underpinned the development of cattle breeding in Kalmykia. «Artesian» water is clean, predominantly fresh water flooding up from underground. But nowadays water pressure is starting to decline, and there is recognition that the groundwater resource needs to be better managed. The article investigates and analyses the ways of water supply in the Kalmyk steppe in the XIX–XXth centuries. The authors based their study on archive documents and books written before the Russian revolution in 1917. These works described the importance of water for life in harsh environment where droughts were common, the impact of water supply for moving of the Kalmyks and establishing permanent settlements along water routes. Special attention was given to the quality of water. The authors of the article investigated how the problem of water supply was solved by the Kalmyks and state authorities. The Kalmyks dug deep wells in the steppe called «huduk», and then artesian bores and wells. This work required amount of time and expense to maintain them.

1036-1048

Authors: Vladimir A. Tomsinov

The article is devoted to the attempts of Emperor Alexander I to introduce the Constitution and representative institutions in Russia. The idea of the Constitution was the basic idea of the state reforms of Emperor Alexander I. It followed from the main conception of these reforms and was to become their ultimate goal. During his nearly twenty-five-year reign, Alexander I at least three times started creation a draft Constitution for the Russian Empire with the intention to put it into effect, but did not dare to do so. The author shows that these attempts were not a "game of reform", but expressed the Emperor's real intention to introduce constitutional rule in Russia. And the refusal of its implementation had serious grounds. The most significant reason for the preservation of the autocratic system in Russia was the need for fundamental state reforms, the most urgent of which were: the abolition of serfdom, the systematization of legislation, the creation of a new court, the formation of a new system of local government. The autocratic power of the Emperor, which assumed disconnectedness of his personality by representative institutions and laws, the independence of his personality from different social groups, etc. allowed him to serve as an effective instrument of reform, meet the interests of the Russian state, and it is relatively easy to overcome resistance to these reforms from powerful social groups.

1059-1066

Authors: Sergey S. Belousov

The article analyzes the policy of the russian authorities towards traders and artisans who moved to the kalmyk lands. The reasons and results of migrations of the trade and craft population to Kalmykia are considered, their influence on social, economic and cultural development of kalmyk society is shown. It was found that the settlement of traders in the kalmyk lands was not due to the purposeful policy of the state, and the lack of kalmyks of their professional layer of traders. The state and the kalmyks tolerated the migrations of traders and artisans, because they, firstly, were not of a mass character, secondly, did not lead to a mass seizure of land, and thirdly, the activities of immigrants were in demand by the kalmyk society and did not undermine its vital interests. The strategic line of the Imperial leadership of Russia in trade policy in the kalmyk lands was that the state did not prevent the kalmyks from engaging in trade, but at the same time did not encourage this kind of activity. The top leadership did not connect the future of the kalmyk people with the wide spread of trade relations among them, seeing them as a source of bad influence on the morality of the kalmyk people. By allowing the settlement in the Kalmyk Steppe of a certain number of merchants and artisans of non-kalmyk origin, the state also regulated their stay and activities and supervised them. The main instruments regulating the presence of foreign trade and craft contingent in the kalmyk lands were the lease and issuance of trade certificates for the implementation of trade activities.The trade and craft population, despite its small number, made a significant contribution to the creation of stationary settlements of Kalmykia, the development of trade and crafts, the establishment of international communications.

1078-1085

Authors: Lydia A. Kryzhko, Petr I. Pashkovsky, Evgenia I. Davydova, Pavel I. Shipilin

