Bylye Gody

1334-1346

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Vladimir G. Ivantsov, Michal Šmigeľ, Sergei N. Bratanovskii

The article analyses the process of transformation of the institution of the slave trade in the Caucasus in the IV–XIX centuries.There were used as materials a variety of sources and special literature on various aspects of the research topic. The authors came to the conclusion that the slave trade in the Caucasus had its own characteristics and stages determined by the development of the historical process with a significant role of external factors. So, in the period of influence of Byzantium the slavery in the Caucasus with its components was relatively undeveloped. The situation has changed fundamentally with the fall of Byzantium, after which a stream of slaves flooded from the Caucasus into the Ottoman Empire. The development of the slave trade in the Caucasus has had the undeniable negative consequences: as a result, the export to slave markets of the best in their qualities of men, women and children; the initiation of feudal strife and the organization of raids to capture prisoners. However, the slave trade has become an important economic component in the relationship of the Ottoman Empire with the highlanders of the Caucasus and their political orientation towards Istanbul.

1354-1365

Authors: Aleksandr A. Kudrjavcev

The death of Ivan the terrible and the accession to the Russian throne of first his son Fyodor Ivanovich, and then Boris Godunov, did not make significant changes in Russian policy in the Caucasus. Moscow continued to support the tsars of Eastern Georgia, and its diplomatic ties with the rulers of Transcaucasia were involved in the highlanders and Cossacks of the North Caucasus. In its geopolitical plans of the Imperial administration relied on the Terek Cossacks and the mountaineers of the Northwest Caucasus, seeking at the same time military and political measures to attract shamkhalov Tarkovsky, which controlled the territory of the Caspian region R. Sulak to the river Ullu-tea. The latter were the main allies of the Crimean khanate and Turkey. In this, one of the most difficult in the history of Russia in the periods of end of the XVI – early XVII centuries, when actively brewing, and then came the development of a deep crisis of the time of Troubles, when the Russian government particularly acute was the question of the state and its territorial integrity, the highlanders and the Cossacks of the North Caucasus was among the supporters of the legitimate government and supported the Royal Governor on the Terek and Astrakhan. Later, after the accession to the throne of Mikhail Fedorovich, they unanimously sided with the new Russian dynasty, which refused to support the self-styled contenders for the Russian throne. However, at the beginning of the XVII century, in the midst of turmoil in the сentral regions of the state, the Terek Cossacks, unlike the Grebensky Cossacks, along with significant masses of the don, Zaporozhye, Volga, Yaitsky Cossacks, were involved in the turbulent events of the Russian state of this time and actively participated in the Russian turmoil, leaving a bright trace in the historical events of this period. The attempt of ataman Zarutsky and Marina Mnishek at the final stage of the troubles to raise a rebellion in the South of Russia did not find support from the Cossacks and mountaineers of the North Caucasus, who came to defend the Romanov dynasty

1376-1387

Authors: Larisa V. Tataurova

In the period of XVII-XVIII centuries in Western Siberia system of settlement structures around the cities and stockade towns had been formed. Villages were founded by service men from military garrisons, who were obliged to farm as well. The consequence of those processes was formation of the population’s historical ecology, which included life support system. The system’s main elements were settlements and dwellings, food and costume sets. Their existence as final products, which provided the existence and development of human groups, was connected with functioning of various household crafts. Those handicrafts produced means of production and materials necessary for house construction, cooking and clothes making. Market economy based on specialized handicraft trade working for sale was only founding in that period. Despite a mention in written sources about artisans’ presence in the cities, their production organization did not go beyond the domestic craft. The author obtained archaeological materials during the excavations of Russian settlements of XVII-XVIII centuries in the Omsk Irtysh Region. The materials with results of interdisciplinary research allowed author to approach the reconstruction of handicraft occupations of the rural population and analyze their role in the formation of the basic elements of the life support system. On the base of archaeological collections of the rural settlements Anan’ino and Izyuk was considered forging, pottery, shoemaking, bone carving, cooperage, and weaving, spinning production. The methods of knitting with bone needles were also reconstructed. Author revealed role of domestic made items among the goods brought “from Russia” and made for sale by proficients.

1397-1405

Authors: Olga N. Naumenko, Evgeny A. Naumenko

The article considers the process of socialization of Roma in Siberia through the transformation of caste representations on the basis of the synergetic approach. The authors believe that in Siberia this process is faster than in Russia as a whole because of the climatic, social and cultural characteristics of the region. As a result a group of "Siberian Gypsies" appeared which is fully integrated into society and preserved the traditional culture. The research is based on the analysis of two groups of caste norms in the culture of Siberian Gypsies of the XVIII –at the beginning: providing income by lawful (earnings) and illegal. The second group has the role of a "safeguard mechanism" to prevent the infiltration of foreign influence into the caste system. The activation of this mechanism is a natural phenomenon and indicates the weakening of the first group of caste norms. The authors project the conclusions to the current state, showing that in the Russian conditions the activation of the "safeguard mechanism" is uneven. The article emphasizes that culture of Gypsies is the only one in Russia, which preserved archaic caste ideas, characteristic of a completely different civilizational space. The study of the interaction of these norms is important not only for Russia but also for India, which is now trying to transform its caste system.

1417-1426

Authors: Anatoly S. Skripkin

The article is a systematic historiographical review of the authors’ works engaged in the study of historical and archaeological sites of the Lower Volga Region. The article consists of the references to the documents, reports and materials of the domestic archaeological organizations. It also includes the archaeological expeditions and the archaeological collections obtained during the excavations of burial mounds and settlements on the territory of the Lower Volga Region. The brief conclusions of the archaeological and analytical works’ later researchers for two centuries of the study of this region have been made in this article. The article shows the genesis, evolution and formation of the archaeological researches with the creation of all the necessary elements of the scientific approach in the study of the past in the Low Volga Region. The author of the article considers that the first prepositions for the excavations with the cognitive purposes include the study of A.V. Tereshenko according to the Tsarevsky settlement in 1843-1851. This researcher kept the diary records of the excavation process and made the drawings of the open objects. There were began the works on the mapping of the archaeological sites and developed the basic requirements to the process of the archaeological excavation by the end of the XIX century. The archaeologists began to keep the diary notes, made the situational plans and the drawings of excavated objects. The archaeological researches of the Lower Volga Region to be carried out systematically and scientifically in the XX century. The author of the article also points to the fact that the Lower Volga Region presents the unlimited opportunities for archaeologists to study the ancient and medieval history of the South of Russia. These places consist of the archaeological monuments of all ages since the Stone Age to the Middle Ages, and many of them are waiting for their researchers.

