Bylye Gody

1418-1428

Authors: Sergey F. Tataurov, Fillip S. Tataurov

The material culture of the Siberian town inhabitants of the XVII – XIX centuries remains the subject of close scrutiny of historians, ethnographers and archaeologists, since the written sources that have reached us are scattered and do not fully reflect the features of the everyday life of the Siberian townspeople. The emergence of new sources, primarily archaeological, allows you to quite thoroughly reconstruct some episodes of the XVII–XIX centuries’ urban life. One of such episodes is the spread of the tea drinking culture and the appearance of porcelain and glazed earthenware, to which this study is devoted, mainly on the collection of porcelain and faience from the excavations of the town of Tara. The study aims to identify the main stages of the spread in Tara of porcelain and faience ware of Chinese and Russian production and associated tea drinking culture. Appeal to different types of sources – archaeological, written, ethnographic– determines the interdisciplinary nature of the work. Comparative-historical, typological methods were used to compare the Tara collection with materials from other regions and detect the chronological groups of crockery. The study results. The distribution pattern of porcelain and faience tableware in Siberia is determined, which is reflected in the history of Tara. Chinese products beginning to arrive on the Siberian markets in the end of the first third of the XVII century as elite, high-status goods, which practical significance is mediated. At the end of the XVII–XVIII centuries in connection with the spread of the tea drinking culture, Chinese crockery penetrates the middle strata of Siberian towns (mainly service people). In the XIX century Chinese porcelain is disappearing from the market; Russian porcelain and faience are widely used. The chronological stages of the spreading of porcelain and faience ware in Tara are distinguished. Chinese porcelain was imported here from the first third of the 17th century until the beginning of the XIX century. Discovered archaeological material allows us to divide this period into three stages. The first is associated with porcelain of the "transition period" (1620–1680), the second refers to the reign of the Chinese emperor Kangxi (1662–1722) (the “green family”), the third – to the rule of emperors Yongzheng (1723–1736) and Qianlong (1736–1796) (the “pink family”). In the 1810s Chinese porcelain is being replaced by Russian products from numerous private enterprises, appeared on the basis of Gzhel folk crafts. In the 1830-1840s porcelain and faience production is flourishing in Russia, mainly due to the activities of the Kuznetsov industrial family. In the 1860s a new stage begins in the distribution of Russian porcelain and faience related to the emergence of local regional enterprises in Yekaterinburg and Irkutsk. The stage of the widespread production and distribution of Russian porcelain and faience ends with the October Revolution. Thus, crockery, on the one hand, is one of the markers of social relations in a Russian Siberian city of the 17th – 19th centuries, on the other hand, it allows dating studied archaeological sites on which porcelain and faience were discovered (a significant role in this is played by the brands of manufacturers on some fragments), and analyzing the involvement of Tara-town in the trade and economic relations of the Russian Empire.

1439-1450

Authors: Nurbek U. Shayakhmetov, Gulnar T. Mominova, Janagul M. Omirbekova, Aizhan A. Maibalaeva

The article examines the issues of studying by the Russian scientists the Kazakh steppe and the people inhabiting it in the 18th century. 18th century became a key and qualitatively new stage in the history of the study, accumulation and deepening of geographical and historical knowledge of the Kazakh steppe. At the beginning of the 18th century the Russian government has intensified the study of Siberia and the Kazakh steppe in the natural and historical-geographical aspects. In this context, the article reveals the role of Russian scientists in the scientific study of Kazakhstan and their contribution to the development of Russian nomad studies. The results of the scientific study of the Kazakh steppe are a set of sources on history, geography, nature management, ethnic territory, ethnography, economy and place names. Therefore, the works of Russian scientists and materials of academic expeditions published by its participants in the eighteenth century, basically became the source base for subsequent studies of the Kazakh steppe. They accumulated a certain amount of knowledge and ideas about the steppe civilization, which helped to identify common patterns in the development of the steppe peoples. It is logical that all the information of the researchers and the materials of the expeditions had inherent conflicting judgments and conclusions, insufficient accuracy and completeness of information about the Kazakh people, because it was the first large-scale comprehensive survey of the region. Despite this, the works of Russian scientists were of great scientific importance in the ethnographic study of the Kazakh people and in considering the Kazakh steppe as a historical and geographical phenomenon.

1459-1469

Authors: Vladimir T. Tepkeev

The article details the participation of Kalmyks, Kuban Nogais and Kazakhs in the military campaign of 1738 in the framework of the Russian-Turkish war of 1735–1739. This topic was only briefly covered in the works of most researchers, who briefly highlighted the main events of the whole war. Therefore, the aim of the work is a detailed consideration of the participation in the campaign not only of Kalmyks, but also of other nomadic peoples who took part in it directly or indirectly. The source base was the materials of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia, where the documents of Khan Donduk-Ombo’s correspondence with the regional administrations in southern Russia were deposited. Their analysis showed that the active and mass participation of the Kalmyks in the Russian-Turkish war created the conditions when their ulus became vulnerable to attack from the east. At the beginning of 1738, the ulus of the Kalmyk khan Donduk-Ombo underwent a massive Kazakh raid. The consequences of such actions could have a very negative effect on the combat readiness of the Kalmyk army, which would have a negative impact on its participation in the military campaign. However, the Kalmyk Khan still took an active part in it and his actions were mainly limited to the Kuban region. The invasion of the Kalmyk cavalry into the Kuban was a continuation of the previous campaign, when the Saltanul Nogais were subordinated. This time, the Kalmyks and the Kabardinians who acted with them were attacked by Kuban Nogais from the Khara-Kipchak and Navruz-Ulu tribes, who were relocated to controlled territory. More than a thousand Kalmyks were sent to the army field marshal P.P. Lassi, but it did not meet the original request of the Russian command. An attempt by Khan Donduk-Ombo to organize a return raid on the Kazakh uluses failed because of the mutiny of his son Galdan-Normo. A short-term internal strife in the Khanate was soon settled by the government, but practically removed Kalmyks from further participation in the campaign. The Don Cossacks were forced already independently, without the support of Kalmyks, to clash on the Don with the Kuban Nogais and defeat them. Thus, the Kazakh raid at the beginning of the year on the Kalmyk uluses significantly influenced the nature of the military campaign of 1738, limiting the participation of Kalmyks in it and allowing the Kuban Nogais to go on to an unsuccessful counteroffensive.

1479-1489

Authors: Kairbolat Zh. Nurbay, Gulmira Zh. Zhuman

The article discusses the features of the Kazakh-Russian, Kazakh-Dzungarian and Kazakh-Qing relations on the example of medium-term settlement and their impact on the Kazakh society and regional Asia as a whole. Kazakh-Russian relations have the form at the level of khans, genghisides-tore, and at the level of the Kazakh clan nobility, which indicates changes within the Kazakh society, in the minds and psychology of individuals and social groups, in particular, heads of tribal. Their consequences were the social stratification of Kazakh society and the strengthening of Kazakh-Russian relations after the fall of the Dzungarian Khanate and the stabilization of Kazakh-Qing and Russian-Qing relations. Based on the analysis of archival and other sources, the authors conclude that a rigorous and comprehensive study of the regional characteristics of Kazakh-Russian, Kazakh-Dzungarian and Kazakh-Qing relations in the period of the XVIIIth – early XIXth centuries, the study of historical experience of the features and consequences of these relations under constant the changing political processes in the region will allow a new look at the formation of interstate relations between Kazakhstan and Russia, Kazakhstan and China and the establishment of good neighborly partnership relations, to avoid possible future political risks.

1506-1513

Authors: Natalia D. Borshchik, Elena V. Latysheva, Dmitrij A. Prohorov

This article is an attempt to highlight the state of the legal framework, individual areas of activity and staffing of the Crimean customs bodies, border and quarantine control agencies at the end of the 18th – mid 19th century. The chronological boundaries are associated with the most important events in the organization of the Crimean customs service and customs regulation in general: in 1782, the Customs Tariff was adopted, often called the Black Sea Tariff; in 1784, Catherine II signed the Manifesto “On Free Trade in the Cities of Kherson, Sevastopol and Theodosia”, which became a kind of starting point for the creation of customs institutions in the region. In 1822, Alexander I approved the Customs Tariff, which played a key role in Russia's foreign policy; finally, the new Customs Tariff, which came into effect in 1850, marked the beginning of a new stage in the activities of the Russian Customs Service. At the same time, border and quarantine control bodies were created in border areas to solve the problems of stopping smuggling, taking preventive measures to avoid epidemics, etc. These special bodies had their own personnel structure, and their activities were regulated by special legislative acts. The main sources for publication were the materials of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea (Gosudarstvenny Arkhiv Respubliki Krym – GARK, Simferopol), the Russian State Historical Archive (Rossiyskiy Gosudarstvenny Istoricheskiy Arkhiv – RGIA, St. Petersburg) and standards published in the Complete Collection of the Laws of the Russian Empire (Polnoye Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii – PSZ RI).

1524-1536

Authors: Violetta S. Molchanova, Leonid L. Balanyuk, Evgeniya V. Vidishcheva, Irina I. Potapova

The article deals with the development of the primary education system on the territory of the Kuban Cossack army in 1803-1917 years. This part focuses on the period from the end of the XIX century to 1908 (before the introduction of all-russian primary education). The russian scientific literature on the history of public education in the Caucasus, and in particular in the Kuban region (the modern territory of the Krasnodar Krai, Russian Federation) was used as materials. The methodological basis of the study was the traditional historiography principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. In the process of work the following methods were used – problem-chronological, which allowed to study some facts of the development of the system of public education in the Kuban region in chronological order, and the problems in the order of their receipt. Thanks to this method some characteristic features of development of school business both on the territory of the Kuban region, and as in the Caucasus a whole were revealed. In conclusion, the authors state that for 14 years, in the period from 1894 to 1908, the number of students in the Kuban region has increased more than 3 times – from 34 thousand to 140 thousand.The number of educational institutions has more than doubled. The average number of students in one school in the Kuban region increased by 50 %. All this in general allowed in the period from 1902 to 1908 to increase the number of literate population in the Kuban region by 50% (from 212 thousand to 371 thousand people).

1546-1553

Authors: Sergey N. Rudnik, Irina V. Voloshinova, Anton B. Mokeev, Andrey I. Leyberov

This article is devoted to the study of the biography of the outstanding Russian scientist Nikolai Ivanovich Koksharov. He was one of the largest Russian mineralogists. For his contribution to the development of this field of mining engineering, N.I. Koksharov earned the title «father of Russian crystallography». This inscription was even placed on his grave as a tribute to the scientist, whose name is forever inscribed in the history of Russian science. Nikolai Ivanovich became the founder of a new scientific field in Russia, replacing the old method of qualitative description of minerals with mathematically accurate crystallographic study, chemical analysis, and physical research. Worthily continuing scientific research in the field of mineralogy of another brilliant Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov, N.I. Koksharov reached unprecedented heights in his scientific career, becoming in 1855 a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Nikolai Koksharov is known to us not only as a researcher, but also as a talented teacher and manager of a higher educational institution. Nikolai Ivanovich served as director of the Mining Institute in the period 1872−1881. He was also the director of the Mineralogical Society and the editor-in-chief of many volumes of the Notes of the Mineralogical Society. N.I. Koksharov was also a member of 60 Russian and foreign scientific societies and institutions, including ten Academies (Russian, Paris, Berlin, Bavarian, Roman, Turin, Danish, New York, Philadelphia and many others). His name is known far beyond the borders of Russia, and his scientific developments are actively used in many countries of the world.

1565-1575

Authors: Nikolai N. Poliakov, Olga K. Mikhelson

The article presents the study of western historiography of Anglican and Orthodox dialogue in the XIX century. The relations between the Church of England and Orthodox churches in the XIX century, including the Russian Orthodox Church, is an essential aspect of the history of Anglican and Orthodox relations, no less important for Russia than for the UK. However, it still has not received enough scientific attention. The paper highlights the key aspects of the development of Anglican and Orthodox relations in the XIX century and analyzes their interpretations proposed in foreign historiography. The article demonstrates that the predominant research is of individual personalities, primarily the key figures for the Anglican and Orthodox dialogue in the XIX century – Palmer and Neale. Studying the causes of Anglican and Orthodox contacts in the XIX century, western researchers highlight both the political aspects and the internal Church situation in the Church of England, as well as theological and dogmatic considerations and personal enthusiasm of individual Anglicans concerning the Orthodox East. The researchers agree that the basis of the Anglican and Orthodox dialogue was the Branch Theory of the Anglican catholic orthodox church, developed by representatives of the Oxford movement, as well as the doctrine of the Apostolic succession of the Church of England.

1584-1593

Authors: Darya A. Mel’nikova

On the basis of archival, reference, journalistic sources, the author analyzes the formation of the exhibition horse show in the Russian Empire. The first horse exhibitions were held in the structure of the all-Russian agricultural shows, where the exhibits were horses of working breeds intended for use in agriculture, industry and other sectors of the economy. Exhibited as utility horses, and the producers used directly for breeding new livestock. The organizers of agricultural shows were public agronomic and economic organizations, Central authorities. Holding such events was an incentive for owners and breeders to breed and maintain high-quality horse stock. As an encouragement owner of the best horses received awards, medals, award sheets which confirmed their high thoroughbred qualities. All-Russian mono-exhibitions, where only horses were exhibited, became a new stage in the development of both the exhibition business of Russia and the horse-breeding industry as a whole. The advantage of mono-shows was the participation of horses not only working breeds, but also others, which attracted more visitors from different regions of Russia. The main organizer was the Main Department of the state horse breeding, interested in carrying out these activities in order not only to encourage horse owners and breeders, but also to see the level of the industry as a whole. With the development of horse breeding at the turn of XIX–XX centuries it became necessary to hold the event not just to assess and confirm the quality of horse breeds, but also with the possibility of selling horses to individuals. This was made possible through exhibitions, sales and exhibitions, auctions. In general, with the development of all forms of horse exhibitions, a system of horse shows of the Russian Empire was created, stimulating horse breeding and reflecting the state of the industry for event organizers, primarily for the Central authorities.