The article considers the problem of the political of the British Russophobia in the first half of the XIX century. It is established that in this period the imperative of the foreign policy strategy of Great Britain, which was the leading world power, was to maintain the balance of power in an effort to preserve and, if possible, increase global domination. Strengthening the military-political power and the international influence of the Russian Empire stimulated the British elites to develop methods to counter the imbalance. The clash of the geopolitical interests of London and Petersburg, in particular with regard to Poland and the Eastern Question, intensified the British anti-Russian information campaign, which was aimed at shaping Russophobic attitudes in British society and in the international arena. Based on the analysis of a broad source base and numerous studies, it is revealed that in the period under review, the genesis and spread of Russophobic sentiments among the political elite of Great Britain and their projection regarding the foreign policy aspirations of the Russian empire. Indicators of the birth of British Russophobia were the publication in 1817 of the mentioned work of R. Wilson, who by that time was already known for his anti-Russian views, and the public’s reaction to it, which was manifested in a number of reviews in the local media. Against the background of the prevailing critical perception of R. Wilson’s Russophobic statements, the reviews of his work contained reflections on the growing «Russian threat» and the possibility of Russia's aggressive actions. This contributed to the spread of anti-Russian views in Britain, a manifestation of which was the publication in 1828 of the book by G. Evans, which initiated the heated debate of a frankly Russophobic orientation.

1096-1105

Authors: Gulnar T. Mominova, Gulzada O. Charginova, Mustafa Giritlioglu, Akbota A.Kasymova

The article on the basis of archival materials covers the reasons and prerequisites of history of accession of the Senior Zhuz to the Russian Empire. In the early 20-ies of the XIX century on the territory of the Senior Zhuz there was no unified power. Under these conditions, the rulers of the Kazakhs of Semirechye and southern Kazakhstan for many reasons began to accept Russian citizenship. The process of joining the territory of the Senior Zhuz to the Russian Empire lasted for more than a century. The first documentary sources, evidence of the facts of the address Khan Julbaris and influential persons of the Senior Zhuz to the Imperial government with the request to take them under Russian protection, recorded at the end of the first third of the XVIII century However, once the invasion of Dzungarian troops in the southern Kazakh steppe and the murder of Khan Julbaris have slowed the process for many decades. In the second half of the XVIII century Kazakh Khan Abylay managed to unite under his command numerous tribal groups of Middle and Senior zhuzes. After his death, the tribal associations of the Senior Zhuz, who roamed in the territory of Semirechye, pass under the control of his sons, the sultans Adil and Suyuk. Soon, subject to Sultan Adil kind of tribe Dulat, proclaim his Khan. In 1814, Khan Adil was forced to recognize the protectorate of the more powerful Kokand ruler Omar Khan. The next stage in the history of the acceptance by Kazakhs of the great juz the protection of Russia was an appeal to the Imperial authorities of the Sultan Sujuka Ablaihanova. January 18, 1819 the Russian government officially recognized the subservient Sultan Suyuk genera zhalayyr, uysun and part of the tribal group’s shapyrashty Russian subjects. In 1824, 14 sultans, descendants of Abylay Khan, joined the Russian citizenship. At the same time, the process of registration of the Zhetysu region within the Russian Empire took place in the conditions of military and political confrontation of the tsarist authorities with the Kokand khanate and the Qing Empire.

1115-1124

Authors: Tatiana S. Minaeva, Daniil S. Zaozerskiy, Maksim Yu. Zadorin

The article examines the process of improving the technical aspect of the mammal hunting in the Russian North in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries based on the concept of catch-up modernization. The sources for the publication are the documents of the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk Region, the publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee and the regional periodical press of the XIXth – early XXth centuries, as well as scientific publications on relevant topics.The authors consider the qualitative change in mammal hunting and determine the reasons for these changes. The paper substantiates the provision on the continuous process of modernization of the mammal hunting as a result of growing competition in the development of natural resources. The pace of modernization in the study period did not remain the same and depended on external and internal factors. The theoretical and practical significance of this work is in the possibility of using its results in preparing a prospective study that would systematize the Russian experience in Russian Arctic exploration in the XIX – early XX centuries, as well as in the development of the theoretical courses on the history of the exploration of the North-West sector of the Russian Arctic.