1436-1455

Authors: Badma K. Salaev, Danara A. Suseeva, Tamara S. Esenova, Nadezhda S. Dzhambinova

The article analyzes the process of adaptation of the Kalmyks who voluntarily joined the Russian state in 1609 into the Russian society of the XVIII century. Sources were numerous official letters of the Kalmyk khans and their contemporaries in "tod bichig" ("clear letter", the old Kalmyk script) addressed to representatives of Central, regional and local authorities, settled in the National Archives of the Kalmyk Republic. The results of the analysis allow us to conclude that the Kalmyks have become aware of themselves as an integral part of Russia since their voluntary entry into its structure. The official letters reveal the mechanism of gradual adaptation of Kalmyks to life in the new geopolitical conditions, successful integration of the Kalmyk people in all spheres of life of the Russian society of the considered era – both internal (economic, political and cultural life) and external (participation in wars against enemies of the Russian state). Drawing a panorama of the life of the steppe people in all its diversity, the documents describe the relationship between the Kalmyk and Russian peoples in military, social, commercial, economic activities, in interpersonal communication. Interethnic relations of the Kalmyks in the fight against common internal and external enemies can be described as fraternal, as characterized by mutual assistance of peoples in the protection of the territory, military campaigns. Such were trade, cultural and family relations established by the Kalmyks with different peoples in the period under consideration. Vocabulary,phrases and style of the documents that were reviewed indicated the formation of consciousness of the Russian citizen which was common for the Kalmyks of the XVIII century.

1471-1482

Authors: Sergey M. Sayadov

The article is about one of theinsufficiently explored aspects of russian-armenian cultural and literary connections — the armenological work of the russian writer S.N. Glinka. S.N. Glinka was one of the prominent representatives of the conservative-nationalist trend. The admiration for republican ideals, the hatred of slavery, despotism with the idea of the inviolability of the existing world order, and sincere devotion to the autocracy were peacefully coexisting in his ideology. These features of S.N. Glinka's worldview appeared in his works on armenian history. In S.N. Glinka‘s works on armenian subjects a great attention was paid to the armenian nation’s contribution to the world history and culture, the fight for freedom and independence oftheir homeland. Armenian history was first considered from the inception of the armenian statehood to becoming an Armenian region a part of Russia in Glinka’s works. They detail the history of russian-armenian links, issue of the emerging of therussian orientation of the armenian liberation movement. He was one of the first in the russian prerevolutionary historiography to give a high assessment and stress the historical significance of the entry of Eastern Armenia into Russia. Essentially he discovered Armenia, its history and culture for the russian reading public of that period, contributed the formation of the scientific foundations of the russian school of armenology and was the first representative of this school. The article attempts to historiographical analysis of the problem "S.N. Glinka-historian of the armenian people" on the basis of a wide range of publications of pre-revolutionary, soviet and modern periods. According to a number of authors, including S.G. Areshyan, E. A. Hakobyan, works on the history of the Armenian people. Glinka were the best of all his works of historical subjects.

1492-1498

Authors: Goran Rajović, Dmitry O. Ezhevski, Alla G. Vazerova, Milica Trailovic

The article deals with the tactical and strategic techniques used by general Zass during his service in the Caucasus. The attention is paid to intelligence, counterintelligence and sabotage activities, as well as aspects of information war. The source base of the article consists of documents of the state archive of Krasnodar region (Krasnodar, Russian Federation), some of which were first introduced into scientific circulation. In methodological terms the study was carried out using the historical and comparative method, which allowed to identify the general and special in the activities of russian military leaders in the Caucasus. In accordance with the principles of historicism, objectivity and chronology, the events were considered in their historical sequence with the involvement of various materials. The authors conclude that the tactical and strategic techniques used by General G.Kh. Zass during his service in the Caucasus were entirely aimed at depriving the enemy of the initiative. For this purpose, the intelligence, counterintelligence and sabotage measures were widely used. General Zass gave great importance to the spread of misinformation and rumors, and used methods of psychological influence – intimidation. All of this was intended to force the highlanders to stop the practice of raiding on the russian territory, having achieved this significant success, he became one of the most active and respected generals of the russian army.

1507-1517

Authors: Nugzar Ter-Oganov

In the XVIII century in Georgia, where serfdom was the main form of socio-economic life, the georgian jews, as well as serfs of other nationalities, consisted of three categories of serfs: royal, landowners and church-monastic. All three categories of serf jews paid taxes in cash and in kind. The georgian historical documents of the study period indicate that the royal and landlord serfs sought to convert to serfdom, which was due to the fact that the church serfs received some relief in paying taxes. At the same time, all aspects of economic and personal life, as well as the legal status of serf jews, were regulated by the georgian orthodox church. In addition to agriculture, the georgian jews basically engaged in horticulture and viticulture, mainly engaged in small-scale trade, as well as national industry and handicrafts. They were obliged to pay taxes and carry a number of duties, namely to carry military service: to serve in the army of the land − "lashkari", as well as in the permanent army of the king Erekle II − "morige jari" or "morige." Despite some legal restrictions of the legal order, in practice, members of the georgian-jewish community enjoyed the same rights as their christian compatriots. Moreover, georgian jews had an unprecedented right in the history of the jewish diasporas to own christian servants. In the letters of sale the georgian jews appear in the role of both sellers and buyers of land. The documentary material allows us to speak about the existence of large Jewish land tenure in Georgia.

1530-1537

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Vladyslava M. Zavhorodnia, Lybov G. Polyakova

The article is dedicated to Nikolai Vasilievich Varadinov (1817–1886) – one of the first law professors of the Russian Empire, an eminent civil law scholar, and historian of jurisprudence. The biography of N.V. Varadinov is briefly represented. The authors paid the main attention to the analysis of his scientific works devoted to various aspects of civil law. Most of these studies were of an applied nature. In these works, Nikolai Varadinov pointed the genetic unity of the law of European nations; emphasized the need to study law in conjunction with the historical development of society, considered that it was necessary to refer to the progressive values of Western jurisprudence, taking into account national traditions and peculiarities.

1552-1565

Authors: Mikhail S. Belousov

The article examines key episodes of political struggle in the Decembrist movement both inside and between the Northern and Southern societies in 1823-1825. The course and results of the Petersburg meetings of 1824 are analyzed on the basis of “Notes” of S.P. Trubetskoy from the collection of I.A. Shlyapkin. It is shown that the meetings not only did not contribute to the consolidation of secret societies, but rather became the culmination of the pressure of P.I. Pestel to the northerners. All his initiatives were rejected. A new interpretation of the development of the Southern Society in 1825 is given. Interaction of S.P. Trubetskoy with the leaders of the Vasilkovsky society contributed to the isolation of P.I. Pestel. During this period, the views of S.P. Trubetskoy undergo changes, and he begins to support the idea of a peripheral insurrection. Another important collision is the relationship of S.P. Trubetskoy and K.F. Ryleeva. The study of this plot leads to the conclusion that S.P. Trubetskoy was disappointed by the changes that had taken place. K.F. Ryleev evoked his antipathy and could not be perceived as an ally in the implementation of political plans. But the situation changed as a result the death of Alexander I and the beginning of the interregnum. The presented analysis leads to the conclusion that the reason of the defeat of the Decembrist uprisings should be sought not in subjective factors, but in the character of the ideological split that existed in a secret society.