1603-1612

Authors: Marina N. Tikhomirova, Konstantin N. Tikhomirov

The article is devoted to the study of crockery made of faience and porcelain of the Siberian Bukharans of the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, as one of the important elements of material culture. In the work is the first time described 28 items from collections of rural museums in Ulenkul village of the Omsk region and Embayevo village of the Tyumen region. During the research scientific attribution and classification of the material was carried out. Authors divided utensils into groups: dishware (plates, dishes, tureen) and tea equipage (teapots, teapot, sugar bowl, oiler). In result were made some conclusions. In whole corpus of analyzed utensils predominate products, made at factories of the Kuznetsov family. Among the viewed items were detected some unique and rare samples, such as plate No. 10 and a set of tableware No. 23; soup vase No. 16, teapot No. 21, etc. Authors presupposed some reasons why the crockery, made of fine ceramics, was fined mostly between Bukharans. This group was the most well-off between other Siberian Tatars: their traditional activities were trade, carrier’s trade, animal industry. This activities arranged good financial capability and flexible worldview attitudes, which made possible to adopt in household some elements of urban lifestyle, for example, crockery of porcelain and faience.

1623-1631

Authors: Elena K. Sklyarova, Ylia A. Sidorenko, Andrey V. Safronenko, Elena N. Butova

The article considers the rise and evolution of public health in Great Britain, Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire during the period of Crimean War (1853–1856). On the historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods of research, the authors analyze the main features of the rise of public health in Great Britain, and the evolution of it in Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire in the middle of the XIX century, the creation of the new system of public health in Britain and Russian army. The term «public health» of the cities and army for the first time introduced in legislative documents of Great Britain during the reign of Queen Victory. During the Crimean War, new public health system became the object of international relations, foreign policy and medicine of different countries. Socio-medical ideas of E. Chadwick, S. Gerbert, N. Pirogov and F. Nightingale formed the basis of the introduction of the new system of the health of the army. The founders of the public health system of the United Kingdom of Great Brittan and Ireland developed their socio-medical ideas during the period of Crimean War. Their ideas, while preserving the certain continuitywere developed in the context of war and peacetime.

1639-1646

Authors: Tatiana V. Chumakova, Mikhail S. Stetckevich, Elena S. Stetckevich

The article is based on the survey of publications in Russian magazines of the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth centuries. Those periodicals could be classified into three groups: official media of various state institutions, including official ecclesiastic magazines, and those of universities; laic literary, and non-fiction magazines edited by private persons; and magazines issued on the private initiative of some priests. All the surveyed publications mentioned the Church of England, but there were a few of such notes in laic media, mainly in the context of history and culture of Great Britain, there were almost no special articles or even short texts on the Church of England in such media. But there were rather many articles on the topic in theological and ecclesiastic magazines. Among the reasons for such situation, we should mention the spiritual censorship which prevented publications not only ‘heretical’ and critical to the Orthodox Church, but even research articles on the non-Orthodox religious institutions, if they looked ‘too benevolent’ from the censors’ point of view. Another reason could be in the editorial politic of magazines, purposefully evading religious topics. Ecclesiastic magazines of the mid-nineteenth century willingly published articles and notes on the contemporary life of the Church of England because of two reasons: the development of theological disciplines such as comparative and polemical theology; and the state politic for the sake of active participation of Orthodox theologians and public figures in the international events where the topic of possible inter-confessional contacts was discussed.

1656-1669

Authors: Vladimir A. Shorokhov, Artyom A. Andreev, Denis G. Yanchenko

On the basis of archival data from previously unpublished documents and manuscripts of the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, the Bahmetev Archive of Columbia University in the United States, the article provides a clear description of the role of the Eastern Pamirs in the culture of the frontier and Russia's strategy. The authors characterized the activities of the Pamir detachment, from 1889 to 1917 standing guard over the southeastern borders of the Russian Empire, the memoirs, departmental correspondence, reports of officers of the General Staff in different years who served in a unique unit were analyzed.The documents reveal to the reader the mysterious image of “Roofs of the World”, which was formed at the turn of the century before last and at the end of the era of geographical discoveries and under the influence of Russia's territorial expansion in central Eurasia.The beginning of scientific study of the region coincided in time with the Anglo-Russian-Chinese delimitation in Central Asia – a process that actually stretched over more than twenty years. The authors paid special attention to the life of Europeans and the local population in the hard conditions of the Eastern Pamirs, an analysis of the relations of the indigenous population with the Russian military, and the peculiarities of the region’s perception in the late imperial period. The final section of the article shows how the system of border control and interaction with local people, used before 1917, was modernized in the Soviet period and partially preserved in the post-Soviet space

1679-1691

Authors: Liudmila E. Lapteva, Marina V. Nemytina,Tsybik Ts. Mikheeva

The authors of the article reveal the essence and content of the Zemstvo and Judicial reforms (1864) in the general context of social relations and the domestic policy of the Russian Empire, showing their connection with the Peasant reform (1861). As a result of the reforms carried out by the government of Alexander II, local public authority was transformed. All-estate zemstvo institutions and courts independent from the administration appeared in the provinces and counties. The article describes the Zemstvo reform aimed at solving of social and economic problems of the citizens at local level, in its relationship with the Judicial reform, which had established courts of peace, guaranteed equal protection of personal and property rights of citizens, including peasants who had received freedom recently. The authors reveal the features of the new public order in the activities of zemstvo institutions and local courts; substantiate the organizational principles common to zemstvos and courts of peace (estate-inclusiveness, independence from administration, legality, etc.); characterize the structure and competence of zemstvo institutions and courts of peace in their interaction with each other, as well as with the government bodies. The self-government bodies and the courts of peace, introduced by the government of Alexander II, contradicted to the historically established social order and state system of the Russian Empire, which predetermined their future fate. During the implementation of the conservative course of the government of Alexander III the courts of peace were abolished and the institute of zemsky district commanders with administrative and judicial powers was established in rural areas in 1889.

1704-1715

Authors: Mikhail Yu. Kuprikov, Nikita M. Kuprikov, Oleg V. Minchuk

The article considers the peculiarities of the judicial system in the Russian province (drawn from the example of the Arkhangelsk province) in the late 19th – early 20th century. The functioning of the court during this period was directly related to the judicial reform of Alexander II, since its completion took place precisely at the end of the 19th century. The Arkhangelsk province had its own special geographical and economic characteristics, which encouraged the development of a distinctive scenario for the implementation of the reform, and as a result, a special model of the judicial system, different from the canonical models of the European part of Russia, was established. Based on extensive regulatory material, the following features of the model are highlighted: lack of election of judges; expanded legal status of Justice of the Peace (as expressed in the combination of the investigative functions and competences in criminal and civil cases), absence of attorneys. The authors study quantitative indicators of judicial practice on the basis of archival data. The official correspondence of judicial officials is introduced into scientific circulation. The article concludes, that the local judicial authorities were overloaded in the criminal and civil proceedings, which resulted in a decrease in the number of solved cases and of some indicators of the quality of justice.

1726-1736

Authors: Maria V. Bratolyubova, Irina G. Brizgalova, Maria A. Ponomareva

The article is devoted to leisure of Rostov-on-Don citizens and its organization in the late XIX – early XX century. It was an important component of the urban lifestyle. Rostov-on-Don was a large trading city in the late XIX - early XX centuries. In the article the formation of an infrastructure of leisure entertainment is considered as an aspect of the history of Rostov-on-Don. The dynamic development of Rostov as a major center of a market economy led to the corresponding social stratification among the townspeople and, as a result, the structuring of leisure facilities and sites. The author gives a description of the various groups and places that existed for entertainment Rostov-on-Don citizens. Author dwells in detail on the leisure functions of clubs, gardens and theaters of Rostov-on-Don. Leisure institutions in Rostov-on-Don are typologically grouped depending on what form of leisure they were oriented to (on entertaining a city dweller or his personal development). The author concludes that there were much more leisure facilities and venues intended for entertainment in old Rostov, than those that served the development of the creative potential of people. The leisure activities of Rostov citizens were determined by the specifics of the labor activity of various groups of people in a large trading city. Rostov-on-Don had independent trade relations and consular relations with the countries of Western Europe and the multi-ethnic composition. Leisure created opportunities for self-realization of citizens and contributed to the development of civil society institutions.

1745-1753

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The article presents the analysis of two reports of the official of special assignments of the Ministry of internal Affairs L. Naumov, prepared by him on the basis of a trip to the Turkestan Governor-General in 1910. Among other matters, L. Naumov was instructed to find out the objective picture of the activities of Muslim educational institutions in Turkestan, to determine the degree of their reliability and loyalty to the Russian Empire and the Supreme power. The information for the solution of the task was made by L. Naumov's personal observations. Interviews with officials of regional authorities, religious Muslim figures and teachers of mektebas and madrassas, reports of informants and secret agents, as well as analysis of the current documentation of the Turkestan district security Department and the office of the Turkestan Governor-General. In addition, L. Naumov personally visited Muslim educational institutions in Tashkent. From the information presented in the reports it follows that by 1910 in the Islamic educational system of Turkestan, a reform movement led by Munavar-Kara Abdurrashitkhanov was actively developing. The core of this movement was the Committee of newfangled schools of Tashkent, which carried out diverse activities to promote and disseminate the system of newfangled teaching in mektebs and madrassas of the region. His opponent was the conservative Muslim clergy, who advocated the preservation of the traditional education system. In his reports L. Naumov recorded few data testifying to the anti-Russian propaganda carried out by teachers of old-fashioned and new-fashioned madrassas of Turkestan. The facts of the use of foreign educational literature in the educational process, as well as personnel policy related to the invitation of teachers from the Ottoman Empire significantly undermined their confidence. All this information allowed L. Naumov to draw a conclusion about the unreliability of Muslim educational institutions and their lack of loyal feelings towards the Russian monarchy.

1761-1771

Authors: Nikolaj A. Mininkov, Ludmila V. Mininkova

Development at the turn of XIX–XX centuries of regional geography as a branch of knowledge, aggregate data about the country or its separate territories of different branches of geography and other scientific disciplines that were caused by the needs of the development of the travel and the expansion of contacts between people. This was facilitated by the intensification of business life in the course of the modernization that unfolded at that time. Hence there was a need to expand the range of sources of country knowledge, one of which was the description of travel, which is also a historical source, close in its features to the author's memories. In 1903–1904 two collections of such descriptions were published in Russia. Some of them belonged to the description of the Cossack regions by travelers. In these descriptions the authors about the Cossacks affected to varying degrees, authors or well-known Cossack, wrote General impressions in the course of their travels. Among the main topics covered by the authors were natural conditions and the place of man in the natural environment, social relations and relations in the Cossack regions in the process of modernization, especially culture and a combination of traditions and new phenomena. A significant place in them was given to man and his culture, the contacts of the Cossacks with the surrounding population, the formation of the culture of the Kuban Cossacks peculiar synthesis of little and great Russian culture.The descriptions testify to the peculiarities of the perception of Cossacks in Russia as a community with stable traditions, which poorly perceives social progress and modernization.

1780-1788

Authors: Zoya A. Medvedeva, Olga E. Vaskina, Elena A. Panasenko

The release of many people and the facilitation of population migration got certain social groups out of the state and peasant community’s hand. It led to the emergence and increasing number of different behaviour deviations. The formation of a personality, emancipation, and disintegration of traditional community ethical norms, as well as society segmentation, and displacement of religious beliefs provoked behaviour deviations. The article deals with the forms of deviant behaviour. The interest in the deviant behaviour among the peasants at the turn of XIXth – XXth centuries is caused by the fact that peasant population prevailed in the Russian Empire, and peasants’ values rendered impact on the outlook of the society as a whole. The analysis of people’s traditional values breakdown allows finding the causes of the emergence and spread of behaviour deviations. The authors studied a large number of archival materials and analysed the main types of deviations as a whole. The breakdown of the state system, a significant shift in life routine, and the emergence of new social links contributed to the growth of behaviour deviations in the XIXth –XXIth centuries. The loss of familiar values adversely affected the psyche of many people. Disintegration of traditional ties, family deformation and unlawful acts became common.

1799-1810

Authors: Natalia Shamardina

The article considers the issues of the history of the Russian northern monastery in the lands of the Komi-zyryan, reflected in the peculiarities of the pilgrimage icon belonging to the Kaliningrad inhabitant. It turned out that the icon is the blessing of an outstanding church figure – Archimandrite of Trinity Stefano-Ulyanovsky Monastery Matfey (1818–1885), and is a copy of the monastery miracle icon. The icon shows the main milestones of the history and background of one of the flourishing Russian monasteries in the second half of the 19th century with its spiritual fathers and holy patrons supported and conceived by the cults of Russian saints. The icon is also of interest from an artistic point of view. For all the unconditional secondary, as well as the given miniaturization, its technical and aesthetic features are determined by the main trends of Russian religious painting of the second half of the 19th century. They can be brought closer to such defining phenomena of the era as works of St. Petersburg workshop V.M. Peshehonov (1818–1888). This icon writer and organizer of the icon business contributed to the creation of a style of late Russian icon, which met the tastes of the highest church hierarchy and the capital elite, including members of the imperial family. During the tragic events for the Russian Church, the monastery ceased to exist and was completely destroyed. His new life began in 1994, practically in an empty place. The icon in question provides some insight into the irretrievably lost shrines and the tense spiritual life of the Russian Orthodox missionaries who spawned them.

1820-1831

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev, Lyudmila V. Shkvarya, Mayya A. Seliverstova, Maria V. Melan'ina

The article is devoted to the relationship between the two empires at the turn of the centuries: Russian and Chinese, as well as the history of the construction of the Chinese-Eastern railway as a kind of culmination of these relations. The work gives a general description of Russian-Chinese diplomatic relations since the beginning of diplomatic interaction between the two states, describes in detail the mutual relations of the parties in the second half of the XIX century, their goals when concluding the secret Moscow Treaty of 1896 (generally accepted historical name of the Russian-Chinese Treaty of Alliance of Russia and China against Japan), as well as the possibility of realization of their objectives. The problems of the Russian-Chinese Convention of 1898, the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula, and the construction of a naval base in Port Arthur are also directly discussed.