1134-1143

Authors: Lyudmila V. Shkvarya

The article is devoted to the relationship between the two empires at the turn of the centuries: Russian and Chinese, as well as the history of the construction of the Chinese-Eastern railway as a kind of culmination of these relations. The work gives a general description of Russian-Chinese diplomatic relations since the beginning of diplomatic interaction between the two states, describes in detail the mutual relations of the parties in the second half of the XIX century, their goals when concluding the secret Moscow Treaty of 1896 (generally accepted historical name of the Russian-Chinese Treaty of Alliance of Russia and China against Japan), as well as the possibility of realization of their objectives. The problems of the Russian-Chinese Convention of 1898, the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula, and the construction of a naval base in Port Arthur are also directly discussed.

1153-1166

Authors: Elena V. Burlutskaya (Bannikova), Yuliya O. Kurenkova

The purpose of the study in this article is to analyze the data related to prostitution in the cities of the Orenburg Governorate in the post-reform period. As a result of the reforms in the 1860s and 1870s, modernization and urbanization accelerated, setting a huge mass of the population in motion, tearing them away from their familiar social environment, their families and relatives. In these circumstances, cities became centers of attraction not only for men looking for a better life, but also for women providing sexual services. In the second half of the 19th century, prostitution gradually evolved from a crime against public morals into a state-regulated trade with its own working conditions, labor relations, working hours, professional rules and competencies. This article, based on the data of official statistics and various narrative sources, provide a study of townswomen of Orenburg Governorate working in the field of sexual services, analyze their quantity, age, national and class composition, marital status, their age when they became involved in prostitution and for how long they were sex workers, as well as distinguishing features of this field of informal employment of women in the remote southeastern province of the Russian Empire. Data on prostitution within the studied region, the neighboring Samara and remote Smolensk Governorates shows that there are certain differences that are connected with the transformation of the Orenburg province into a region of mass migration.

1178-1186

Authors: Irina N. Litvinova, Oksana A. Karagodina

The spheres of activity of business national circles – Russians and Germans, Jews, Armenians, Tatars, representing the trade and industrial potential of Tsaritsyn/on the Volga are considered. The national composition of the local merchant Corporation is analyzed as well as problems of obtaining permission to reside in the city by the Jewish merchants from the township of settling. The ethnic composition of Tsaritsyn inhabitants is determined, in addition to the directions and preferences of commercial activity of representatives of entrepreneurial groups of national communities. On the basis of documentary sources the brightest and most influential entrepreneurs are identified, who contributed both to the development of their communities and economy and socio-cultural life of the city. The factor of creative potential in a certain sense contributed to the successful integration of "non-Russian" merchants into the business and socio-cultural environment of Russian city, that made them a part of its historical heritage.

1201-1210

Authors: Assel S. Kereibayeva, Arafat M. Mamyrbekov, Тatyana P. Levchenko, Meirambek Ziyadin

The merchantry of the Steppe region of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, which began to extend actively after the completion of the accession of the Kazakh khanate to the Russian Empire. The accession of the steppe regions and the development of capitalist relations led to the penetration of West Siberian trade and industrial flow in the Steppe region.Fair trade established intermediary functions between settled agricultural and pastoral areas, satisfying the growing needs for food and industrial goods of the population of Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions. The state developed a whole system of measures to support trade relations between entrepreneurs and the formation of a single Siberian-Asian trade network. On the territory of the Steppe region, favorable conditions for the expansion of fair trade of the merchantry were created after carrying out administrative and territorial reforms of 1867–1868 by the Tsar’s administration.Special attention has been paid to large merchants who made a significant contribution to the opening of large fairs, the establishment and development of trade and economic relations with neighboring regions and states. The role of merchants in the management of large and small fairs in the territory of the region and the role of a new class of rich people (bai) have been shown, which were directly related to the market.So, in conclusion, it should be noted that the existence of fairs and appearance in the region of fair management shows the professionalism and maturity of the fair merchants who made a significant contribution to the establishment of interregional economic relations and the spread of market relations in the region. Fairs became the prevailing trade form in the Steppe region, further development of which made huge changes in the organization of the trading network of the Steppe regions.