1575-1583

Authors: Gulmira S. Sultangalieva, Zhanna K. Dyussembekova

The article reveals the process of introduction the distance system on the territory of the Kazakhs of the Orenburg region and the appointment of the distance chiefs for almost forty years (1831–1868). It was important for the Russian administration to force the integration of the Kazakh Steppe into Empire by creating a fractional territorial administrative structure of governance, strengthening the influence of Russian power in the Steppe, since in the first half of the XIX century Orenburg region served as bridge for the advancement of the Russian Empire in Central Asia. Distant system gave the ability to systematically record the number of tents and the number of Kazakh people in the depths of the Steppe and collect tent taxes from the local population and regulate the relationship between border residents and nomads. The article is based on archival documents extracted from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan and historical literature.

1592-1600

Authors: Svetlana Khubulova, Boris Koibaev, Zalina Sosranova, Alan Tsarikaev

The article is devoted to the role of the church press in the socio-cultural and political life of the Terek region of the second half of the XIX century – early XX centuries. ROC took an active part not only in missionary and teaching activities, but also included in educational, charitable and journalistic activities. For the first time, a regional diocesan seal became the subject of study. An analysis of the materials published on the pages of the Vladikavkaz diocesan statements allows us to state that the latter possessed sufficient potential of a consolidating platform, and in different periods could achieve this status. The materials introduced into scientific circulation give an idea of the process of the formation of the local church printed organ, the problems of its development, and also allow reconstructing the role of diocesan statements in the formation of the cultural space of the Terek region, the formation of the church intelligentsia of the region. The authors' collective was not permanent, new people were often invited, who could reasonably represent public opinion. An analysis of the materials of the Vladikavkaz diocesan lists made it possible to establish that the authors of the articles were not only clergymen, but teachers, journalists, public figures, which speaks of the public interest in this printed publication. A feature of the local diocesan statements was that along with the all-Russian functions, it performed additional, related to the ethno-confessional diversity of the region. As it was established, the Vladikavkaz diocesan lists performed several tasks simultaneously: first, the Orthodox clergy of the diocese consolidated; secondly, they strengthened the ties between the clergy and the believers, and third, mediated relations between the church and the secular world.

1612-1624

Authors: Bakhytgul T. Tuleuova, Lyzzat K. Shotbakova, Gulnara M. Smagulova

The article considers the formation and development of the system of school education in the Kazakh steppe in the context of the educational policy of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX and beginning of the XX centuries. Based on archival materials, various documents and scientific literature, the stages of formation and development of the school system of the Kazakh population are analyzed. The process of formation of the educational system is considered by the example of a nomadic society Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, which constitute today the territory of Central Kazakhstan. Detailed in-depth analysis of archival data and documentary materials makes it possible to say that the formation of school education was complex, including various forms of organizing the education of Kazakh children, such as boarding schools, gymnasiums, Russian-Kazakh schools, and aul schools.The ultimate goal of the educational policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh steppe was, on the one hand, the commitment to bring out Kazakh children from the influence of Muslim ideology, on the other hand, the upbringing in Kazakh children a love for the Russian Empire as their homeland. In addition, educating of Kazakh children has of a purely pragmatic nature, since one of the goals of creating schools for Kazakh children was to train personnel for the administrative structures of the Russian Empire.

1632-1643

Authors: Artyom Y. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the problem of alternative ways of development of the Cossacks in the middle of the 19th century, which poorly understood in Russian historiography. Author uses little-known archival materials from the manuscript department of the Russian National Library and the Russian State Historical Archives, some of which are involved in scientific circulation for the first time. The Orenburg Hosts became a " polygons for reforms " because its local elite supported moderate reforms, fearing that otherwise the government could begin to completely eliminate this Cossack Hosts (appeals to this really sounded). However, by the middle of 1870 it became clear that these reforms (based on the conscriptional service system) did not meet expectations. In these circumstances, the Ministry of War turned to the experience of the disloyal Don Hosts, giving representatives of its elite to develop an alternative draft of the military service of the Cossacks, based on the traditional general military service of the Cossacks. This project was supported by the atamans of the Caucasian Cossack troops and the commander of the Orenburg military district, which predetermined its victory. But decade later it emerged that both the "Orenburg" and "Don" versions of the reforms had a common flaw: the economic press was too heavy for the Cossack economy.

1656-1665

Authors: Andrey A. Linchenko

The article reveals the features of the evolution of ideas about Western Slavdom in the works of Russian national conservative panslavists of the second half of the XIX century in the context of their ideas about the creation of the All-Slavic Union. Based on works by N.Y. Danilevsky, R.A. Fadeev, I.S. Aksakov, A.A. Kireev and K.N. Leontiev it was concluded that a significant transformation of the images of the Western Slavs in the 70s – 80s compared with the work of the 60s. The point of view is substantiated that the key significance in the transformation of attitudes towards the Western Slavs was associated with the interpretation of the religious foundations of the future unification and foreign policy changes of the late 70s – the first half of the 80s of the XIX century. In this regard, the deepening contradictions between the most prominent representatives of national-conservative panslavism became the reason for the polar assessments of the role and place of the Western Slavs in the planned all-Slavic union. The most opposite assessments were observed in the views of representatives of the "All-Slavic" (I.S. Aksakov, A.A. Kireev) and "Byzantine" (K.N. Leontiev) directions of Russian panslavism. These assessments are analyzed in the context of the evolution of the attitude toward Western culture in the 60s–80s. XIX century. All this allows us to talk about the ambiguity of the images of Western Slavdom, not only in the Russian social thought of the post-reform period as a whole, but also among representatives of the national conservative camp, in the views of Russian conservative panslavists.

1674-1683

Authors: Nikolaj A.Mininkov, Ludmila V. Mininkova

At a boundary of the 19-20th centuries the regional geography has gained development. It became one of popular branches of complex humanitarian and geographical knowledge. During this period fundamental works on regional geography appeared which belonged to Russia and its territories, including to Area of army of Donskoy. In major works on regional geography of this time in popular form questions of history of Don in connection with questions of his demography, ethnography, economy and settlements were stated.These essays and sections draw attention to the features of the history of the land of the Cossacks as its indigenous population, the changes in different spheres of internal life that took place during the historical development. The focus of the essays-the man, his culture, the processes of formation of the craftsman and warrior man of modern times, taking place under the influence of gradually developing modernization processes. Essays and sections are not devoid of some historical inaccuracies. The emergence of such literature at the turn of two centuries testifies to the growing public interest in the geography and history of countries and regions and the General humanization of culture, in which the problem of man on earth occupies an increasingly prominent place.