1842-1861

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Andrey V. Venkov, Ivan A. Ermachkov, Aude Médico

The article is an addition to a series of articles on the ratio of the armored forces of the warring parties in the russian-japanese war of 1904–1905 and is devoted to the analysis of the quality and power of the "auxiliary" forces of the fleets, namely, the armored (light) cruisers of the russian fleet. We study their tactical and technical elements, as well as the concept of using national light cruisers. This article analyzes the tactical and technical elements of various cruisers of the russian fleet – "Diana", "Varyag", "Askold", "Bogatyr'", "Novik" and their capabilities to confront japanese ships of a similar class.

1870-1876

Authors: Tianming Gao, Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Nugzar Ter-Oganov

The article deals with the little-known pages of the Persian revolution of 1905–1911. The authors pay attention to the process of escalation of violence in 1909, the driving forces of the revolutionary movement, as well as the activities of Russian diplomatic missions. There were used as materials the unpublished documents from the Central State Historical Archive of Georgia (Tbilisi, Georgia). The documents from the central state institutions of the Russian Empire were used as sources, namely, the documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Consulate in Tabriz, consulates in Ardabil and Urmia, the departmental correspondence of the Russian border units with the office of the Governor-General of the Tsar in the Caucasus and etc. The sources of personal origin were also applied as materials.

1887-1895

Authors: Aleksey V. Fedyakin, Andrey S. Semchenkov, Sergey V. Medvedev, Pavel Ja. Feldman

The article investigates anonymous appeals of citizens to the Moscow security Department. The townsfolk were concerned about the safety of members of the Imperial family, offered their assistance in the detection of suspicious persons, informed the police about the upcoming secret meetings of the revolutionaries. Anonymous letters demonstrate a wide range of public fears and claims to the authorities in the years preceding the First World war. Quite often in anonymous denunciations – threats the Grand Duke Sergey Aleksandrovich killed by the terrorist in 1905 was mentioned. The revolutionary-minded authors of the letters thus tried to extrapolate the events of the First revolution in Russia for the period 1912-1913. With the same purpose in letters images of the dissatisfied public, the illegal secret organizations using in the anti-government activity aircraft were used. On the eve of the visits of Nicholas II and the Imperial family to Moscow recorded an increase in the number of anonymous letters to the police. Many of them are marked "urgent", which meant the need for more rapid investigation. The most resonant reports could be interested in the Director of the police Department, who, in turn, demanded from the head of the Moscow security Department a report on the results of the inspection.

1907-1917

Authors: Sorin Arhire

Although it had adhered to the Triple Alliance since as early as 1883, when the First World War broke the Romanian Kingdom proclaimed its neutrality, a decision that was favourable to the Entente. The negotiations between France, Great Britain and Russia on the one hand and the Romanian Kingdom on the other hand were only conducted by Russian and Romanian diplomats, while the French and British representatives were merely “kept up to date” with the evolution of the discussions. On 18 September/1 October 1914, a secret Russian-Romanian convention was signed whereby Russia recognised the territorial integrity of Romania and its right to incorporate within its borders the territories inhabited by the Romanians in Austro-Hungary. For almost two years, Romania maintained a state of neutrality that was benevolent towards Russia, in spite of the commercial relations that existed between the kingdom on the Danube and the enemies of the Entente. In the summer of 1916, under the circumstances of the offensive of General Alexei Brusilov in Galicia, but also of an advance of the French-British troops in Verdun, the government in Bucharest decided to enter the war alongside Russia, France, Great Britain and Italy, with whom he signed both a political and a military convention. On 14/27 August 1916 Romania attacked Austro-Hungary, as the Romanian troops relied on their cooperation with the Russian military.

921-934

Authors: Andrey A. Pushkarev

The article focuses on the study of Nuremberg jetons as a unique phenomenon of the late XVI to the XIX centuries in the Russian territory. For the first time presented is an overview of all the jetons found in the territory of modern Russia that come from archaeological sites, ethnographic and random collections. For a better presentation of this material, description of the finds is divided according to three geographical areas, namely, the European part of Russia and Povolzhye; Western Siberia; and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The mapping of the locations where the Nuremberg jetons were found allowed identifying the specific features of their distribution across the territories and constitutes an integral part of the article. More specifically, in the European Russia, the majority of the finds comes from the region of Povolzhye, whereas in Western Siberia, the distribution is more or less equal across the whole area. In Eastern Siberia and the Far East, there is a cluster of the finds in the Priolkhonye region; the rest are spread across the wider area. The article contains a large reference section which is a product of the author’s many-year work on accumulating publications on the Nuremberg jetons found in the Russian territory.

956-963

Authors: Peter P. Chuvatkina, Sviatoslav A. Gorbatov

The study of the institutional framework of youth tourism in the pre-revolutionary period makes it possible to identify those laws of the tourism development that escape notice of scientists, who have set a later period as the starting point. The article conducted a retrospective analysis of the development of youth tourism from the ХVII to the early ХХ centuries. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the beginning of the development of youth tourism is associated with the formation of the Russian state, with the objective need of the state for educated young people from noble families in order to form competent government bodies. The first trips of young people outside the young Russian state are connected with the need for them to receive new knowledge – both in the exact sciences and general information about the life, languages and traditions of the peoples of Europe. However, such trips met resistance from the church and upperclass society. Everything has changed after the tough Peter’s break of the usual foundations. The first emperor of Russia allocated budgetary funds for educational trips to Europe for children of poor and ruined noblemen, education became the primary task. The article shows that as the Russian state strengthens, the national economy develops, society becomes interested in educational tourism, studying and learning about their country, that is, domestic youth tourism begins to develop and the corresponding institutional framework begins to form. A large role in the development of youth tourism at the end of the nineteenth century was played by public organizations such as the Crimean Mountain Club, the Russian Mining Society, the Society for the Promotion of Technical Knowledge, and many other organizations. The analysis of the development of youth tourism in the pre-revolutionary period carried out in the article made it possible to identify three stages in the development of youth tourism, differing in areas, goals and sources of financing tourist trips and the stage of involvement of various institutions. Thus, the article proves that the sources of tourism in general and youth tourism in particular, on the one hand, are associated with certain economic processes, on the other hand, they are formed by sociocultural human nature.

974-985

Authors: Ludmila V. Mininkova, Tayjana Ju. Ajdunova

Peter the Great as one of strongest and most sustainable lieu de mémoire was represented in different forms. They included short one-word characteristics of the czar. They are to be considered as important historical source for the study of public consciousness of Modern Russia. Even short, they meant important information that was connected with attitudes of various social groups towards czar. First of them were formed in public consciousness of Peter’s epoch and one of the most important was image of the czar as czar-Antichrist. The latest image, czar-revolutioner, was introduced by Alexander Gertcen. Among these characteristics were both critical and apologetical. Critical characteristics, for instance, czar-Antichrist, was formed among mass people and developed within society. In post-reform period till the beginning of 20th century, during the crisis of Russian autocracy, these ideas were developed among democratic intelligencia. Apologetic ideas were given by educated people who recognized input of the czar in the development of education in Russia and by people who were closed to the authorities. Among of the most popular characteristics of the czar were hero, navigator, worker and reformer. The desire to generate godly image to Peter the Great was not developed. Also, image of Peter – revolutioner could not be considered as apologetic or critical.

998-1007

Authors: Aleksandra V. Spichak

The purpose of this article is to consider one of the parties to the marriage in the Russian Empire in the middle of the XVIII–XIX centuries – female adultery. The tasks are to study the attitude to this offense of the Russian Orthodox Church and society, the analysis of the practice of documentation in the spiritual consistories of this vice, as well as punishing women for adultery. The article reveals the historical aspects of the regulation of liability for adultery committed during marriage. The author analyzes the documentation of the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory, deposited in the State Archive of Tobolsk on female adultery during this period. The basic powers are revealed at consideration of marriage and family affairs by spiritual Consistory.The article identifies the causes of female adultery. The main attention is paid to the content of the affairs of the Tobolsk spiritual consistory of adultery. The hypothesis that in the middle of XVIII–XIX centuries the public attitude to women's infidelity was softened is confirmed, the conclusion about existence of a uniform type of punishment for adultery – penance is drawn.However, it is also established that in addition to this Church punishment could be used whipping, excommunication, exile. The severity of the censure and punishment of treason has declined over the past five centuries. Legislative changes also indicate a change in public opinion regarding adultery.

1017-1024

Authors: Daglara V. Amaeva, Aleksandr N. Komandzhaev, Natalya P. Matsakova, Ludmila V. Okonova

The Kalmyk Republic is located in the driest part of the South of the Russian Federation. Permanent water supplies are needed to allow livestock to survive on its arid plains. Water supply from «Artesian» bores underpinned the development of cattle breeding in Kalmykia. «Artesian» water is clean, predominantly fresh water flooding up from underground. But nowadays water pressure is starting to decline, and there is recognition that the groundwater resource needs to be better managed. The article investigates and analyses the ways of water supply in the Kalmyk steppe in the XIX–XXth centuries. The authors based their study on archive documents and books written before the Russian revolution in 1917. These works described the importance of water for life in harsh environment where droughts were common, the impact of water supply for moving of the Kalmyks and establishing permanent settlements along water routes. Special attention was given to the quality of water. The authors of the article investigated how the problem of water supply was solved by the Kalmyks and state authorities. The Kalmyks dug deep wells in the steppe called «huduk», and then artesian bores and wells. This work required amount of time and expense to maintain them.

1036-1048

Authors: Vladimir A. Tomsinov

The article is devoted to the attempts of Emperor Alexander I to introduce the Constitution and representative institutions in Russia. The idea of the Constitution was the basic idea of the state reforms of Emperor Alexander I. It followed from the main conception of these reforms and was to become their ultimate goal. During his nearly twenty-five-year reign, Alexander I at least three times started creation a draft Constitution for the Russian Empire with the intention to put it into effect, but did not dare to do so. The author shows that these attempts were not a "game of reform", but expressed the Emperor's real intention to introduce constitutional rule in Russia. And the refusal of its implementation had serious grounds. The most significant reason for the preservation of the autocratic system in Russia was the need for fundamental state reforms, the most urgent of which were: the abolition of serfdom, the systematization of legislation, the creation of a new court, the formation of a new system of local government. The autocratic power of the Emperor, which assumed disconnectedness of his personality by representative institutions and laws, the independence of his personality from different social groups, etc. allowed him to serve as an effective instrument of reform, meet the interests of the Russian state, and it is relatively easy to overcome resistance to these reforms from powerful social groups.

1059-1066

Authors: Sergey S. Belousov

The article analyzes the policy of the russian authorities towards traders and artisans who moved to the kalmyk lands. The reasons and results of migrations of the trade and craft population to Kalmykia are considered, their influence on social, economic and cultural development of kalmyk society is shown. It was found that the settlement of traders in the kalmyk lands was not due to the purposeful policy of the state, and the lack of kalmyks of their professional layer of traders. The state and the kalmyks tolerated the migrations of traders and artisans, because they, firstly, were not of a mass character, secondly, did not lead to a mass seizure of land, and thirdly, the activities of immigrants were in demand by the kalmyk society and did not undermine its vital interests. The strategic line of the Imperial leadership of Russia in trade policy in the kalmyk lands was that the state did not prevent the kalmyks from engaging in trade, but at the same time did not encourage this kind of activity. The top leadership did not connect the future of the kalmyk people with the wide spread of trade relations among them, seeing them as a source of bad influence on the morality of the kalmyk people. By allowing the settlement in the Kalmyk Steppe of a certain number of merchants and artisans of non-kalmyk origin, the state also regulated their stay and activities and supervised them. The main instruments regulating the presence of foreign trade and craft contingent in the kalmyk lands were the lease and issuance of trade certificates for the implementation of trade activities.The trade and craft population, despite its small number, made a significant contribution to the creation of stationary settlements of Kalmykia, the development of trade and crafts, the establishment of international communications.

1078-1085

Authors: Lydia A. Kryzhko, Petr I. Pashkovsky, Evgenia I. Davydova, Pavel I. Shipilin

The article considers the problem of the political of the British Russophobia in the first half of the XIX century. It is established that in this period the imperative of the foreign policy strategy of Great Britain, which was the leading world power, was to maintain the balance of power in an effort to preserve and, if possible, increase global domination. Strengthening the military-political power and the international influence of the Russian Empire stimulated the British elites to develop methods to counter the imbalance. The clash of the geopolitical interests of London and Petersburg, in particular with regard to Poland and the Eastern Question, intensified the British anti-Russian information campaign, which was aimed at shaping Russophobic attitudes in British society and in the international arena. Based on the analysis of a broad source base and numerous studies, it is revealed that in the period under review, the genesis and spread of Russophobic sentiments among the political elite of Great Britain and their projection regarding the foreign policy aspirations of the Russian empire. Indicators of the birth of British Russophobia were the publication in 1817 of the mentioned work of R. Wilson, who by that time was already known for his anti-Russian views, and the public’s reaction to it, which was manifested in a number of reviews in the local media. Against the background of the prevailing critical perception of R. Wilson’s Russophobic statements, the reviews of his work contained reflections on the growing «Russian threat» and the possibility of Russia's aggressive actions. This contributed to the spread of anti-Russian views in Britain, a manifestation of which was the publication in 1828 of the book by G. Evans, which initiated the heated debate of a frankly Russophobic orientation.