1221-1231

Authors: Igor V. Kryuchkov

The article deals with main directions of the development of economic relations of Russia with the Anatolian Vilayets of the Ottoman Empire at the turn of XIX–XX centuries. Anatolia was a perspective market for Russia. The factors slowing down the development of Russian export to Anatolia and the influence of competition with other European states on this process are considered in the article. A broad range of sources including diplomatic documents, materials of the daily press, statistical materials and memoirs was used in the process of working. The author comes to the conclusion that it was difficult for Russia to compete with Great Britain, France and Austria-Hungary despite strengthening of trade relations of Russia with Anatolia. Russian entrepreneurs knew badly the specificity of local market, they didn't have their offices in Anatolian cities and they didn't get sufficient assistance from the state in comparison with competitors. At the same time at the beginning of XX century Russia achieved significant results in export of sugar, kerosene and a range of other commodities to Anatolia. At the beginning of XX century Russia needed to make serious efforts for the development of trade with the Ottoman Empire in order to strengthen its political position there. In this regard Russian diplomats and experts called for learning from European countries.

1243-1255

Authors: Sergei F. Fominykh, Aleksei O. Stepnov, Olga V. Natolochnaya

The article deals with the letters of one of the Siberian regionalism founders N.M. Yadrintsev to V.M. Florinsky (known as the organizer of the Tomsk University), written during the period from 1876 to 1882. At this time the question of choosing a city for the first SiberianUniversity was solving. The Omsk city Duma has proposed their city as a University in 1876. N.M. Yadrintsev, who was serving as an official in Omsk during this period, in several letters presented a bleak panorama of the climatic, architectural, infrastructural, criminogenic condition of this city. N.M. Jadrintsev and V.M. Florinsky acted as associates in the question of the choosing of Tomsk as a city for the first University in the macro-region, as well as in total devotion to the idea of the SiberianUniversity. At the same time we meet not the most flattering opinions in memoirs of Florinsky about his correspondent. The authors find the implications of this "unity of contradictions" in the features political, national-identical word usage of this period. This is done on the materials of office documentation, sources of personal origin, periodical press. Both heroes of the study, inspired by the idea of the Siberian University, appealed to such concepts as "patriotism", "homeland", "country" and a number of other categories of national self-determination. At the same time the analysis of the semantic contents, that Florinsky and Yadrintsev put into these words, in the context of the evolution of their national-political opinions leads us to the conclusion about the conceptual transgression, heterogeneity of their political vocabulary and, as a consequence, about the deep contradiction in the views of the two heroes, and more widely – two currents of social and political thought of Russia in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The combination of these contradictions has led to the impossibility of coexistence in the first SiberianUniversity "mental" space of Florinsky as a conservative statesman and Yadrintsev as a regionalist. Hence there was the alienation of the representatives of the Siberian regionalism, in particular N.M. Yadrintsev, from the ImperialTomskUniversity.

1263-1271

Authors: Mikhail V. Gribovskiy

The article is devoted to determining the content and specifics of the professional activity of a university lecturer at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. The objectives of the study are to determine the actual academic load of lecturers, the ratio of the number of lecturers and students, and identify the features of the educational process that are characteristic of a pre-revolutionary University. To carry out the study normative acts, records documentation, sources of personal origin were involved. Most of the sources were extracted by the author from Russian (Russian State Historical Archive, National Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan, Central State Archive of Moscow) and foreign (State Archive in Warsaw, State Archive of Odessa Region) archives. It is emphasized that in the XIX – early XX in the educational process as the basis of professional activity of university lecturers was not very thoroughly controlled in quantitative terms, but it was decorated with various administrative regulations. It is indicated that, in comparison with the beginning of the XXI century, the volume of the academic load of the pre-revolutionary professorship was somewhat smaller. The special features of the time include the low prevalence of the combination job phenomenon, the practice of conducting classes and taking exams not only in the university buildings, but also in the homes of professors.