1695-1702

Authors: Pavel A. Sungurov

Siberian region since ancient times was famous for its riches. Undoubtedly, the main wealth of Siberia is people who lived there and live there. If we characterize the economic riches of Siberia in historical retrospect, we should say that they have often been modified, at present it is oil, gas, and other fossil resources. At the beginning of the XX century one of the main riches of the region was butter making. Few people know the scale of Siberian buttermaking, and, as a consequence, the colossal revenues that the state received when exporting this product. Since the middle of the XIX centuryin the process of intensive development of the industry included all new and new areas of the Siberian provinces, the key ones were: Kurgan, Tobolsk, Ishim, Tyumen, Tarsky, and other districts (later counties). The most powerful factor in the development of butter making was the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway. Butter, as a perishable product, without the possibility of urgent transportation, it was simply pointless to produce, it was for this reason that the butter industry and the railway in the region developed in parallel. In the last decade of the Russian Empire, butter production will finally become part of the strategic industries, as evidenced by the establishment by the Department of Agriculture in 1908 of special positions of instructors, designed to promote the development of artisanal butter production in all corners of Siberia. In the article, using various groups of sources, an attempt was made to thoroughly consider Siberian buttermaking, presented economic indicators of butter production, key areas of product production, studied the problems of livestock development, indicated the socio-economic transformations that took place in the territories involved in the production of butter.

1712-1724

Authors: Denis G. Yanchenko

The article examines attempts at administrative reorganization of the Chinese Eastern Railway after the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty of 1905. The military high rank officers sought to maintain control over the road and intended to restore the lost positions in the region. The formal reason for this could be the transportation of goods and troops, ensuring the road safety, but at the base it was a desire to return the undermined influence on the Far Eastern affairs. The materials of the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) reflect the struggle on this issue among the military and political elites. After the defeat and the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace, the definition of the further strategy seemed to be the prerogative of civilian agencies (the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), not the military, but this did not happen because of the resistance of the military. Minister of Finance V.N. Kokovtsov did neither plan to renounce the influence on the Far Eastern affairs, nor to entrust the control of the border guard in Manchuria to the military. Quite a logical move by the minister was an indication of foreign policy obligations as a fundamental principle. For a short time, in the conditions of the Duma monarchy in Russia, local governmental structures appeared in Harbin and a part of the settlements. New internal political conditions of the Duma monarchy and preparation for war in Europe forced the government to adjust the goals and objectives in the Far East. The projects, which were discussed by the Russian government, for the Russian order were quite liberal at the beginning of the 20th century. Russian population did not receive additional privileges, and the state authorities of Russia did not officially participate in the formation of public administration. It gave the complete dependence of the Society of the CER from the Ministry of Finance.

1734-1743

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Andrey V. Venkov, Natal'ya V. Miku, Aude Médico

The article is devoted to the analysis of the ratio of opposing linear (armored) forces of the russian 1st Pacific and japanese squadrons during the russian-japanese war of 1904-1905 before the start of hostilities, and the coverage of the tactical and technical characteristics of armored ships and the strategy of their use by the naval leadership. There were used as materials the pre-revolutionary, soviet and modern historiography. The published documents as well as materials of personal origin, such as memoirs, memoirs and diaries have also been applied. The principles of historiography, scientific objectivity and consistency, which are traditional for russian historiography have made the methodological basis of the research. In the process, the problem-chronological method was used, which allowed to consider the topic of the study in chronological order, paying attention to the issues related to the preparation of the russian-japanese war, as well as the situation in the foreign political arena. Also, the paper attempts to assess the chances of winning the 1st Pacific squadron, taking into account its combat capabilities on the eve of the war in terms of the general battle. This article discusses the diplomatic situation before the russian-japanese war and analyzes the strategic plans of the parties for its conduct.

1752-1765

Authors: Andrey Yu. Dvornichenko, Aleksandr E. Kotov

The authors of this article analyse the latest russian historiography of the Great Russian Revolution of 1917 and related events: the First World War and the Civil War. They take mainly journal scientific publications for the “jubilee” of the Revolution in 2017 and 2018. It is clear that the jubilee “set” of academic literature more prominently marked disagreements, and at the same time, the weak points of the historiographic field, which had emerged much earlier. In the foreground there are theoretical questions: what caused the social explosion in Russia, could Russia avoid the revolution, the eternal Russian question "who is to blame" and many others. An important role in the latest discussions plays the estimation of the modernization of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, its nature, prospects and role in the actual revolutionary events. The most vivid example of these disputes is the ongoing discussion around the concept of B. N. Mironov. In the series of attempts to find the causes of the revolution two deserve intent attention: the discussion organized by the editorial board of the magazine "Rossiyskaya Istoriya" about the monograph written by V.P. Buldakov and T.G. Leontieva, as well as a survey of historians opinions which by the compilers of the "February Revolution" miscellany had been undertaken. In recent years, also continued attempts to place the Russian revolution in the global context and most importantly, there are numerous publications devoted to particular aspects of the “great upheavals”: individual social strata and groups, imperial and post-imperial regions. Of particular interest is the question of the role of monarchical groups in the Revolution and the Civil War. The study of the “history of concepts” and “policy of memory” has been developed rapidly in recent years - and in this context there are some important latest publications devoted to the perception of the revolution by contemporaries and descendants. In general, modern historiography intensively accumulates material, preparing the site for a further successful start in the race for scientific truths.

1774-1783

Authors: Viktor N. Razgon

In the article, based on the analysis of the materials of the agricultural census of 1917, the strategy of economic adaptation of unauthorized migrants in the Altai District during the Stolypin reforms is disclosed. One of the elements of this strategy was a more extensive economic use of arable land (mostly leased) compared to old residents and legal migrants. If the old residents half the arable land were left under the reservoir and the fallow, which in general corresponded to the traditional for Siberia system of agriculture, more than 2/3 of the arable land was occupied by unauthorized migrants under crops. The strategy of economic adaptation of unauthorized settlers included active occupation of handicrafts that were scarce in Siberia (tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, etc.), as well as the use of such a method of survival in new natural and geographical conditions and the accumulation of funds as hiring for work in households of old-timers. The author have come to the conclusion, that although the strategy of unauthorized migrants was dominated by the motives of survival, the growth in the economic capacity of their farms, as the residence time increased, indicates a positive dynamics of the process of their integration into a new habitat.