1096-1105

Authors: Gulnar T. Mominova, Gulzada O. Charginova, Mustafa Giritlioglu, Akbota A.Kasymova

The article on the basis of archival materials covers the reasons and prerequisites of history of accession of the Senior Zhuz to the Russian Empire. In the early 20-ies of the XIX century on the territory of the Senior Zhuz there was no unified power. Under these conditions, the rulers of the Kazakhs of Semirechye and southern Kazakhstan for many reasons began to accept Russian citizenship. The process of joining the territory of the Senior Zhuz to the Russian Empire lasted for more than a century. The first documentary sources, evidence of the facts of the address Khan Julbaris and influential persons of the Senior Zhuz to the Imperial government with the request to take them under Russian protection, recorded at the end of the first third of the XVIII century However, once the invasion of Dzungarian troops in the southern Kazakh steppe and the murder of Khan Julbaris have slowed the process for many decades. In the second half of the XVIII century Kazakh Khan Abylay managed to unite under his command numerous tribal groups of Middle and Senior zhuzes. After his death, the tribal associations of the Senior Zhuz, who roamed in the territory of Semirechye, pass under the control of his sons, the sultans Adil and Suyuk. Soon, subject to Sultan Adil kind of tribe Dulat, proclaim his Khan. In 1814, Khan Adil was forced to recognize the protectorate of the more powerful Kokand ruler Omar Khan. The next stage in the history of the acceptance by Kazakhs of the great juz the protection of Russia was an appeal to the Imperial authorities of the Sultan Sujuka Ablaihanova. January 18, 1819 the Russian government officially recognized the subservient Sultan Suyuk genera zhalayyr, uysun and part of the tribal group’s shapyrashty Russian subjects. In 1824, 14 sultans, descendants of Abylay Khan, joined the Russian citizenship. At the same time, the process of registration of the Zhetysu region within the Russian Empire took place in the conditions of military and political confrontation of the tsarist authorities with the Kokand khanate and the Qing Empire.

1115-1124

Authors: Tatiana S. Minaeva, Daniil S. Zaozerskiy, Maksim Yu. Zadorin

The article examines the process of improving the technical aspect of the mammal hunting in the Russian North in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries based on the concept of catch-up modernization. The sources for the publication are the documents of the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk Region, the publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee and the regional periodical press of the XIXth – early XXth centuries, as well as scientific publications on relevant topics.The authors consider the qualitative change in mammal hunting and determine the reasons for these changes. The paper substantiates the provision on the continuous process of modernization of the mammal hunting as a result of growing competition in the development of natural resources. The pace of modernization in the study period did not remain the same and depended on external and internal factors. The theoretical and practical significance of this work is in the possibility of using its results in preparing a prospective study that would systematize the Russian experience in Russian Arctic exploration in the XIX – early XX centuries, as well as in the development of the theoretical courses on the history of the exploration of the North-West sector of the Russian Arctic.

1134-1143

Authors: Lyudmila V. Shkvarya

The article is devoted to the relationship between the two empires at the turn of the centuries: Russian and Chinese, as well as the history of the construction of the Chinese-Eastern railway as a kind of culmination of these relations. The work gives a general description of Russian-Chinese diplomatic relations since the beginning of diplomatic interaction between the two states, describes in detail the mutual relations of the parties in the second half of the XIX century, their goals when concluding the secret Moscow Treaty of 1896 (generally accepted historical name of the Russian-Chinese Treaty of Alliance of Russia and China against Japan), as well as the possibility of realization of their objectives. The problems of the Russian-Chinese Convention of 1898, the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula, and the construction of a naval base in Port Arthur are also directly discussed.

1153-1166

Authors: Elena V. Burlutskaya (Bannikova), Yuliya O. Kurenkova

The purpose of the study in this article is to analyze the data related to prostitution in the cities of the Orenburg Governorate in the post-reform period. As a result of the reforms in the 1860s and 1870s, modernization and urbanization accelerated, setting a huge mass of the population in motion, tearing them away from their familiar social environment, their families and relatives. In these circumstances, cities became centers of attraction not only for men looking for a better life, but also for women providing sexual services. In the second half of the 19th century, prostitution gradually evolved from a crime against public morals into a state-regulated trade with its own working conditions, labor relations, working hours, professional rules and competencies. This article, based on the data of official statistics and various narrative sources, provide a study of townswomen of Orenburg Governorate working in the field of sexual services, analyze their quantity, age, national and class composition, marital status, their age when they became involved in prostitution and for how long they were sex workers, as well as distinguishing features of this field of informal employment of women in the remote southeastern province of the Russian Empire. Data on prostitution within the studied region, the neighboring Samara and remote Smolensk Governorates shows that there are certain differences that are connected with the transformation of the Orenburg province into a region of mass migration.

1178-1186

Authors: Irina N. Litvinova, Oksana A. Karagodina

The spheres of activity of business national circles – Russians and Germans, Jews, Armenians, Tatars, representing the trade and industrial potential of Tsaritsyn/on the Volga are considered. The national composition of the local merchant Corporation is analyzed as well as problems of obtaining permission to reside in the city by the Jewish merchants from the township of settling. The ethnic composition of Tsaritsyn inhabitants is determined, in addition to the directions and preferences of commercial activity of representatives of entrepreneurial groups of national communities. On the basis of documentary sources the brightest and most influential entrepreneurs are identified, who contributed both to the development of their communities and economy and socio-cultural life of the city. The factor of creative potential in a certain sense contributed to the successful integration of "non-Russian" merchants into the business and socio-cultural environment of Russian city, that made them a part of its historical heritage.

1201-1210

Authors: Assel S. Kereibayeva, Arafat M. Mamyrbekov, Тatyana P. Levchenko, Meirambek Ziyadin

The merchantry of the Steppe region of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, which began to extend actively after the completion of the accession of the Kazakh khanate to the Russian Empire. The accession of the steppe regions and the development of capitalist relations led to the penetration of West Siberian trade and industrial flow in the Steppe region.Fair trade established intermediary functions between settled agricultural and pastoral areas, satisfying the growing needs for food and industrial goods of the population of Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions. The state developed a whole system of measures to support trade relations between entrepreneurs and the formation of a single Siberian-Asian trade network. On the territory of the Steppe region, favorable conditions for the expansion of fair trade of the merchantry were created after carrying out administrative and territorial reforms of 1867–1868 by the Tsar’s administration.Special attention has been paid to large merchants who made a significant contribution to the opening of large fairs, the establishment and development of trade and economic relations with neighboring regions and states. The role of merchants in the management of large and small fairs in the territory of the region and the role of a new class of rich people (bai) have been shown, which were directly related to the market.So, in conclusion, it should be noted that the existence of fairs and appearance in the region of fair management shows the professionalism and maturity of the fair merchants who made a significant contribution to the establishment of interregional economic relations and the spread of market relations in the region. Fairs became the prevailing trade form in the Steppe region, further development of which made huge changes in the organization of the trading network of the Steppe regions.

1221-1231

Authors: Igor V. Kryuchkov

The article deals with main directions of the development of economic relations of Russia with the Anatolian Vilayets of the Ottoman Empire at the turn of XIX–XX centuries. Anatolia was a perspective market for Russia. The factors slowing down the development of Russian export to Anatolia and the influence of competition with other European states on this process are considered in the article. A broad range of sources including diplomatic documents, materials of the daily press, statistical materials and memoirs was used in the process of working. The author comes to the conclusion that it was difficult for Russia to compete with Great Britain, France and Austria-Hungary despite strengthening of trade relations of Russia with Anatolia. Russian entrepreneurs knew badly the specificity of local market, they didn't have their offices in Anatolian cities and they didn't get sufficient assistance from the state in comparison with competitors. At the same time at the beginning of XX century Russia achieved significant results in export of sugar, kerosene and a range of other commodities to Anatolia. At the beginning of XX century Russia needed to make serious efforts for the development of trade with the Ottoman Empire in order to strengthen its political position there. In this regard Russian diplomats and experts called for learning from European countries.

1243-1255

Authors: Sergei F. Fominykh, Aleksei O. Stepnov, Olga V. Natolochnaya

The article deals with the letters of one of the Siberian regionalism founders N.M. Yadrintsev to V.M. Florinsky (known as the organizer of the Tomsk University), written during the period from 1876 to 1882. At this time the question of choosing a city for the first SiberianUniversity was solving. The Omsk city Duma has proposed their city as a University in 1876. N.M. Yadrintsev, who was serving as an official in Omsk during this period, in several letters presented a bleak panorama of the climatic, architectural, infrastructural, criminogenic condition of this city. N.M. Jadrintsev and V.M. Florinsky acted as associates in the question of the choosing of Tomsk as a city for the first University in the macro-region, as well as in total devotion to the idea of the SiberianUniversity. At the same time we meet not the most flattering opinions in memoirs of Florinsky about his correspondent. The authors find the implications of this "unity of contradictions" in the features political, national-identical word usage of this period. This is done on the materials of office documentation, sources of personal origin, periodical press. Both heroes of the study, inspired by the idea of the Siberian University, appealed to such concepts as "patriotism", "homeland", "country" and a number of other categories of national self-determination. At the same time the analysis of the semantic contents, that Florinsky and Yadrintsev put into these words, in the context of the evolution of their national-political opinions leads us to the conclusion about the conceptual transgression, heterogeneity of their political vocabulary and, as a consequence, about the deep contradiction in the views of the two heroes, and more widely – two currents of social and political thought of Russia in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The combination of these contradictions has led to the impossibility of coexistence in the first SiberianUniversity "mental" space of Florinsky as a conservative statesman and Yadrintsev as a regionalist. Hence there was the alienation of the representatives of the Siberian regionalism, in particular N.M. Yadrintsev, from the ImperialTomskUniversity.

1263-1271

Authors: Mikhail V. Gribovskiy

The article is devoted to determining the content and specifics of the professional activity of a university lecturer at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. The objectives of the study are to determine the actual academic load of lecturers, the ratio of the number of lecturers and students, and identify the features of the educational process that are characteristic of a pre-revolutionary University. To carry out the study normative acts, records documentation, sources of personal origin were involved. Most of the sources were extracted by the author from Russian (Russian State Historical Archive, National Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan, Central State Archive of Moscow) and foreign (State Archive in Warsaw, State Archive of Odessa Region) archives. It is emphasized that in the XIX – early XX in the educational process as the basis of professional activity of university lecturers was not very thoroughly controlled in quantitative terms, but it was decorated with various administrative regulations. It is indicated that, in comparison with the beginning of the XXI century, the volume of the academic load of the pre-revolutionary professorship was somewhat smaller. The special features of the time include the low prevalence of the combination job phenomenon, the practice of conducting classes and taking exams not only in the university buildings, but also in the homes of professors.

1281-1291

Authors: Elena V. Vititneva, Aleksandra S. Kuzmenko, Natalya V. Pahomova

The article discusses the features of the material and everyday status of Tomsk students in the pre-revolutionary period. On the basis of a detailed analysis of archival documents, the regulatory framework, sources of personal origin and periodicals, it was found that in the pre-revolutionary period, the everyday life of students was rather difficult. This was especially manifested in the lives of students who had to pay rent for living in the flats on their own. Due to unfavorable living conditions and inconsistencies of sanitary and hygienic standards in the flats, students were often sick. On the other hand, the students' dormitory at the Imperial Tomsk University had quite comfortable living conditions. As for the question of material support for students, only students of the Imperial Tomsk University and the Tomsk Institute of Technology could receive state scholarships. The Institute of private scholarships assisted the poorest students and female students. The rest students had to look for options for additional income. It was revealed that students and female students had to work hard because it helped them to support themselves and continue their studies in highereducation.

1301-1309

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov, Svetlana L. Bautina, Alexander F. Mitrofanov, Yurii N. Makarov

Izhevsk pond in the XIX – first half of the XX centuries was an important transport artery for the operation of Izhevsk plants, primarily for the connection of the plant with Volozhka and Koltoma. To reduce the cost and speed up the traffic in the mid-1890-s on Izhevsk pond, the first state-owned steamer "Izh" appeared on the Izhevsk pond. Earlier, based on the analysis of river registers, we discovered the fact of construction of steamboats at the turn of the century in Izhevsk, and there was hypothesized that it had a merchant I.I. Bodalev. The information of the meeting’s journals of the Economic Committee of Izhevsk Plants (the highest center of economic management of Izhevsk Plants) in 1892–1900, there was analyzed concerning the ships of merchant I.I. Bodalev on Izhevsk pond. It was established that in the period under review, Bodalev had at least two steamboats on the pond (“Pchelka” and “Izhevsk”). In addition, Izhevsk plants, apparently, pursued a deliberate policy of "squeezing" competitors from the pond. So the Economic Committee in 1895 refused the request of V.F. Telnov and Yu.G. Semenov deliver his ship to Izhevsk. But at the same time, there was on the pound the first steamboat of I.I. Bodalev. Its appearance occurred with the tacit consent of Izhevsk plants, since Bodalev was one of the main delivery contractors for firewood plants. Therefore, on the one hand, the plants established extremely favorable terms for the lease of the state-owned steamer “Izh”, and on the other hand, for example, refused to offer to provide the state-owned steamer when the Bodalev’s ship broke down in fulfilling the government contract. As a result, two steamships Bodalev took to Kama (“Izhevsk” and “Maria”), and another one in 1915 sold them to Izhevsk plants (“Pchelka”), after which they became monopolists in transportation along Izhevsk pond. The fact of the construction of a steamboat steam engine at the order of Bodalev at the Izhevsk plants was discovered.

1318-1332

Authors: Artyom Y. Peretyatko

The figure of the Minister of War of the Russian Empire A.N. Kuropatkin is still causing controversy among scientists. Some consider him incompetent military, not consistent with his position, and others consider him victim of circumstances and propaganda of political opponents. On the other hand, the relationship between Russian Ministers of War and Cossack Hosts is still poorly understood, and the number of works on this topic in contemporary historiography is extremely small. Therefore, this article attempts to analyze the figure of A.N. Kuropatkin from an unexpected point of view, having considered his activity as the actual leader of the Cossack Hosts of the Russian Empire. The author shows that A.N. Kuropatkin was primarily interested in the economic problems of the Cossack Hosts. Shortly after taking office as Minister of War, in 1898, he recognized the development of the economic crisis in the Don Host and its approach in other Cossack Hosts. However, the extremely peculiar and intricate economic views of the Minister of War did not allow him to develop feasible program for solving the economic problems of the Cossack Hosts. The program developed by the commission of General N.A. Maslakovets, also did not satisfy A.N. Kuropatkin. Having failed to provide adequate financial support for the proposed reforms, the Minister of War actually abandoned most of the originally planned measures, limiting himself to introducing a subsidy to serving Cossacks. The article concluded that this development of events was largely due to the peculiarities of the personality of A.N. Kuropatkin. Having correctly set the initial goals, the Minister of War did not have the determination or the abilities necessary to achieve them. However, even a partial realization of the ideas of A.N. Kuropatkin markedly improved the economic situation of the Cossacks.