1281-1291

Authors: Elena V. Vititneva, Aleksandra S. Kuzmenko, Natalya V. Pahomova

The article discusses the features of the material and everyday status of Tomsk students in the pre-revolutionary period. On the basis of a detailed analysis of archival documents, the regulatory framework, sources of personal origin and periodicals, it was found that in the pre-revolutionary period, the everyday life of students was rather difficult. This was especially manifested in the lives of students who had to pay rent for living in the flats on their own. Due to unfavorable living conditions and inconsistencies of sanitary and hygienic standards in the flats, students were often sick. On the other hand, the students' dormitory at the Imperial Tomsk University had quite comfortable living conditions. As for the question of material support for students, only students of the Imperial Tomsk University and the Tomsk Institute of Technology could receive state scholarships. The Institute of private scholarships assisted the poorest students and female students. The rest students had to look for options for additional income. It was revealed that students and female students had to work hard because it helped them to support themselves and continue their studies in highereducation.

1301-1309

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov, Svetlana L. Bautina, Alexander F. Mitrofanov, Yurii N. Makarov

Izhevsk pond in the XIX – first half of the XX centuries was an important transport artery for the operation of Izhevsk plants, primarily for the connection of the plant with Volozhka and Koltoma. To reduce the cost and speed up the traffic in the mid-1890-s on Izhevsk pond, the first state-owned steamer "Izh" appeared on the Izhevsk pond. Earlier, based on the analysis of river registers, we discovered the fact of construction of steamboats at the turn of the century in Izhevsk, and there was hypothesized that it had a merchant I.I. Bodalev. The information of the meeting’s journals of the Economic Committee of Izhevsk Plants (the highest center of economic management of Izhevsk Plants) in 1892–1900, there was analyzed concerning the ships of merchant I.I. Bodalev on Izhevsk pond. It was established that in the period under review, Bodalev had at least two steamboats on the pond (“Pchelka” and “Izhevsk”). In addition, Izhevsk plants, apparently, pursued a deliberate policy of "squeezing" competitors from the pond. So the Economic Committee in 1895 refused the request of V.F. Telnov and Yu.G. Semenov deliver his ship to Izhevsk. But at the same time, there was on the pound the first steamboat of I.I. Bodalev. Its appearance occurred with the tacit consent of Izhevsk plants, since Bodalev was one of the main delivery contractors for firewood plants. Therefore, on the one hand, the plants established extremely favorable terms for the lease of the state-owned steamer “Izh”, and on the other hand, for example, refused to offer to provide the state-owned steamer when the Bodalev’s ship broke down in fulfilling the government contract. As a result, two steamships Bodalev took to Kama (“Izhevsk” and “Maria”), and another one in 1915 sold them to Izhevsk plants (“Pchelka”), after which they became monopolists in transportation along Izhevsk pond. The fact of the construction of a steamboat steam engine at the order of Bodalev at the Izhevsk plants was discovered.

1318-1332

Authors: Artyom Y. Peretyatko

The figure of the Minister of War of the Russian Empire A.N. Kuropatkin is still causing controversy among scientists. Some consider him incompetent military, not consistent with his position, and others consider him victim of circumstances and propaganda of political opponents. On the other hand, the relationship between Russian Ministers of War and Cossack Hosts is still poorly understood, and the number of works on this topic in contemporary historiography is extremely small. Therefore, this article attempts to analyze the figure of A.N. Kuropatkin from an unexpected point of view, having considered his activity as the actual leader of the Cossack Hosts of the Russian Empire. The author shows that A.N. Kuropatkin was primarily interested in the economic problems of the Cossack Hosts. Shortly after taking office as Minister of War, in 1898, he recognized the development of the economic crisis in the Don Host and its approach in other Cossack Hosts. However, the extremely peculiar and intricate economic views of the Minister of War did not allow him to develop feasible program for solving the economic problems of the Cossack Hosts. The program developed by the commission of General N.A. Maslakovets, also did not satisfy A.N. Kuropatkin. Having failed to provide adequate financial support for the proposed reforms, the Minister of War actually abandoned most of the originally planned measures, limiting himself to introducing a subsidy to serving Cossacks. The article concluded that this development of events was largely due to the peculiarities of the personality of A.N. Kuropatkin. Having correctly set the initial goals, the Minister of War did not have the determination or the abilities necessary to achieve them. However, even a partial realization of the ideas of A.N. Kuropatkin markedly improved the economic situation of the Cossacks.