884-914

Authors: Leonid A. Bobrov, Amet-han A. Sheykhumerov, Alexey V. Salnikov

The article analyzes the materials of european, russian, ottoman and crimean-tatar written sources of 15th – mid-17th centuries containing information about spears and javelins of crimean tatars and nogai. In the texts written in Latin language this weapon is referred as "hasta", in English – as "lance" or "horseman's staff", in Italian – as "lanza", in Russian – as "kopye" i.e. spear, etc. The term "kopie" is usually used in the works of Polish authors of 16 – first half of 17 centuries as well, as later the Kalmyk term "dzid" is. It is known that the Crimean Tatars used various types of stabbing long-shafted pole weapons for close and distant combat. There are no descriptions of Tatar spears in the most part of written sources. Only Giles Fletcher draws the attention of readers to the similarity of Tatar spears (horseman’s staff) with the bear spear "with which they hunt bears". Thus, some Tatar spears could have a wide-bladed spearheads. Important changes in the warfare of the East European nomads occurred in 15-16 centuries due to various reasons – military and political as well as economic ones. Comparing to the warfare of the Golden Horde of 14th century, the importance of mounted armored spearmen significantly decreased in the warfare of the Crimean Khanate of 16th century. So many contemporary authors did not consider it necessary to include spears in the list of the main weapons of Crimean Tatars (Paolo Giovio, Marcin Bielski, Andrzej Taranowski etc.), and some of them even directly denied that Turkic nomads of the region possessed the spears (Siegmund Freiherr von Herberstein, Michalon Lituanus, Blaise de Vigenère). Although spears were still in use by Tatars throughout the whole period mentioned, they were not used widely (in some periods one might say even insignificantly). In general, the stabbing long-shafted pole weapons were significantly inferior in popularity to bows, sabers and, possibly, crushing weapons (maces, clubs, basalyk, «maslak» etc.). The most part of spearmen in the troops of the Crimean Khanate of 16th century consisted of wealthy Tatar warriors and some militiamen. There is no information regarding the special detachments of spearmen in the Crimean-Tatar troops. Even now there is no reason to consider not numerous spearmen to be the significant factor of the hit-and-run tactics of the Crimean-Tatar cavalry of 16th century which used bows and sabers. Spears became more important in Tatar armies in the first half of 17th century by some degree but they still were not spread widely so they were not noted by many contemporaries again. Tatar-Nogai spearmen attracted some attention of contemporaries in the Battles of Berestechko (1651) and Warsaw (1656), but in the battle of Konotop (1659) they were practically invisible. Important changes in the weaponry of the Crimean Khanate started in the early 1660s. Judging from the materials of written sources, Tatars started to adopt spears en masse as the result of centralized state policy as it was necessary to withstand the Kalmyk (Oirat) cavalry, whose warriors used stabbing long-shafted pole weapons widely.

931-939

Authors: Olga N. Naumenko, Evgeny A. Naumenko

The article is devoted to the process of penetration of Islam into the life of Ob Ugrians from the point of view of their cultural and historical psychology. The authors rely on the theory of "poor living environment", proving that in the most difficult climatic conditions the human resource of Ob Ugrians was spent exclusively on survival, and it did not allow them to dynamically develop the existing elements of culture and create new ones in accordance with the level of their spiritual needs. Development proceeded on the "principle of complementarity", when the components of other cultures were borrowed, assimilated and accepted as their own. The authors believe that Islam became one of such important donor cultures due to the coincidence of a number of worldview with the Ob-Ugric culture and active missionary activity of the medieval Muslim States. In the XVII – early XX centuries, the process of the spread of Islam continued through the contacts of the Ob Ugrians with the Siberian Tatars, including through the conclusion of marriages. In the context of the Christianization of the XVIII – XIX centuries, the characteristics of Islam in the culture of the Islamized groups of Ob Ugric peoples began to die out, but partially preserved to the present time. However, the centuries-old influence of Muslims was so strong that some groups of Ob Ugrians disappeared, merged with the Muslim population of the region. The authors project the historical experience on the current situation, paying attention to the numerous facts of the marriage of Khanty and Mansi with Muslims who migrate to Ugra from the CIS countries and seek to gain a foothold in a new place, using social protection and the system of benefits provided to the families of indigenous small peoples of the North. This facilitates ethnic assimilation processes and poses a threat to the Ob-Ugric culture and identity.

949-958

Authors: Olga P. Tsys’

The main sources of income of the parish clergy of the Tobolsk North in the XVIII – early XX centuries are considered in the article. It is pointed out that under conditions of prevalence among the parishioners of aboriginal, newly converted to Christianity, the lack of suitable land for parishes, traditional sources of financing for European Russia were closed or restricted: payment for the use or leasing of arable land and haymaking, requisitioning, donations of wealthy parishioners. The clergy had to find additional sources of existence, among which traditional trades and trade were named. The weakness of control over the state of affairs in the rural outskirts created opportunities for abuse by some of the clergy in relation to the indigenous population. It is noted that the improvement of material security for the northern clergy was due to the gradual increase in the state funding of the parishes of foreign parishes. There is a replacement of cash payments by kind. At the same time, the attempts of the clergy to obtain ownership of their own fisheries were invariably rejected. The authorities realized the importance of the rural clergy as one of the most important links between the aborigines and the rest of the world, the bearer of traditions that ensures the integration of the local population into the Russian socio-cultural space. The clergy saw in the state's assistance the only opportunity to raise their level of prosperity in the absence of alternative sources of income. It is concluded that by the end of the period under consideration the amount of salaries received from the treasury for the abbot was quite sufficient to sustain life at an acceptable level.

970-979

Authors: Stepan V. Dzhundzhuzov, Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy

The imperial policy of acculturation pursued the goal of integrating the alien population into the Russian economic and sociocultural space. In the presented research this process is considered on the example of structuring of the power elite from representatives of the feudal-tribal nobility among the Stavropol christened Kalmyks. It manifested itself both in the formation of the military-bureaucratic status of the Kalmyk managers, and in the imposition of standards for a settled way of life. The sources for the study were materials from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow), the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow), the State Archives of the Orenburg Region (Orenburg).Part of the archival materials used in the article were S.V. Dzhunzhuzovym prepared and provided for publication in the thematic collection "Volga Stavropol Kalmyks...". The information contained in them allowed us to build a canvas of historical events, in the context of the development of which the empire defined and improved the methods of its acculturation impact. The situational approach and the historical comparative method used in the course of the research made it possible to show and compare the changes in the legal position of the feudal-serving nobility of baptized Kalmyks, depending on the political strategy used by the government in a certain period. In our opinion, the management elite, formed from Christian-dominated owners and zaisangs, was used by the empire as a kind of subordinate mechanism in establishing control and management over ordinary Kalmyks.For a little more than a century of the existence of the Stavropol Kalmyk settlement, the attitude of the government to the representatives of the Kalmyk nobility has undergone drastic changes – from elevation and support to total deprivation of all special rights and privileges.