1342-1364

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Andrey V. Venkov, Natal'ya V. Miku, Aude Médico

A series of articles is devoted to the analysis of the ratio of opposing linear (armoured) forces of the russian 1st Pacific and Japanese squadrons during the Russian-Japanese war of 1904–1905 before the start of hostilities, coverage of tactical and technical characteristics of armoured ships and the strategy of their use by the naval leadership. In work an attempt is also made to assess the chances of a victory for the 1st Pacific Squadron, taking into account its combat capabilities on the eve of a war in terms of a general battle. This article analyzes the tactical and technical elements of the main force of the fleet – battleships of the japanese fleet: the squadron battleships "Mikasa", "Asahi", "type Shikishima/Hatsuse", type "Fuji/Ashima" and their ability to confront the russian ships of the same class.

1373-1382

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The article analyzes the reports of the special instructions officer of the Ministry of Internal Affairs L. Naumov, prepared by him on the basis of a trip to the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire in 1910. During the trip L. Naumov had to find out the scale of propaganda work of Turkish emissaries in the region, the degree of penetration of the ideas of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism in the minds of the indigenous Muslim population. From the information presented in the reports it follows that after the young Turk revolution of 1908, in the Turkestan Governor-General, Bukhara Emirate and Khiva khanate, the work of Turkish residents, aimed at promoting Russophobia, pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism, was significantly intensified. Turkey also actively involved Afghans in the work in the region, using traditional contacts with the Afghan Emirate and considering it the sphere of its geopolitical interests. In his reports L. Naumov cites facts indicating the formation among the Muslim population of the Russian Turkestan adherents propagandized by Turkey ideas, which was expressed in the birth of the Islamic reform movement and the newfangled Muslim education, the refusal to follow all the instructions of the Koran. However, according to the information collected by the official, the traditional Muslim clergy continued to occupy a leading position in the spiritual and religious life of the indigenous population. The negative attitude of the Muslim leaders of Bukhara, Kokand and a number of other cities of Turkestan to the ideas of pan-Islamism, suggesting a spiritual Union of Sunnis and Shiites, allowed L.Naumov to draw conclusions about the futility of the work of Turkish residents in the region and the absence of threats to the territorial integrity of the Russian Empire in the Central Asian suburbs.

1394-1403

Authors: Tatiana A. Kattsina, Natalya V. Pashina, Ludmila E. Mezit, Ekaterina V. Potapova

The experience of the implementation of the organizational and pedagogical conditions of the sociocultural adaptation of the children of the First World War refugees in one of the migrant regions of the Russian Empire, the Yenisei province (now the Krasnoyarsk Territory), is summarized. The analysis is limited to the imperial period of the First World War, July 1914 – February 1917, within the framework of which the main directions in the organization of training and education of refugees aged 7–14 years were determined. Based on the achievements of modern historiography, a complex of historical sources (regulations, office materials, periodicals), methods of general scientific and historical research revealed regional specifics of real educational and adaptation practices in relation to juvenile refugees during the First World War. The conclusion is made about the contribution of regional public organizations to the provision of opportunities to receive and continue education, to overcome the psychological and behavioral problems of minor refugees. Along with this, it was noted that unfavorable trends were manifested with the staffing of educational institutions. Economic difficulties of wartime and disagreements with the provincial and city administrations on organizational and financial issues had a negative impact on the sustainability of the work of public organizations that were forced to reduce or completely cease their activities. The insignificant scale of improvements in the situation of refugee children does not make it possible to assess these trends as sustainable, but at the same time represents the first experience in addressing the urgent material and spiritual needs of refugees.

470-481

Authors: Eugeniy V. Barsukov

“Russian archeology” is a trend that is becoming increasingly popular in Siberia. Of particular interest is the period of the initial colonization of Siberia. In the Middle Ob region it is known more than a dozen towns and forts, founded at the end of the XVI and in the XVII century. Three of them – Narym, Ket, Kungop were located on the banks of the Ket river, the vast basin of which connected Western and Eastern Siberia in the XVII-XVIII centuries. The circumstances and even the foundation dates of these fortified points due to the lack of sources are reconstructed with great difficulty. The Narym fortified town, which became the forerunner and the most important strategic point of the Russian development of the Narym Territory, has been "forgotten" by historians in recent decades. This is due to the limited available written sources, the overwhelming majority of which were introduced into scientific circulation by G.F. Mueller and P.N. Butsinsky. Although the potential for expanding the “written” base has not been drained, the most promising is the shift of emphasis towards local-historical and local-geographical research, based on a comprehensive analysis of sources of different types, including usage of the archaeological experience of studying the Russian time objects. The author implements this approach in solving the problem of the location determining of the first Narym fortified town. There is no doubt that this fortified point localization, as well as its archaeological study, will provide specialists with a body of new sources needed to recreate the exploration of the Narym Ob region. The area of probable location of the first Narym fortified town is outlined in the article based on the correlation of written evidence, cartographic materials, features of the natural-geographical situation of the Narym Ob region.

491-501

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Lybov G. Polyakova, Leonid L. Balanyuk, Jasmin Gut

The article is devoted to the Ukrainian legal proceedings at the end of the XVII – in the XVIII centuries and the influence on him of Russian judicial practice. Since the emergence of the Ukrainian Cossack statehood in the middle of the seventeenth century, its own model of legal proceedings appeared on the lands of northeastern Ukraine, which in its activities was based on the regulatory framework of the Lithuanian-Polish period and early European times. But since the beginning of the XVIII century, the Russian government has pursued a policy of incorporation of Ukrainian lands. During the XVIII century, Russian imperial legislation was extended to Ukrainian judicial practice. Judicial or controlling institutions are created on these lands, subordinated to the Russian administration. The very nature of the judicial process changes, even the language of keeping records from the old Ukrainian changes to Russian. All these processes have had a direct impact on the formation and further development of civil society in the Ukrainian lands.

513-522

Authors: Gulzhan S. Bedelova, Kalkaman T. Zhumagulov

The article is a historiographical review of pre-revolutionary works on religious policy of the Mongolian empire. The authors note that, despite the scarcity of works and their peculiarity, pre-revolutionary historians managed to solve number of complex tasks: more or less objective view on religious policies of Mongol khans has appeared; due to the implementation of sources into scientific circulation the critical view on problems has appeared; an understanding has emerged that the relations between Mongol khans and conquered people were not unequivocal; more sensible view on activities of Mongol rulers has appeared, including in the field of religious politics. But, nevertheless, as the authors show, on some issues there is still no comprehensive answer: origins and causes of the attitude of Mongolian conquerors to denominations of conquered people, reasons for religious tolerance, influence of religion of medieval Mongols on the state policy of the Mongolian empire in relation to different denominations, and so on. Historiography is divided into three groups by the authors: review studies; special works devoted to the study of sources; works of church authors. Based on the analysis, features of the evaluation of Mongolian religious policy were determined by researchers. The approach of pre-revolutionary scientists to this problem has been clarified. Pre-revolutionary conceptual approach has been characterized and comparative analysis of religious policy of Mongols in the modern period has been carried out. It is shown that the conclusions of pre-revolutionary authors became the base for subsequent works in this direction. The authors attempt to show the continuity of scientific views and those aspects of this problem that have yet to be revealed.

533-541

Authors: Valery V. Tsys, Olga P. Tsys

The article reveals the methods of struggle between the secular authorities and the Russian Orthodox Church against the remnants of paganism in the Christianization of the indigenous population of the Tobolsk North, their evolution during the XVIII – XIX centuries. It is indicated that in the 1710s – 1760s hard pressure on the newly baptized is used to completely eradicate all manifestations of idolatry. This was facilitated by current legislation and the practice of its enforcement. The following punishments were used to eradicate the remnants of paganism: whipping or whipping; link to Kondinsky monastery; the imposition of penance (to study the prayers, put a certain number of bows in the church every day, etc.). The period of "enlightened absolutism" and the first quarter of the XIX century (1770s – 1822) are characterized by a gradual softening of the state policy towards new converts. The approach to understanding what pagan "vestiges" are has changed. Now it is not “devil worship”, but a delusion, a consequence of the ignorance of “aliens”. In the future, there is a complete rejection of any form of discrimination and persecution for pagan "superstitions", the desire to influence the "misguided" only by persuasion, and the prevention of violence. By the end of the period under review, only measures of pastoral exhortation remained at the disposal of Orthodox clerks and missionaries. The overall evolution of the policy of the state and the Russian Orthodox Church in the fight against idolatry was to gradually mitigate the practice of law in identifying pagan rituals in the newly baptized. These changes were due to the humanization of Russian society, a more tolerant attitude towards foreign faith.

559-567

Authors: Igor V. Suchkov

The article considers “The letters of the Russian Traveler” by N.M.Karamzin”, which reflected in them the cultural and social development of the countries of Western Europe and Russia in the late XVIII century. In “The letters” N.M.Karamzin compares the cultural and social development of individual countries of Western Europe, assesses the level of similar development of Russia, characterizes the personality of the Traveler. The author of the article shows the value of “The letters” as a source for determining the level of culture and social relations of the countries of the Western world and Russia. The article shows peculiarities of modern Russia literature dedicated to “The letters” by N.M. Karamzin and the place of this work in the works of noble historian. The author of the article draws attention to the actuality of the topic related, on the one hand, to the preservation and further development of the common traditions of cultural and social development of Western Europe and Russia, and on the other hand, with a clear vision of their distinctive Features. Particular attention in the article is given to the consideration of those letters, which are devoted to the French Revolution, which has had a great impact not only on France, but also on other countries of the West, as well as on Russia. The author of the article evaluates the value of personal qualities of the Russian Traveler in which it possible to see N.M.Karamzin and determines his contribution to the formation of the literary Russian language and in general to the development of culture. He emphasizes that the study of “The letters of the Russian Traveler” allows to better understand the peculiarities of scientific views of N.M.Karamzin and their place in historical science, as well as in general in the culture of Russia.

576-584

Authors: Nadir R. Salikh

The issue of copying and distribution of Arabic manuscripts in the Southern Urals during the XIXth century is considered in the article. At the same time, the role of copyists of these sources in this process is revealed. The research work is based on the materials of two collections of Arabic manuscripts of Ufa: the Department of manuscripts and rare editions of the National library. Ahmet-Zaki Validi and the Department of rare books of scientific library, Ufa, Federal research center Russian Academy of Sciences. As a result of the study, the circle of persons whose names were most often found among the scribes of arabographic sources stored in the funds was determined, as well as the themes and names of the works they copied were established. It is established that the distribution of Arabic manuscripts in the southern Urals is associated with the adoption of the Muslim religion by the Turkic-speaking peoples of the region. The process of creation and dissemination of these sources can be described as spontaneous until the end of the XVIII century, and later there is a tendency to systematize them in connection with the development of the Institute regulating the activities of the Muslim spiritual elite – the Orenburg Mohammedan spiritual Assembly. In this process, an important role was played by the religious policy of tsarist Russia of the XVIII century, which led to the emergence of a number of spiritual ranks of Islam, which were necessary for the improvement of this religious policy. The Muslim spiritual elite functioning in these conditions acted, as well as earlier, as the main customer of manuscripts. Analysis of the sources gives grounds to assert that the executors of orders for copying Arabic manuscripts were, as a rule, mullahs and shakirds of madrassas, as well as professional scribes. This once again confirms the idea that these works were a fundamental basis in the process of education and spiritual enlightenment of the Turkic peoples of the southern Urals.

596-604

Authors: Anna V. Popova, Svetlana S. Gorokhova, Marianna G. Abramova

The authors carried out a comparative legal analysis on the basis of the main Russian legal sources and have come to the following conclusion: the legal policy of the Russian Empire in the late XIX – early XX centuries (until February 1917) was directed to a gradual transition from a Union of territories with equal rights into autonomous entities within a United Russia based on the principles ofthe legal subordinate of the national territories to the Imperial center in order to create a single legal landscape. The Imperial style structure in Russia in the early twentieth century was characterized, on the one hand, by the preservation of the national features of individual territories within the Russian state, having historical, religious – confessional and other differences, and on the other hand, smoothly coordinated system of governance in the national territories. This system was based on special executive bodies: top-ranking committees, local executive bodies (namestnichestva) and permanent governor-generals, as well as an agency monitoring the population, taking into account the specific characteristics of each territory. Particular attention was given to the creation of a system of interaction between general and local (regional) legislation. This was done in order to provide the state with a unified legal system taking into account the preservation of national traditions and mentality characteristics.

615-623

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The article analyzes the materials of the Sultans deputy missions of the Middle Zhuz, who followed to St. Petersburg after the introduction of the Charter on Siberian Kyrgyz 1822, on the basis of documents identified in the RGIA. Deputy missions have become evidence of Russia's readiness to conduct a dialogue with him and build partnerships. During the missions, it was occurred that the leveling and settlement of the most acute problems which emerged in the process of implementing the Charter of 1822 and also duties, forming in the steppe a network of Russian primary school institutions. The author of the article concludes that in the process of discussing the totality of these problems, Russia demonstrated loyalty and willingness to compromise on issues that did not fundamentally violate the course and logic of the administrative changes that began in the Middle East. Otherwise, it took a principled position and defended its interests. This situation was most clearly manifested in the issue of the Institute of the khan power fate, liquidated in the Middle Zhuza on the eve of the introduction of the 1822 Charter.