1342-1364

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Andrey V. Venkov, Natal'ya V. Miku, Aude Médico

A series of articles is devoted to the analysis of the ratio of opposing linear (armoured) forces of the russian 1st Pacific and Japanese squadrons during the Russian-Japanese war of 1904–1905 before the start of hostilities, coverage of tactical and technical characteristics of armoured ships and the strategy of their use by the naval leadership. In work an attempt is also made to assess the chances of a victory for the 1st Pacific Squadron, taking into account its combat capabilities on the eve of a war in terms of a general battle. This article analyzes the tactical and technical elements of the main force of the fleet – battleships of the japanese fleet: the squadron battleships "Mikasa", "Asahi", "type Shikishima/Hatsuse", type "Fuji/Ashima" and their ability to confront the russian ships of the same class.

1373-1382

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The article analyzes the reports of the special instructions officer of the Ministry of Internal Affairs L. Naumov, prepared by him on the basis of a trip to the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire in 1910. During the trip L. Naumov had to find out the scale of propaganda work of Turkish emissaries in the region, the degree of penetration of the ideas of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism in the minds of the indigenous Muslim population. From the information presented in the reports it follows that after the young Turk revolution of 1908, in the Turkestan Governor-General, Bukhara Emirate and Khiva khanate, the work of Turkish residents, aimed at promoting Russophobia, pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism, was significantly intensified. Turkey also actively involved Afghans in the work in the region, using traditional contacts with the Afghan Emirate and considering it the sphere of its geopolitical interests. In his reports L. Naumov cites facts indicating the formation among the Muslim population of the Russian Turkestan adherents propagandized by Turkey ideas, which was expressed in the birth of the Islamic reform movement and the newfangled Muslim education, the refusal to follow all the instructions of the Koran. However, according to the information collected by the official, the traditional Muslim clergy continued to occupy a leading position in the spiritual and religious life of the indigenous population. The negative attitude of the Muslim leaders of Bukhara, Kokand and a number of other cities of Turkestan to the ideas of pan-Islamism, suggesting a spiritual Union of Sunnis and Shiites, allowed L.Naumov to draw conclusions about the futility of the work of Turkish residents in the region and the absence of threats to the territorial integrity of the Russian Empire in the Central Asian suburbs.

1394-1403

Authors: Tatiana A. Kattsina, Natalya V. Pashina, Ludmila E. Mezit, Ekaterina V. Potapova

The experience of the implementation of the organizational and pedagogical conditions of the sociocultural adaptation of the children of the First World War refugees in one of the migrant regions of the Russian Empire, the Yenisei province (now the Krasnoyarsk Territory), is summarized. The analysis is limited to the imperial period of the First World War, July 1914 – February 1917, within the framework of which the main directions in the organization of training and education of refugees aged 7–14 years were determined. Based on the achievements of modern historiography, a complex of historical sources (regulations, office materials, periodicals), methods of general scientific and historical research revealed regional specifics of real educational and adaptation practices in relation to juvenile refugees during the First World War. The conclusion is made about the contribution of regional public organizations to the provision of opportunities to receive and continue education, to overcome the psychological and behavioral problems of minor refugees. Along with this, it was noted that unfavorable trends were manifested with the staffing of educational institutions. Economic difficulties of wartime and disagreements with the provincial and city administrations on organizational and financial issues had a negative impact on the sustainability of the work of public organizations that were forced to reduce or completely cease their activities. The insignificant scale of improvements in the situation of refugee children does not make it possible to assess these trends as sustainable, but at the same time represents the first experience in addressing the urgent material and spiritual needs of refugees.