992-1008

Authors: Olga B. Belikova

Drawing on archaeological materials, the article looks into issues associated with tobacco consumption in the south-eastern periphery of Western Siberia, more specifically, in the taiga region of Chulym (the Chulym River which is the right tributary of the River Ob). It provides an analysis of eight birch bark tobacco boxes – found on 18–19th century sites – that were used by the aboriginal population of the region, namely, the Chulym Turks. These boxes are designed for storing crushed tobacco or tobacco mixtures. Tobacco smoking known to be present in Europe since the late 16th century had become widespread in Russia by the early 17th century. According to scientific literature, the indigenous population of Siberia was largely introduced to tobacco in the 17th century (A.V. Shapovalov believes that this most probably took place in the period from the 1610s to the 1630s). The Chulym Turks are thought to have encountered tobacco and smoking accessories in the 17th century at the earliest, through the Selkups from the neighbouring Narym Ob region. From written ethnographic evidence it is known that by the 1770s the Chulym Turks had become familiar with smoking in great numbers. From the 18th to the 19th centuries, birch bark tobacco boxes started to appear in their everyday life and ritual practices and were most definitely part of female burial rites. The study presented in the article revealed that these Chulym Turks’ tobacco boxes were all executed in a much similar style as far as their shape and design are concerned. The six tobacco boxes, ornamented with symbols of agriculture and fertility, were identified to be clearly of Russian origins. Thus, this set of Western Siberian artefacts constitutes a relic of 18–19th century Russian birch bark craftsmanship. The origins of the remaining two undecorated tobacco boxes are presumably Russian as well. Russian tobacco boxes such as these acted as objects of exchange between Russian merchants and the Chulym Turks.

1019-1027

Authors: Vladimir G. Ivantsov, Yurii N. Makarov, Lyudmila G. Zimovets, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko

The article analyzes the process of involving Mingrelia in the historical and legal space of the Russian Empire on the basis of published documents and materials, which are the main sources on the topic of research, surveys and reminiscences of eyewitnesses of the events that took place, as well as materials of the scientific literature. The identification of features of this process in Mingrelia in comparison with neighboring Imeretia and Guria took an important place. The attention is drawn to the reasons for the temporary length and complexity of the transformation of the management system in Mingreliya from its administrative autonomy to its limitation and abolition.

1037-1045

Authors: Ivan A. Ermachkov, Larisa A. Koroleva, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Jasmin Gut

The article considers the role of general Ermolov in the organization of public health service in the Caucasus. Emphasis is given to the characteristic features of the epidemiological situation in Imereti and other coastal areas of the north-westernCaucasus. There are used as materials the archival sources of the central state historical archive of Georgia (Tbilisi, Georgia), as well as scientific and reference literature. "Acts collected by the Caucasian archaeological commission" are of great significance in the work. While solving thetasks there were used thegeneral scientific methods (system analysis, concretization, generalization). The specification of particular aspects is of particular importance in the study, namely the detailing of historical episodes allow authors to model a complete picture of events. For example, this refers to the complex process of establishing therussian military presence in the Caucasus, which in turn made it possible to choose the location of troops, taking into account the climatic situation. The authors come to the conclusion that by the time of the announcement of general Ermolov – the commander-in-chief of russian troops in the Caucasus, the russian sanitary service has accumulated a wealth experiencein the region. This practice has been gained in terms of epidemics of plague and a number of other diseases and allowed to take more effective and timely measures to minimize losses. And actively anti-epidemic measures were carried out thanks to the position of general Ermolov. However, it is necessary to understand that in many respects the concern of general Ermolov about the personnel of the russian troops was due to the fact that the formation of the russian military presence in the region had already been completed and the troops had more freedom to choose the cantonment sites.

1061-1073

Authors: Pavel A. Merkulov, Anatolii L. Eliseev, Dmitrii V. Aronov

In the history of the formation of the state youth policy in Russia a special role belongs to the XIX century. This century, which included several epochs in the history of the country, became decisive for the formation and development of such an important regulator as the state youth policy. At the beginning of the twentieth century it was one of the secondary directions of social regulation, bearing all the signs of the varieties in social policy. As a result of the systemic reforms of Alexander II, the state youth policy received a powerful boost for renewal in the society, developing at a faster pace in all spheres of social, political and economic life. Eventually, Russia entered into a full-fledged state youth policy in the twentieth century. I see it as a unity of the three basic elements – youth, as a separate social group identified by the state, a specialized legal and regulatory framework and a system of interrelated government bodies (for the 19th century general competence). Analysis of all three components of the state youth policy of Russia until 1917 allows us to work out the criteria for its periodization, as an integral part of the social policy of the state as a whole. It shows the existence of a clear goal-setting in the activities of the state authorities in shaping the regulatory and administrative-management component of the youth policy with respect to the student, working and other categories of youth, to trace the dynamics of changes in the context of the general political situation in the country.

1084-1091

Authors: Evgeniy V. Kryzhko, Petr I. Pashkovsky, Sergey I. Natalevich

The article considers the problem of geopolitical interests of the British and Russian empires in the process of the «Great Game» in Turkestan in the first half of the XIX century. It is established that the UK's approaches were based on the principle of freedom of one's own actions in the international arena, maintaining the balance of power, understanding of India's strategic importance and the need to protect against the Russian expansion of the Central Asian region that borders with India and is important in the military-strategic and trade-economic aspects. It is substantiated that the Russian empire proceeded from an understanding of its geopolitical characteristics of the largest land power, which determined the imperative of territorial expansion in order to prevent possible attacks from outside. Strengthening of Russian positions in Central Asia allowed to limit and control the influence of Great Britain in the region, and subsequently – gave an opportunity to gain access to the Indian Ocean. Based on the analysis of a broad source base and numerous studies, it is revealed that the methods of realizing of the geopolitical interests of the parties coincided in many respects, which was manifested at the beginning of the XIX century in the form of diplomatic missions of both empires to the Central Asian region in order to gather information about the moods of the local population and elites. It is shown that the result of the strengthening of Russia's position as a major supplier of industrial goods to Turkestan becomes activation of the British penetration into the region. At the same time, competition between empires took the form of an open military-diplomatic confrontation. Strengthening Britain's expansion in Central Asia in the early 1840s threatened Russian interests in the region, which actualizes the need for Russia to use military-political methods of rivalry.