634-644

Authors: Sergei T. Gaidin, Galina A. Burmakina

This article describes ideas of government officials, scientists, and public figures of the Yenisei province on how to solve the existing and emerging problems of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Yenisei North in the pre-Soviet period; demonstrates changes in the lifestyle of these peoples and assesses the activities of the provincial administration. The indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Yenisei North who were obliged to pay yasak (tribute paid off in furs) found themselves under a heavy debt burden due to using state food grain warehouses. Trade relations with Russian merchants encouraged them to use fire weapons for acquisition of animal fur which resulted not only in a progressive change of economic activity and lifestyle of the northerners, but also in reduction of productivity of the fur trade territories and, consequently, in declining living standards. As expected, in the middle of 19th century a so called fur crisis arose in the Turukhansk District. The creation of the fishing industry by the owners of steam vessels in the 60s had resulted in transformation of many hunters and fishermen into hired workers who had to catch and initially process fish. The forced refusal of part of the indigenous peoples of the Yenisei North of their traditional lifestyle and economic activity was followed by an increasing dependence on merchants and owners of fishing businesses, fur buyers, newly-arrived Russian fishermen who used to take away their hunting and fishing territories. The provincial administration had tried to protect the indigenous peoples of the North but it was interested in obtaining taxes from business activities, so it facilitated their involvement in the progressive (in terms of modernization) economic activity which was unnatural for indigenous peoples. As a result, the families most involved in trade and economic relations with the Russians would lose their ethnic identity and the ability to survive on their own. The critical analysis made by the national intellectuals and proposed ways of solving the problems can help to understand specific aspects of soviet policy and directions of optimization of post-soviet policy towards the indigenous peoples.

655-667

Authors: Galya A. Alpyspaeva, Zhuman Gulmira, Saule A. Bagdatova, Sholpan N. Sayahimova

The article presents a source study analysis of discussions about the Christianization of Kazakhs in Turkestan regionin the media and scientific publications in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The purpose of the article is to study the content and nature of discussions about the ways and methods of Christianization of the foreign population of the region, the rationale for the reasons for the transformation of the authors' views on the autocratic religious policy. Based on the analysis of archival sources in conjunction with the materials of researchers, whose works covered the problems of spiritual assimilation of Kazakhs, the authors identified common views and different approaches to the Christianization of foreigners of Orientalist scholars, missionaries and officials of the Turkestan Territory, which included the Syr-Darya and Semirechensk regions. The discussions reflected the differentiated views and opinions on the methods and techniques of converting foreigners to Orthodoxy; from cautious and tolerant, to radical and even reactionary. The views of the scientists – Orientalists on Christianization were formed in the process of scientific study of the history, ethnography, and culture of the Kazakhs and were systematized within the framework of scientific and educational concepts and theories. The views of the officials responsible for the success of the autocracy policy in the region were influenced by the practical tasks of implementing the state’s religious policy and were of an applied nature. The differences of opinion were due to these factors. The transformation of officials' views on the methods of conducting the Christianization of the Kazakhs in the Turkestan Territory is due to the peculiarity of the socio-political and ethno cultural situation in the region.

677-685

Authors: Irina B.Bochkareva, Elena V. Tarasova

In the 1860s the Russian Empire continued its expansion into Central Asia. New territories in 1867 were integrated into the Turkestan Governor-Generalship, and its governor received large powers. The liberal policy of General K.P. von Kaufman contributed to the beginning of the modernization of the social, political and economic life of the region. Thanks to his civic stance, the emancipation of the Bukhara Jews began, which for centuries were disqualified from civil and economic rights by the Muslim majority. In the 1870s – 1880s the protective policy of the Russian authorities also distinguished them among the other Jewish population of the Russian Empire, allowing them to engage exclusively in distillation and wine trade in Turkestan. Trade in Russian manufactory goods and wine allowed the Bukhara Jews to go through a stage of original accumulation of capital in a short time. The liquidation of the wine monopoly at the turn of the 1880s–1890s forced them to reorient themselves and direct the accumulated capital to new areas, contributing to the modernization of the region. This article deals with the problem of the interdependence of the civil status of Bukhara Jews and the spheres of economic activity available to them. The article is written on the basis of archive and published documents of the second half of the XIX century and beginning of the XX century.

695-700

Authors: Aleksandr E. Kotov

The Slavophiles and the Pochvenniki сonsidered the society to be the main agent of nation-building – the reason why we refer to them as Conservative Democrats. Their ideologies were based on anti-aristocratic stance, a strive towards forming the national identity on the foundation of a peculiarly understood Orthodox spirituality. The main targets of criticism by Slavophile advocates were ‘aristocratic opposition’ and ‘revolutionary conservatism’: the forms of conservative politics and ideology that provoked revolutionary upheavals and were thus their root cause. Left radicalism was considered by the Slavophiles as a variety of ‘tyranny of theory over life’. Not recognizing in it any positive content, the Slavophiles considered it a symptom of a disease afflicting the national organism. The unfinished cycle by K.K. Tolstoy printed in Aksakov's Rus’ ushered in a number of publications on the issues of Nihilism by N.N. Gilyarov-Platonov and N.Ya. Danilevsky. Gilyarov-Platonov’s considerations were further developed by his nephew, F.A. Gilyarov. However, his book "The Fifteen Years of Sedition" contained harsh attacks on the authorities and "Katkov’s school". The numerous works of N.N. Strakhov were the most serious philosophical study of Nihilism. In the course of time, the revolutionary ideology changed. ‘Pure’ Nihilism was receding into the past in the 1870s; the Narodniki and the Marxists considered themselves to be the promoters of a positive agenda. But Conservatives did not recognize this positive element – and, arguing with the Marxists, continued to use the polemic repertoire of the old anti-nihilist discourse. At the same time, there was no single approach to Marxism in Conservative circles. Thus, for Ilovaisky it was a phenomenon alien to Russia. For Sharapov, on the contrary, it was a product of Russian life.

714-725

Authors: Asem K.Sadykova, Sabira S. Saifulmalikova

The article considers history of Turkestan, The Steppe’s Governorate General Teacher’s seminary and school in the second half of XIX and in the beginning of XX century, provides inside into the significance of these educational institutions for the professional-pedagogical staff preparation for the primary school. The authors outline questions, which are related to the national teachers’ training forms, teacher seminaries’ professional-institutional staff, public officials, differentiated payment approach, national, religion and social structure of students, types of the scholarship and organization of the educational and nurturing process. Learning of the archive sources let to analyze material-technical level of the seminary, classroom equipping, regional features of the subject teaching systems, application of the student behavior assessment systems. The idea is substantiated that experience of the teacher’s seminary and school existence in Kazakh steppe formed the basis of the professional-pedagogical staff preparation for the primary school with secondary-level pedagogical education, including national teacher’s staff training formation.

736-747

Authors: Alexey V.Blinov, Yury M.Goncharov

The article discusses the trend of development of municipal educational institutions of the Ministry of education in conditions of modernization of the late XIX – early XX century On the basis of historiographical and historical sources shows the major manifestation of modernization, caused by the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway. Demographic growth, activation of economic development, change of mentality, contributed to the need for the development of educational base in the region. This process coincided with the formation of a sustainable educational space, becoming a consequence of the formation of the West Siberian district, within which there was a connection of administrative and departmental boundaries. In its efforts to establish a monopoly in educational policy and to respond to the demands of regional development, the Ministry has pursued an active policy to increase the number of educational institutions of existing types, as well as to create new ones. By the end of the Imperial period on the territory of Western Siberia was formed three types of schools, represented by a wide range of species.

757-765

Authors: Gulnar K. Mukanova

In this paper, the author, based on written sources and analysis of foreign publications, attempts to reconstruct the process of expanding the mission of the unique scientific structure of pre-revolutionary Russia, the Geographical Society, which has been working under the patronage of the royal family since the middle of the XIX century. The author studied the pages of the history of the IRGS, which are poorly represented in historiography, characterizing the scale and depth of international projects at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The fullest disclosure of the scientific potential of the Society took place when serious steps were taken in imperial Russia to involve the interested European countries in geographical research. Employees of the IRGS collected and summarized valuable information sources on the resources of the empire in the accessible part of the continent, which became the basis for the development of remote regions of Central Asia,Steppes and Siberia and attracting foreign investors. The systematic work of the IRGO, essentially the only effective scientific structure on the continent, represented by Russian intellectuals, was the basis of the process of the convergence of cultures within Eurasia, which was interrupted with the start of World War I.

779-791

Authors: Fyalka N. Miymanbaeva, Ardak S.Abdiraiymova, Nurzipa K. Alpysbayeva, Perizat N. Nuskabay

Peasant colonization of the Semirechye region took place in several stages, connected with the attitude of the government towards the resettlement movement, and also with the level and nature of Russia's economic and political development. The emergence of the Resettlement Department and the activities of the Semirechensk resettlement organization for the preparation of land plots for immigrants are being considered. Expanding the process of immigrant movement, the authors consider the structure of old-timer households, the formation of self-contained farms in the Semirechye. The dynamics of the resettlement movement, the transformation of the plans of the Semirechye regional leadership for providing peasants with land,division of the peasant population into old-timers, towns and villages, having different habitation traditions in the region and, accordingly, a different legal status;the number of Russian villages, the main occupations of peasants, the privileges granted to peasant resettlers, and the social differentiation of the peasantry are indicated.It is pointed out that in the process of adaptation to local geographical and natural conditions, the migrants had their own peculiar features of economic and material life:the basis of the economy was now not only agriculture but also cattle breeding.

800-807

Authors: Dmirty E. Martynov, Yulia A. Martynova, Elmira K. Khabibullina

The article is devoted to ethnographic, geographical and folklore studies by N.F. Katanov in Xinjiang at the final stage of his scientific travel in 1891–1892. The article introduces for the first time the scientific information about Katanov’s unpublished diaries. The text of the manuscripts is currently being prepared by the co-authors for publication. The researcher managed to reach the oases of Hami and Turfan, completely unknown to the European Turkology and gather the richest material on the culture and oral literature of the Uighur population. These materials have never been published and preserved in hand-written form in the State Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan. The manuscript of folklore studies of spring and summer, fully compiled for printing in 1891, and contains a real encyclopedia of oral literature of Kazakhs and Uighurs. This information was obtained from informants in the border town of Chuguchak (Tacheng). Field records of the remainder of the trip were partially lost, the diaries for March-October 1892 were preserved. Comparison of the white manuscript with rough materials makes it possible to reconstruct the N.F. Katanov method, who “stringed” folklore materials on direct travel experiences. The information received from the informants was recorded in a separate journal in academic Latin transcription, and when the diary was rewritten, they were included in the Russian translation under the day when they were recorded. Information about the terrain, weather, and customs of local peoples was transferred from field diaries without changes. To illustrate the creative method by N.F. Katanov excerpts from his original diaries. Firstly, this is a description of the Western Mongols customs based on the stories by the Kazakh informant, and secondly, a description of the Uighur customs and the city of Turfan, based on the direct impressions by N.F. Katanov.

821-829

Authors: Tatyana G. Karchaeva, Anna S. Zhulaeva, Mikhail D. Severyanov

The article explores the historical information about the Notarial institutions and notaries in the Yenisei province of Eastern Siberian from January 1897 to February 1917. It is argued that Siberian Notarial part of the Ministry of Justice began to operate in the provinces of Eastern Siberia with a 30-year delay. The fundamental law was the “Highest approved temporary rules for the application of judicial acts in the provinces and regions of Siberia” of 1896. This law realized the “Regulation on the Notarial part” of 1866. This was a main regulatory act about the Russian Notary management. The Notary offices were established in five cities of the Yenisei province – the Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk, Achinsk, Kansk, Yeniseisk. The Senior Notaries of the Krasnoyarsk District Court were 4 people – Nikolai E. Gudima, Alexander I. Kokoshkin, Alexey M. Vetrov; Leo P. Terek. The City Notaries were 11 people – Mikhail K. Kotenev, Nikolay A. Stavrovsky, Joseph A. Itsin, Alexander A. Romanovsky; Victor-Stefan D. Petrozhitsky, Alexey M. Treskov, Ivan O. Romanovsky, Yakov P. Polyashov, Alexey A. Yakovlev, Dmitry S. Dobrovolsky, Mikhail A. Stavrovsky. This article explored data about their biographies, which firstly presented in History. Siberian Notaries were former local judicial officials. They had many years of experience in a Siberian Court or Russian Notarial part in the provinces of Central Russia. Access to notarial activities was provided by professional education, noble origin and the chairman’s protection of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Court or Senior Notary. Prestige of work in Notarial part was determined profitability professional activities. However, Senior Notaries and City Notaries of the Yenisei province was characterized by impeccability and the absence of significant official misconduct over the entire 20-year period their work. The customer’s cases complaints explanted the socio-economic conditions in the Yenisei province. There were a rapid population growth and a number of civil legal acts increased in the Eastern Siberia at the beginning XX century.

838-847

Authors: Natalia V. Medvedeva, Elena V. Frolova, Olga V. Rogach, Tatyana M. Ryabova

The article is devoted to the study of the role of the public in shaping the tourist attractiveness of Russian territories in the era of the entrepreneurial stage of tourism development (late XIX – early XXcenturies). It is during this period that the tourist and excursion movement in Russia is activated. With the development of capitalism, the tourist market begins to take shape: the transport network is actively developing, hotels are being built, restaurants are opening, various tourist companies, clubs and societies are emerging that provide assistance in organizing tourist and excursion services. The main category of tourist tourists were schoolchildren and representatives of public institutions. It is concluded that the main directions of development of tourism in this period become mainly cognitive in nature, contribute to the formation of national identity. The authors summarize the territorial experience of tourist and excursion activities of Zemstvo institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia in the provinces of Central Russia. A retrospective analysis of the activities of zemstvos and tourist-oriented societies allowed them to reveal their active role in education, preservation of cultural heritage and the organization of museum business. Successful practices of integrating excursion into the school system are given. The development of publishing activity stands out as one of the most important conditions for the formation of the tourist attractiveness of Russian territories.