1101-1110

Authors: Vladimir N. Shaidurov

In the early 19th century, Russia incorporated Bessarabia that was home to both sedentary and nomadic Gypsies. By the 1810s, Russia already had accumulated its own experience of sedentarizing Gypsies. In 1828, the territory of the Bessarabia Region became the target of another campaign launched to bind Gypsies to land. The experience obtained could be later leveraged in other regions of the Russian Empire. The government allocated land to Gypsies, provided them with money to buy seed grain, agricultural tools and implements, timber to construct housing and farm buildings. However, the campaign failed. In the paper, we will review the campaign in terms of its key events, identify the role of the central government and local authorities in the way they put the campaign into operation and formulate the outcomes of the effort. The primary material for the paper includes documents of the Russian and Moldovan historical archives, which are introduced for the scholarly use for the first time.

1119-1124

Authors: Goran Rajović, Dmitry O. Ezhevski, Alla G. Vazerova, Milica Trailovic

The article discusses the outbreak of plague in the Caucasus, which took place in 1835-1839. The attention is paid to the circumstances of its occurrence, localization and adoption of anti-epidemic measures. The archival documents of the state archive of the Krasnodar region (Krasnodar, Russian Federation) served as materials for the preparation of the study. The special literature and scientific publications reflecting these issues were also used. The methodological basis of research were the principles of objectivity and historicism, assuming an unbiased approach to the analysis of the problems, critical attitude to the sources, making judgments as a result of the analysis of a set of facts or phenomena in the development context and the historical setting. For example, the analysis of a set of facts revealed the reasons for traders’ interest in hiding information about the presence of plague in their regions. The authors conclude that the plague in the Caucasus in 1835-1839 had a pronounced local character. Almost non-stop plague in Turkey and Persia was brought with smuggled goods to Abkhazia and Cherkessia. The anti-epidemic measures of the Russian administration in the Caucasus made it possible to quickly detect the source of infection and take measures to prevent the spread of plague to other territories, including the internal regions of the Russian Empire. However, the preservation of the plague foci in the neighboring russian territories is not allowed until January 1839 to remove the strict quarantines at borders and within the territory of the Caucasus.

1140-1148

Authors: Peter P. Rumyantsev

The article is devoted to the investigation of the financial provision of gendarmerie supervision over the private gold mining industry in Siberia in the middle of the 19th century. In article such questions are also considered as identification of material needs of gendarmerie officials in the matter of financial support for their activities; to point the ways for solving that issue; to identify the relationship mechanisms between different levels of government officials in solving that issue. The sources for the article were primarily the gendarmerie agency documents, which are stored in the central and regional archives of Russia. The research is based on the application of such historical methods as narrative, historical-genetic and comparative-historical. As a result of the research, the author came to the following conclusions. An analysis of the financial support of gendarmerie supervision over private gold mining industry in Western and Eastern Siberia demonstrates the interests of various departments that differently looked at the essence of that supervision and saw the tasks for the agents of that supervision in their specific way. The gendarmerie corps together with the general-governors of Western and Eastern Siberia saw gendarmes as the executives of the government policy of supervision over the gold mining industry in Siberia. They believed that the gendarmerie officers should not feel lack of support to carry out their direct official duties, and also should be independent of gold miners. The Ministry of Finance, on which the allocation of funds for travel expenses to the gendarmerie officials depended, did not consider that the latter fulfill the most important governmental task, so they do not need additional appropriation of funds. In the process of this confrontation between the departments, the position of gendarmerie won, because it was supported by the Tsar himself, and the gendarmes subsequently received enough money to travel around the gold mines. The result of these trips was a large gendarmerie documentation on the situation in the gold mining industry, which is an important historical source.

1159-1165

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev, Polina Yu. Grosheva, Ludmila V. Shkvarya

The article deals with the history of development of controlled aerostats (airships) in the XIX – early XX centuries. Emphasis is given to three main modifications of airships: with a rigid, semi-rigid and semi-soft body. There were used as materialsthe specialized literature on the history of airships, as well as reference and scientific literature. The study applied a set of scientific methods: multifactority and integration, chronology, typology, comparison, etc., which together provide reliability of the results on the problem under study. So, for example, studying the experience of developing controlled balloons, the authors paid attention to the features of their designs, which allowed the airships to be used for civil and military purposes. The authors concluded that the dynamic development of airships in the XIX – early XX century led to the creation of several types of products with a rigid, semi-rigid and semi-soft body. Each of the modifications had its pluses and minuses. If the product with a rigid body was more suited to the needs of civil aviation due to the need for stationary hangars, the balloons with semi-rigid and semi-soft shells were more practical and could be deployed in the field quickly. This predetermined a fairly wide use of the latest on the fronts of the First World War.

1175-1185

Authors: Igor V. Kryuchkov, Natalia D. Kryuchkova

The interaction between Russia and Austria-Hungary inthe field of economics, tourism, science and education in the last third of the XIXth – the beginning of the XXth century is considered in the material. The migration flows between two neighbouring Empires are analyzed as a separate issue. The article touches upon the interest of Vienna and St. Petersburg in growing links in these areas. The archive material, diplomatic documents, the contents of periodical press, statistic data and memoirs serve as historical sources for studying the given issue. Finally, the authors come to the conclusion that regardless intense political conflicts erupted between Russia and Austria-Hungary, a cross-cultural dialogue, economic links and migration flows are being actively developed between two Empires. The priority growing links of Russia with the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empirethat was ahead of Hungary in economic and cultural terms and where Slav population played a greater role insocio-economic, political and cultural life of the society is underlined in the article. Non-political contacts aren’t being reduced afterthe Balkan crisis in 1908 that put Russia and Austria-Hungary in a difficult situationbeing a threat to the beginning of the war. The given fact was manifested with good reasonin the first half of 1914.

1195-1202

Authors: Sergey A. Ikonnikov

In the second half of the XIX – early XX century the problem of material security of parish clergy drew attention not only priests and bishops, but also representatives of the secular public. Orthodox priests played an important role in life of the Russian Empire. Meanwhile, materials of the Special commission on affairs of orthodox clergy had shown that the vast majority of priests was dissatisfied with the material security. The problem was that donations for private services were extremely unstable. Priests and deacons have been forced to be humiliated before parishioners, to demand a payment for commission of sacraments. Many priests considered that establishment of a salary could solve material problems. In the article on the basis of archival documents and published sources the state salary is considered as a source of material security of parish clergy. The state tried to enter a salary throughout Synodic period. However the author comes to a conclusion that government measures had superficial character and weren't real steps to improvement of a situation. The state had no financial resources and couldn't appoint a salary to all clergymen. The government allocated churches only small sums. In 1913 less than a half of parishes of the Central Black Earth's dioceses earned a salary. The problem of providing clergymen with salaries hasn't been solved.