873-879

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran, Pavel A. Byshkov

The article discusses the activities of the Novorossiysk Committee of the Union of railwaymen in the period of the First russian revolution. There were used as materials the archival documents of central and regional archives: the state archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian state archive of socio-political history, the State archive of the Krasnodar Krai, the Documentation center for modern history of the Krasnodar Krai, the Archive department of the Sochi city administrationand the museum of the history of the resort city of Sochi. In conclusion, the authors state that the committee (bureau) of the Union Railway, created in Novorossiysk in October 1905, was aimed at improving the socio-economic condition of railway workers. The social democrats and the socialist revolutionaries of Novorossiysk systematically tried to draw the railroad staff into the revolutionary process, because of this, the resolutions of the railway union committee took a political character, condemned the actions of the autocracy.

892-900

Authors: Gulzhaukhar K. Kokebayeva, Ryskeldy S. Myrzabekova, Aigul M. Smanova, Tolkyn N. Mukhazhanova

World War I was a global armed conflict of the industrial age. The armies of the warring parties used all achievements of science and technology: toxic gases, air raids, tanks. The use of powerful weapons, equipment and new methods of warfare led to destruction or injury of a huge number of people. The norms of international humanitarian law that provide for the treatment of the sick and wounded in armed conflicts reflect elementary considerations of humanity. According to the Geneva Conventions of 1864 and 1906, sanitary facilities should get the patronage and protection of belligerents. After each battle, the belligerent, which occupies the battlefield, must organize operations to find the wounded and provide them medical assistance. In all belligerent countries, all doctors, both conscripts and volunteers, began their military service, making them one of the largest groups of academically trained specialists engaged in hostilities. Doctors and nurses selflessly served humanistic ideals, they did not differentiate the wounded and sick soldiers based on their belonging to any nation or state.

20-28

Authors: Sergey V. Bereznitsky, Igor I. Halechko, Petr V. Primak

The article is devoted to the main stages of life, services, research activities of a Russian nobleman, naval officer Vasilii Andreevich Hmetevskii (1698-1777). Because of to the fact that he received an excellent education at the School of mathematical and navigational Sciences in Moscow, at the Academy Of the marine guard in St. Petersburg, he was able to honorably perform tasks in the Baltic fleet, while participating in the Second Kamchatka and Nerchinsk expeditions in the North-East of Russia, in various positions, including as commander of Kamchatka. His studies of coast and marine areas of Kamchatka and the Okhotsk coast Hmetevskii made a great contribution to our science of the eighteenth century. His activity was studied on the basis of synthesis of concepts of microhistory, history of everyday life, history of mentalities, historical anthropology. This synthesis allowed us to trace the role of a particular person in a certain historical period, its influence on the historical process, characterized by the peculiarities of the socio-cultural environment in which the person acts at a given time in extreme conditions of life. The materials of the Russian state archive of the Navy and other published documents on the development of the Pacific Ocean by Russia in the XVIIIth century were used as a source base. Their analysis allowed us to clarify some controversial moments of the service Hmetevskii in the North-East of Russia, to refute some of the myths of his biography. The name of the Hmetevskii Peninsula on the Northern coast of the sea of Okhotsk, together with the I.F. Elagin Hmetevskii became a founder future capital of the Kamchatka territory the city of Petropavlovsk - Kamchatskii, an important naval base. Thus, Hmetevskii was engaged not only in scientific research, but also in the implementation of strategic tasks to strengthen Russian power in the North-East of the country in the XVIIIthcentury, to develop this distant, but important in geopolitical terms of the region.

41-54

Authors: Andrej V. Belyakov, Denis N. Maslyuzhenko, Gayaz H. Samigulov

The article is devoted to the Siberian branch of Tonkachev’s dynasty of service class tartars, and in broader terms it shows the specific nature of formation of groups of service class Tartars/Meshcheriaks in Zauralie. On Tonkachev’s example one of the sources of formation of those Zauralie’s groups is shown – the groups of service class Tartars of Temnikovskiy, Alatorskiy Saranskiy and other uyezds, emigrating east of the Urals due to the policy of Christianization, going on in 1710. Descendants of Bekmamet Tonkachev, moving into Ichkino’s yurts on the Iset, managed to take quite a high position in the group of Ichkino’s Tartars, in particular, their names are mentioned in the documents in connection with the elections of deputies into Ulozhennaya commission (the name temporary collegiate organ in Russia in the XVIII century. The main personage of the study, Fazil Ibragim-ogly Tonkachev, was an authoritative personality among the inhabitants of Mogilskaya (Ichkinskaya) volost of Chelyabinsk uyezd. But his activity was not limited with the volost borders – together with other Ichkino’s Tartars he served, and as an educated person took part in diplomatic missions to the East, obviously as an interpreter. The conducted study has given the opportunity to prove the information on F.Tonkachev’s gravestone and add to it, the study also shows on the exact examples that the Tonkachevs saved their leadership in a new situation. At the same time empire regime willingly used their authority and education, as well as because of the fact that some members of other branches of this family also served in departments for foreign affairs. The accomplished work arises new problems in a general picture of history of formation and development of service class Tartars in Zauralie in XVIII – the beginning of XIX centuries.

64-71

Authors: Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy, Diana M. Mifteeva

The article is based on analysis of federal and regional historical sources and additional literature on this issue. The authors explore problems related to the development of human resources for health authorities in the Orenburg province in the second half of the 18th – mid-19th centuries. The authors analyze the historical conditions which contributed to the emergence of civil medicine in the center of the empire and in the remote regions. It is reported that the provincial reform of Catherine II (1775) served as an impulse to increase the number of civilian medical officials in the Orenburg province. The increase in the number of medical institutions required the expansion of the medical staff for their staffing. The lack of medical staff, including auxiliary of most medical institutions of the province during the entire study period, led to a deterioration in the quality of medical care and reduced a large extent of its availability.

83-92

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Lybov G. Polyakovab

This article is devoted to the guardianship agencies that are created to protect the interests of representatives of urban estates – orphan courts.The authors analyzed the competence of these institutions in the context of the evolution of Russian imperial legislation, which regulated their activities. Orphan courts in the Russian Empire were created in 1775 and existed until the beginning of the XX century. But this article chronologically covers the period from the administrative reform of Catherine II to the reforms of the management system of the 1860s. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of orphan courts with guardians. Considered the rights and duties of guardians, various aspects of the implementation of the guardianship of minors orphans, the property of the deceased burghers and merchants. The paper discusses the regional features of the functioning of orphan courts. According to the authors, they often depended on the number of people in a particular region or village of the empire, its social and national composition.

102-112

Authors: Zarema Ya. Emtyl, Anna S. Bochkareva

In the article, the historical conditions for the emergence of enlightenment in the Northern Caucasus are studied on a broad factual basis; specific features and main directions of public activities of educators. The authors of the article try to move away from the tradition established in the Caucasus, according to which the development of enlightenment is associated with the establishment of political, socioeconomic and cultural influence of Russia in the region and reflect the influence of ethnopolitical and socio-cultural processes taking place in the North Caucasian society, connected with internal impulses of its development, and also the influence of the progressive ideas of the Muslim world. On the basis of the study, a new periodization of the history of North Caucasian enlightenment is proposed in the evolution of which two stages are identified: the formation of enlightenment thought (the end of the eighteenth century – the end of the nineteenth century) and mature enlightenment (late 19th – early 20th centuries). It is noted that the public activities of the North Caucasian enlighteners, along with traditional features for enlightenment, had a pronounced specificity that was determined by the complex socio-political conditions of life of the mountain people. In view of the severe cultural and ideological pressure exerted by the Russian Empire, the lack of a corresponding level of political and social recognition, the creation of conditions in which the self-preservation of the mountain people and the development of their national life was possible was of paramount importance for the educators, while the solution of social problems was postponed to the background. A specific feature of enlightenment in the North Caucasus, according to the authors, was the lack of an anticlerical orientation typical of European enlightenment. Moreover, it is emphasized that the beginning of active scientific and pedagogical activity of the advanced representatives of the confessional line of educational thought preceded the formation of a secular direction.

121-130

Authors: Galina N. Ksenzhik

The priority task of the Russian Empire, in order to successfully advance into the depths of the Kazakh steppes, was a cartographic study.The greatest contribution to the topographic study of the territory of Kazakhstan was made by officers of the Military Topographic Depot and members of the Russian Geographical Society. In the process of studying the history of Kazakhstan in modern times, the task of identifying, describing and further using cartographic sources inevitably arises. In order to successfully study the spatial aspects of the historical process, orienting in a huge number of maps of all kinds and types, as well as systematization and storage, the article analyzes classification problems and provides a brief overview of Russian cartographic materials on the history of Kazakhstan in the ХVIIIthand ХIХth centuries, from the collection of documents collected during the study. The classification should satisfy the logical requirement of the study. The basis for the classification of identified old maps was laid down the main features: territorial, chronological, thematic, scale, purpose and content. In this case, first of all, the dominant feature of the map was taken into account and the classification was carried out according to it, additional features were secondary and filled the classification.

138-148

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The mass attack on Russian trade caravans in the Kazakh steppe, which began at the turn of the XVIII–XIX century, followed by transit to the markets of Central Asia, actualized the issue of their security in the Russian-Kazakh relations. The emergence of this problem was due to the departure from the political arena of the authoritative khans of the XVIII century and the growing struggle for power between their numerous descendants. The ability to accompany Russian caravans through the Kazakh steppe, ensuring their safety, was considered by the Kazakh ethno-elite as a strong argument for strengthening political influence. Competition between it for this right led to attacks on trade caravans of those sultans who could not use it. At the beginning of the XIX century the problem of safety of trade caravans was discussed with members of "Deputy missions" of Junior and Middle zhuzes, who came to the court of Russian emperors. At the conversations, the issues of strengthening the protection of caravans, the responsibility of sultans for their support, mechanisms for identifying those responsible for the attacks were discussed. The regional government called the governors of clans to strengthen control over situations in the wilderness, and to prevent new attempts of attacks. However, diplomatic measures did not bring the desired effect. Therefore, since the 20-ies of the previous century Russian authorities began to consider the robbery of Russian trade caravans as a criminal offense and to determine the measure of responsibility of the guilty within the framework of the current legislation. At the regional level, stronger measures have been taken to capture and punish those responsible.

158-165

Authors: Ivan A. Ermachkov, Evgeniya V. Vidishcheva, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Jasmin Gut

The article discusses theeveryday life and traditions of the mountain tribes of the eastern part of Georgia, namely, tushins, pshavy, khevsurs.The attention is paid to the anthropological appearance, traditions and religious rules of these peoples. There were involved as materials the reference, local history and memoirs literature, in which issues of traditions and life of the population of eastern Georgia, namely Tushetii, Pshavii and Khevsureti, were considered. The methodological basis of the study was the traditional historiography principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. In the process, the following general historical methods were used – the problem-chronological method, which allowed studying individual facts of changes in the customary law of the mountain peoples of eastern Georgia in their temporal sequence; as well as historical and comparative, which allowed to compare the peculiarities of life and traditions with other peoples of the Caucasus, to identify the common and the particular. In conclusion, the authors state that the everyday life and traditions of the mountain peoples of eastern Georgia have much in common with the life and traditions of the christian peoples of the Caucasus. Nevertheless, the peoples of eastern Georgia had their own features, namely the implementation of rituals (for example, the rite of reconciliation of krovnik), the worship of their gods (with the mountaineers' hierarchy of gods), etc. It is important to note the inherent belligerence of mountain people with the worship of courage in all its manifestations.

176-187

Authors: Galya A. Alpyspaeva, Sholpan N. Sayahimova, Lazzat Т. Jumaliyeva

The article discusses the first experience of the organization of medical care by the Russian Empire in the Kazakh steppes of the Middle Zhuz in the 20-60s of the XIX century in the implementation of the administrative reforms. The origin base is made up of the documentary sources from the archives of the cities of Kazakhstan and published materials systematized in collections, as well as the work of Russian researchers of the traditional Kazakh society of the nineteenth century. The policy of the Russian empire for the dissemination of medical knowledge in the region is analyzed, the dynamics of the epidemiological situation in the region and measures to combat infectious diseases is characterized, and the reasons for the weak involvement of Kazakhs in the field of medical care are justified. The authors come to the conclusion that the provisions of the “Charter on Siberian Kyrgyz” of 1822 regarding the construction of hospitals and the distribution of medical knowledge among Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz were not fully realized. However, in the course of the colonization of the region, it became necessary to carry out preventive measures and smallpox in response to outbreaks of infectious diseases caused by resettlement of the European population to the steppe. The infirmaries and hospitals served not only the military, but also the civilian population of the districts, and training of medical workers among the Kazakh people began.

198-208

Authors: Vitaliy V. Prilutskiy

The article studied the influence of american experience on the temperance movement and the struggle for the prohibition of alcohol in the Russian Empire in the late XIXth – early XXth centuries. It is noted that, in the national historiography, due attention was not paid to the problem of the impact of the practice of the United States in the field of the struggle for the “dry law” on Russia. The article considered debate about how to combat alcoholism in the country. It is revealed that russian officials, who expressed the interests of the financial department, defended the wine monopoly, which allegedly contributed to the decrease of drunkenness. Representatives of the intelligentsia and medical workers advocated for a significant restriction of the sale of alcoholic beverages, and only a small group of radical non-drinkers insisted on an “absolute ban” on alcohol. For a long time, advocates of “restrictive measures” and “moderate consumption” prevailed in sobriety societies, but ultimately in wartime conditions advocates of “Prohibition” took the upper hand. It is concluded that public organizations, religious corporations and political parties played a significant role in the fight against drunkenness in America. In the Russian Empire the main function in carrying out anti-alcohol propaganda and establishing popular sobriety was assumed by the state. For radical Russian teetotalers North America (USA and Canada) has become an ideal example of the implementation of state and public anti-alcohol policy based on the prohibition system. The radicals, who sought to transfer the practice defended by prohibitionists to Russia, influenced the adoption by the authorities of the “dry law” in 1914.

219-230

Authors: Elena V. Burlutskaya (Bannikova)

The article provides an analysis of relationships between spouses in the families of noblewomen living in the towns of the Orenburg region during the post-reform era within the framework of history of everyday life. The objects of this study are behavioral and mental components of women's daily family life, i.e., the actions and consciousness of noblewomen related to the sphere of marital relations. Sources used in this study allow us to argue that by the second half of the 19th – early 20th century intrafamily relations had significantly transformed as a result of the overall modernization of Russian society. Women began to proclaim their personal interests more often, both openly and in indirect manner, showing more and more freedom of behavior within the family. The number of unmarried women increased. In the towns of the Orenburg province these processes had some distinct traits due to the non-standard composition of the urban nobility. Those nobles usually came from another province or even another country; they moved to this region only for the period of their service and did not plan to use the Orenburg province as a place of their permanent residence. This significantly reduced the level of social control and led to greater freedom of morals, especially in the upper strata of the nobility. Noblewomen of the middle strata were more inclined to preserve the traditional family, and were not against unequal marriages. However, a significant difference in the number of noblemen and noblewomen in the Orenburg province, as well as a high level of education of local noblewomen significantly reduced the total number of marriages.

241-251

Authors: Albina S. Zhanbosinova, Arman A. Kulshanov, Mendyganym J. Shaimerdenova

The article is devoted to the history of the development of handicraft of the Kazakh people in the focus of evaluation by the scientists of the XIX century, who left the richest historical heritage. The content of the article is based on a wide range of sources stored in the Central State Archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a rare fund in Abay National Library in Almaty. The general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization subordinated to the main goal of the scientific subject, as well as theoretical studies on the problems of socio-economic development, economic and cultural activities of the population of Kazakhstan and the border regions were used. The economy of Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX century underwent significant changes caused by the development of capitalism in Russia, the spread of commodity-money relations and the disintegration of natural forms of management. The authors believe that the degree of involvement of the population of Kazakhstan in handicraft and, accordingly, the level of their development was different, which depended on many circumstances and factors. The nature of the development of the craft was determined by the natural-consumer activities of the nomadic area and the marginal zone.

262-271

Authors: Maxim N. Krot, Anatoly I. Narezhny

The article is devoted to the development of the concept of government policy towards the Western Territory in the first half of the 60s of the XIX century, when the country entered a period of broad modernization transformations. The contradictory and indecisive policies of the imperial authorities regarding one of the most “problematic” suburbs in the first years of the reign of Alexander II contributed greatly to the exacerbation of the situation in the region, which led to the beginning of an open uprising in Poland in early 1863. As a result, a controversy is underway in the reconstituted Western Committee on the development of a new management model for the Western Territory, one of the most active of which was Minister of the Interior P.A. Valuev. They were offered a compromise program focused on integrating the region into a single imperial space, establishing contacts with the loyal part of the Polish elite, supporting the Orthodox peasant population and comprehensively strengthening the Russian principle in the province. Another approach to this problem was defended by the Governor-General of the Western Territory M.N. Muravyev, who was a supporter of the dominant power methods and the suppression of the Polish beginning in the province. The article presents a comparative analysis of the main provisions of these concepts, set out in notes reviewed at meetings of the Western Committee, which made it possible to establish the existence of an internal ideological unity of these approaches with a different understanding of the methodology for their implementation. The authors conclude that Valuev built his policy concept on the Western Territory in a single context with the general process of modernization of Russia, since its success was largely due to the need to reorganize the government apparatus of the Russian Empire and the success of the planned and ongoing reforms in Russia.

284-295

Authors: Elena G. Lapshina

The Russian nobleman V.N. Voyeykov (1868–1947) entered a narrow circle of confidants to the tsar Nicholas II. In 1913 V.N. Voyeykov was appointed the palace commandant and was on this post up to renunciation of the tsar. Since 1913 headed Glavnonablyudayushchego's Office behind physical development of the population of the Russian Empire, actual a prototype of the Ministry of Sport. Being an adherent of a healthy lifestyle, supported development of physical culture and sport in the Russian society, especially in army. From its giving and with active participation measures for improvement of physical training of soldiers and recruits were taken – necessary documentation («Manual for training of troops in gymnastics») was developed, sports institutions (Gymnastic and fencing school) were created, competitions of various level, etc. were held V.N. Voyeykov promoted strengthening of positions of Russia at the international sports level and to folding of the Olympic Movement in the country for what the domestic Olympic Games were held (Kiev – 1913, Riga – 1914). «Mobilization of sport», for which Glavnonablyudayushchy was responsible, provided a complex of actions for preparation of reserves for army during World War I through creation of special military and sports committees from among the military authorities and the sport organizations. V.N. Voyeykov built the estate, interesting in terms of architecture, in the entail property in Kamenka of the Penza province, counting on visit of Crown Prince Alexey; created production on pouring of the Kuvaka mineral water and actively advanced it as in Russia, and abroad, using proximity to the emperor, the official position and own abilities.

306-313

Authors: German E. Bokov, Mikhail S. Stetckevich, Elena S.Stetckevich

The article was prepared on the basis of a study of the theological and polemical works of Professor of theology at the Imperial University of St. Vladimir in Kiev archpriest Paul Svetlov written by him in the late 19-th – early 20-th century. His works have not yet become the subject of special research in modern historiography. This article focuses on his publications on the reforms of higher theological education in the Russian Empire. He himself proposed this formulation of the problem, since in church circles at that time only the next reform of religious education was discussed. However, as archpriest Paul Svetlov stated, theology is a science that can develop only “in the family” of University sciences.In his opinion, the introduction of theological faculties will be useful both for the University itself, and for the russian Church, and for the russian state. In his publications, Svetlov pointed out the great shortcomings of the religious education, which became especially noticeable at the beginning of the 20-th century. He was one of the active participants of the sessions the 1906 Office, Preceding the All-Russia Church Local Council, where discussed the whole complex of Church problems, including of the questions of religious education. Svetlov proved himself to be a bright polemicist, who defended his “special opinion” about the immediate replacement of theological academies by the theological faculties, which, however, was not supported as excessively radical. In the proposed publication the discussions on the higher theological education in Russian society of the early 20-th century are considered on the basis of the classical principles of strict historicism and scientific objectivity.

325-336

Authors: Ekaterina A. Nazirova, Nadezhda I. Shelkoplyasova

The article shows that the changes in the economic domain of the Russian Empire, which occurred in the 50s of the XIX century, led to the reform of the banking sector. As a result, a three-level model was formed by the end of the XIX century, which included state, cross functional commercial credit organizations and microfinance institutions of credit cooperation. The first (state) level was represented by the State, Noble Land, Peasant Land banks, St. Petersburg and Moscow loan coffers and saving banks. The article analyzes the implementation of credit policy at the state level in the post-reform epoch in the province of the Russian Empire on the example of the Tula province. The legal framework of the organization and functioning of credit institutions on the first level is considered. The specificity of activity of local branches of state banks is revealed. The mechanism of functioning of Tula branches of State, Noble Land, Peasant Land banks and savings banks is shown. The features of credit policy in the Tula province are confirmed by specific statistics on the basis of archival documents, first introduced into scientific discourse. In the Tula province, the first Saving Bank was established in 1849 under the Tula Order of public charity. Since 1863, the system of savings banks has been experiencing a protracted crisis, which was caused by intense competition in the lending market. In 1860 the State Commercial Bank was transformed into the State Bank. Tula branch was established on May, 01 in 1882. Mortgage banks functioned successfully in the region. The branch of the Peasant Land Bank was established in 1887, and on February, 15 in 1897 the Tula branch of the state Noble Land Bank was opened.

348-356

Authors: Svetlana Yu. Tsohla, Nataliia A. Simchenko, Irina G. Pavlenko

The article analyses the process of creating of the socio-economic infrastructure of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) by the Russian Empire. The analysis of the transfer of advanced Russian scientific and technical experience into the construction of the Great Siberian Route is made. The authors have analyzed the implementation of the CER project as the megaproject at the beginning of the 20th century on the territory of another country. Moreover, the role of the labor exploits of Russians is highlighted in the work. It is underlined that the Russian engineering decisions were successful despite on the lack of accurate geographical and topographical data, difficult natural and domestic factors and low level of culture and technical illiteracy of the Chinese. The phenomenon of the labor exploits is analyzed in the framework of implementation of CER project in Russian Empire. The formation of the socio-economic infrastructure of the CER played a huge role in the development of the Russian Empire and China. Due to the construction of the CER, the Chinese Manchuria began to develop as an industrialized and cultural center of China. Furthermore, the creation of the socio-economic infrastructure of the CER allowed the strategy developing of Russian Empire in the Asian region in the conditions of growing challenges and threats.

366-379

Authors: Oksana V. Ishchenko, Timur A. Magsumov

The article is devoted to the study of student questionnaires conducted in the universities of Tomsk in 1901-1913. The authors analyze the changes of material and social status of Siberian students in the early 20th century. The study revealed that the students’ living standard was largely determined by their parents’ welfare status. At the same time, the fact of belonging to a certain social class did not play the main role as it failed to determine the family’s social status or well-being. Therefore, the offsprings of burghers at the Tomsk Technological Institute were often better off than the children of nobles and clergy at the Tomsk University. The authors studied the materials of student questionnaires and identified the main sources of the student’s budget, which included money received from the family, financial assistance from the state and/or philanthropists as well as personal earnings. Tuition fees are believed to have been the biggest item of the student’s expenses along with rent and money spent on food. To have a relatively decent way of living, an average student was supposed to spend at least 300-350 rubles, but many students were below that income level. Therefore, all the students can be divided into low-income, middle-class and upper-class groups, the first and second group being much larger in number. Analysis of student profiles showed a slight increase in students’ material security and improving their living conditions. This was especially true for students of technical universities, because their knowledge and skills were in demand for the industrial development of the Siberian region. However, a relatively slow increase in living standards and short duration of the stabilization period prevented a significant share of poor students from improving their material situation.

395-405

Authors: Olesya M. Dolidovich, Vera I. Fedorova, Anna S. Zhulaeva

The article deals with the conflict of imperial and regional interests on the issue of the introduction of a duty-free trade regime in the mouths of Siberian rivers. The study is based on archival and published documents, materials of the Siberian pre-revolutionary periodicals. The authors claim that imperial power was based on the tasks of integrating the Siberian region into the all-Russian economic space. The proof of which is the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, projects for the development of the transport network, which united Siberian rivers. However, the implementation of such projects often did not take into account the interests of the local bourgeoisie, which sought to act as an independent player on the Siberian market. The establishment of a duty-free trade regime in the mouths of Siberian rivers promoted the growth of its competitiveness and would allow it to enter world markets, bypassing its intermediaries from central Russia. But the government for a long time in this matter took the side of large financial and industrial circles in the central part of the country. And only under the influence of the events of the First World War, part of the royal bureaucracy came to understand the development of navigation along the Northern Sea Route as one of the necessary conditions for national security. However, the initiative in this matter has already been seized by foreigners in the person of J. Lida, behind whom stood Norwegian, English and American capital, who viewed Siberia as a platform for strengthening in Central and East Asia.

413-422

Authors: Viktor S. Brachev, Matvey F. Polynov, Valeriy A. Ratchkovskiy, Mikhail V. Fedorov

The article is devoted to the study of administrative activity in 1911-1918 of the last rector of the Imperial St. Petersburg University Erwin Davidovich Grimm (1870–1940) – a prominent specialist in the history of Ancient Rome and the revolutions of 1779–1793 and 1848 in France. The authors focus on the development of difficult relations between the Council of professors and the administration of the "Autonomous" St. Petersburg University, headed by E.D. Grimm, and The Minister of public education, in the light of the efforts of the authorities, the failure of the student strike of 1911 to ensure proper order in higher education institutions of the Empire. Particular urgency of the situation given that reflect the onslaught of the power of E.D. Grimm had in terms of the destructive activities of the social democrats and the socialist-revolutionaries at the University who used every opportunity to organize anti-government gatherings, demonstrations and filibuster the "reactionary" professors. Unlike L.A. Kasso, the new Minister of P.I. Ignatiev was known as (and partly, probably, was) a liberal. He was impressed by the compromise approach to the Affairs of the rector of the University. As a result, he attracted E. D. Grimm and the moderately liberal part of the faculty behind him to cooperate in the development of a new University Charter. Former liberal opposition of the Board of professors of the University with the Ministry of education is gone. Against this background, the success of E. D. Grimm in pacifying the revolutionary part of the students looks more modest. But here, I must give him credit, he had them. With all possible nuances, the merits of E. D. Grimm, as the rector of St. Petersburg University, confidently conducted his Alma Mater through the storms and thunderstorms of the pre-revolutionary years, it is difficult to overestimate.

437-446

Authors: Tatiana V. Gryaznukhina, Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Denis N. Gergilev, Larisa F. Malyutina

The First World War, its influence on the creative intellectual society and the attitude of this society to military events are the main issues raised in this article during the research. The article contains the facts from the biographies of the most prominent representatives of the creative intellectual society who are directly related to military events. Used sources such as archival documents, diaries, and memories show that the initial enthusiastic perception of war, as the current events unfold, changes to moods of skepticism and frustration. In the course of the analysis of the actual material, a picture of an ambiguous attitude to the war was revealed, and even among its supporters. In general, the attitude to the war among the intellectual society ranged from its full acceptance to its complete denial. The intellectual society of Siberia, in this respect, did not show originality repeating the trends characteristic of the Russian region. Few representatives of the intellectual society took a real part in the military activity. Basically, their activities were limited to articles in periodicals, reading poems at various meetings, raising funds for the benefit of the wounded, and opening lazarets and hospitals. Due to their disunity and isolation from the realities of life, the creative intellectual society could not significantly influence the socio-political situation in the country and accordingly fulfill the voluntarily assigned function to determine the future path of development for Russia.