1216-1223

Authors: Irina V. Pivovarova, Yulia V. Putilina, Yulia V. Zubareva, Anvar M. Mamadaliev

The specialized historical magazine "Russian antiquity", which was published from 1870 to 1918, regularly placed on its pages materials that in one way or another affect the Siberian theme. At the same time, the image of Siberia was often revealed through publications of materials about specific people or mythological characters – people from Siberia or living (actually or presumably) some important period of their life in the Siberian region. Decembrists, their wives, elders, historians, archivists, well-known statesmen, representatives of the clergy and even robbers, in one way or another glorified the Siberian region, often represented its peculiar symbol associated in the perception of the professional historical community, as well as a simple readership, with the image of Siberia. In general, we can say that the editors and authors of the "Russian antiquity", judging by the frequency of placement of relevant materials, were in constant search of a certain ideal image – public, state, spiritual figure, who made a special contribution to improving the life and life of Siberians, coverage of regional issues and current problems, romanticization of the image of Siberia as a "remote" region and at the same time – rich in spiritual and material terms, the most important part of the country.

1237-1247

Authors: Irina N. Litvinova, Oksana A. Karagodina

The article presents the material about famous people – the germans of the Volga region, who have achieved major success in social and entrepreneurial activities, which became the property of regional and russian history. Similar material about the Volga germans was collected by agents of the publishing company "I. Brendel and P. Zinner "(Germany) in the Saratov province in the summer of 1914 for the future almanac. In due time because of events of World War I the book didn't appear in Russia. However information on the influential territorial and city public figures, representatives of the intellectuals, merchants, honourable citizens and large handicraftsmen of the german nationality who have made a powerful contribution to development of economy and socio cultural life of Lower Volga area is of interest and today. Authors analyze documentary data on personnel from the position close to agents of the German publishing house. In article bases of private enterprise and individual undertakings of the former colonists in the Saratov region of the beginning of the 20th century reveal. The diligence and thorough approach to economic activity the russian germans actively contributed to the development of flour-grinding, manufactory, oil milling, brewing industries in the region, also innovative types the practician for representatives of the business world of Volga German are revealed. The names of the first former colonists who deserved recognition of the state in the form of appropriation of hereditary honorary citizenship were determined.

1258-1269

Authors: Artyom Y. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the realization of the all-russian project of the official history of the Cossacks in 1902-1908 on the Don. The author shows that this project, which is considered unsuccessful and which is almost forgotten, in fact allowed the creation of books that have become regional scientific classics. But it did not happen on the Don. The main obstacle for the study was the necessary for preparatory work to collect historical sources. The note "About the Organization of Historical Works in Cossack Hosts" required such work, but it was not clearly regulated in this document. As a result, I.P. Popov, who was originally charged for writing the Don history, and a commission of members of the Don statistical committee, which tried to draw up a work plan later, failed to effectively organize the collection and systematization of documents. And in 1908 the general meeting of the committee decided to attract professional historians for this work. It referred to the fact that nothing had been done at last six years. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite all the shortcomings of the government project, it created certain prerequisites for writing the first full-fledged history of the Don army, but these premises were missed because of mistakes by the local administration and those amateur historians who were involved in her work.

1278-1286

Authors: Elena M. Redkina, Alexander B. Khramtsov

In article the main directions of development of out-of-school education in Western Siberia in 1905 – february, 1917 are considered. The contribution to this work of provincial and city managements, private (public) initiatives is noted. The forms of actions of out-of-school education which have gained development in Siberia are allocated, their group is given: lecture, library and publishing, museum and excursion, art and esthetic and sports. Out-of-school education has gained uneven distribution in the territory of the region: in the large cities (Tomsk, Novonikolayevsk, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Kurgan, Barnaul) various forms, in small settlements – only separate have been presented. Among characteristic features – not readiness special techniques, lack of accurate dominants of development of out-of-school activity which general direction can be considered developing. She has served as an auxiliary view of education and self-education of the population and also means of fight against addictions. Thanks to it leisure of youth was filled, the sociocultural horizons of semiliterate people were broadened.

1296-1306

Authors: Orazgul H. Mukhatova, Gulzhan B. Tleubekova, Nurgul N. Kurmanalina

In the late XIX – early XX century, Tsarist Russia actively pursued a policy of resettlement in the Kazakh steppes. A lot of work to improve the socio-economic status of resettled peasants was carried out by the authorities. One of such works is educational or educational activities. This fund contains the data reflecting the work carried out by the department in the field of education. On the basis of these documents, it is possible to determine the direction of the tsarist government’s policy in the Semirechye. The basis of the article is the documents of the head of resettlement department of the Semirechye region of the Main Directorate for Land Management and Agriculture (19th Fund), which are kept in the Central State Archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The fund manages the documents of the state employees on the activities of the Semirechye resettlement institution. Among them there are: circulars, instructions, orders, journals, minutes, reports, reports, references, recommendations. The largest source base in the fund is reporting data and personnel documents. The enlightening activity of the Russian Empire in the Semirechye began with the construction of schools and churches, as this work was associated with religious and educational affairs. Several institutions participated in this process: the Ministry of Public Education, Resettlement Department, Special Committee, Semirechye Regional Committee, Uyezd Committees, Turkestan Diocesan Committee, etc. The funding were also allocated by the Great Synod, Alexander III fund, and from the pocket of the common people. As a result, at the beginning of the XXth century in Semirechensk many schools, churches, parishes were built, in addition there worked mobile churches. Thus, the tsarist government strengthened its educational activities in this region.

1321-1329

Authors: Boris V. Kolesnikov, Olga Yu. Redkina

In 1916-1918 there is a peak of activity of the Czech and Slovak movement for independence and creation of their own state. During that period, political struggle was connected with military units’ formation in the Entente countries and USA. There were Czech and Slovak emigre communities and prisoners of war contingents in these countries. This article is devoted to consideration of the Czech and Slovak national movement in the USA during the World War I. First of all, actions of M.R. Štefanik, member of the Czechoslovak National Council, when he visited USA, for activation of the national movement, are analyzed. Basic problems, which faced Czech and Slovak organizations in the USA before and after their joining the War, and difficulties on a way to military units’ formation there, are studied. M.R. Štefanik’s tactics on decision of military and national issues of Czechs and Slovaks in America is specified. The article shows the way how his activity assisted Czech and Slovak organizations in the USA to recognize the political line of T.G. Masaryk. It proves M.R. Štefanik managed to convince his American countrymen that future of Slovaks as a substantive nation was possible only if they would be allied with Czechs and through creation of common state of both nations. Furthermore, peculiar attention is drawn to problem of relations between the national organizations and federal government. It is concluded about specific features of volunteers recruitment process in the USA for the Czech-Slovak military units. These legions had to serve as a base of the Czechoslovak republic’s army and earn international recognition.