Bylye Gody

5-19

Authors: Sergei A. Nefedov

28-35

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev

The article examines the attempts made by the government of the Russian Empire to solve the issue of the social background of government officials throughout the formation of the bureaucracy during the eras beginning with Peter I and ending with Alexander II. In particular, the article pays special attention to the issue of “ennobling” state service and to what extent it was relevant during the period of the bourgeois reforms.

45-52

Authors: Sergey F. Fominykh, Alexander N. Sorokin, Sergei A. Nekrylov

The article is dedicated to the heir to the throne Nicholas Alexandrovich (the future Tsar Nicholas II) visiting Tomsk and the Imperial Tomsk University on July 5 and 6, 1891, while he was returning from his trip to the east. On the basis of the available scientific literature, documents, including those being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, and the periodical press, the article reconstructs the history of the Tsar’s visit to Russia’s first higher education institution in Asia. The article is meant for those interested in the history of the Romanov kin as well as the history of higher learning and science in Russia.

62-78

Authors: Stanislav V. Dumin

In celebrating the 400th anniversary of the Russian Imperial Household in 2013, it is important to remember that the historic dynasty did not disappear in 1917 and, as with the earlier ruling dynasties, it still retains its status and its structure based on the Law on Succession and the Provision on the Imperial Family. These documents, in part, define that the dynasty includes just the Romanov descendants born from marital unions with the ruling or previously ruling dynasties. The rest of the Romanov descendants that were born from unequal, morganatic marriages, did not belong to the Russian Imperial Family and, correspondingly, did not have the right to the throne. Until 1911, these marriages were simply forbidden for all members of the dynasty. In mentioning representatives of the Romanov family, popular literature and the media often do not mention this circumstance and instead include individuals who were not part of the dynasty, even though they were descended from the Russian Emperors through the paternal or the maternal line. Representatives of the so-called “Association of the Romanov Household”, descendants of Grand Dukes or Dukes of Imperial Blood from unequal marriages, would often point to a decree made by Nicholas II in 1911. The decree stated that the lesser Romanovs, dukes and duchesses of imperial blood, that is, great grandchildren and more distant descendants of Emperors, could enter into unequal marriages with Royal Permission. However, the theory stating that this decree somehow still gave these descendants dynastic rights is refuted through the materials that we have uncovered in the State Archives of the Russian Federation detailing the meeting of the Grand Dukes, called together by the order of Nicholas II and the resolution of the Emperor at the end of this meeting that is published in the article. As such, out of all the Romanov descendants still alive today, the status of being a true member of the dynasty only remains with the current head of the Imperial Household, the Grand Duchess Mariya Vladimirovna and her son (from a dynastic marriage) and heir, Crown Prince and Grand Duke Georgiy Mikhaylovich, who, according to the Law on Succession, is the person who should continue the Romanov Household.

88-93

Authors: Violetta S. Molchanova, Aleksandr A. Cherkasov, Šmigeľ Michal

The article examines the manifestation of patriotic sentiments within Russian society after the first Russian Revolution. It pays attention to the creation of the first monarchical organisations in the country’s centre and its peripheries, as well as the youth’s spontaneous volunteer movement at the beginning of the First World War. The article is based on pre-revolutionary materials and mostly utilises periodical press.

103-110

Authors: Maksim N. Krot

The article is focused on the conservative protective concept of the development of the Russian society during the first post-reform decades (60-80s of the XIX century). The author determines and considers key features of conservative understanding of social progress, such as the priority of spiritual values over material, abandoment of society reforming in accordance with abstract concepts, intention to proceed from the existing social and political realias of the Russian society. Special attention is attached to the disclosure of concervative concept of country modernization within the framework of the estates strata in accordance with the dictates of the times and the model of the correlation of new establishments and institutes with the existing social, economic, cultural and moral principles of the country, offered by the conservatives. The author came to the conclusion that conservative concept of the development of post-reform Russia is the integral element of the country modernization. Its authors and supporters considered that its essence is the addition and balancing of liberal and reform component of this process.

4-9

Authors: Aleksandr Cherkasov, Michal Šmigeľ

The article, basing on the interviewing of 50 veterans of Great Patriotic War, considers complicated social phenomenon – collaboration. Soviet citizens, fighting arms in hand on the German side in front-line, front and occupied territory of the Soviet Union were considered collaborators. The article presents veterans’ insights into the nature of Soviet collaboration and describes actual examples of collaboration, witnessed by the interviewed veterans. Special attention is attached to Soviet soldiers’ antagonism towards compatriots, fighting on the side of the enemy. Some mechanisms, used by the Third Reich to recruit collaborators are presented.

18-24

Authors: Nikolai A. Slobodyanyuk

This article, basing on the already known and first published archival sources, investigates Jews involvement in anti-fascist struggle of the Soviet underground in Kiev. Special attention is attached to the conditions and methods of struggle against invaders, fate of individual members of the underground.

32-37

Authors: Sergey F. Fominikh, Alexander Sorokin

The article examines public forms of science organization and scientific research development during the Great Patriotic War on the example of Tomsk Scientists' Committee. Such public organizations were in charge of mobilizing scientists' efforts, aimed at helping the war front, as well as at the coordination of the work of scientific and educational institutions in cooperation with the Communist Party organizations and industrial enterprises of Siberia. Professors of Tomsk universities and institutions of higher education were the key members of Tomsk Scientists' Committee. Establishment of the first university in Tomsk, as well as in the Asian part of Russia in 1870 laid the foundation for scientific and educational sector development.

42-46

Authors: Vasiliy P. Zinov'ev

The article, using Ministry of Internal Affairs’ archive data highlights the little-known page in the Great Patriotic War history – People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs’ participation in ammunition manufacture on the example of Mine Plant in Chekist Poselok (Settlement), located to the north of Tomsk and established on the grounds of the former Juvenile Prison No.1. Plant resource base has become the core of construction of atomic manufacture and the city of Seversk.

53-61

Authors: Evgeny F. Krinko

The article deals with the faith and superstitions of the Soviet citizens in the frontline and in the rear during the Great Patriotic War. The study of the religion history in the USSR in 1941-1945 was significantly influenced by ideology. This theme has been thoroughly studied in recent years, but the attention is mainly attached to its institutional aspects and the role of religion in lives of Soviet citizens is still little-studied. Nevertheless, by the start of war, considerable part of the population maintained its religious beliefs, despite the anti-religious policy of the Soviet authorities. The war increased the faith of Soviet citizens in the frontline, in the rear and within the occupied territory. It was mainly caused by the extreme wartime situation. Different superstitions and omens gained a wide circulation. Despite the fact that they had different content, both rites and prayers, acknowledged by the church and the omens and superstitions, rejected by the church have become the necessary ways of people psychological adaptation to wartime severities and hardships. The conclusions, which were made with the help of different sources, such as official documents, statistical data, both published and collected in the course of work under the theme of participants and eyewitnesses’ recollections, help us to imagine the collective consciousness of the Soviet society during the Great Patriotic War.

69-74

Authors: Alexandra Tcherkasski, Leonid Terushkin

The article, case studying the memorials erection, shows the process of Jews, victims of Nazism memory perpetuation by the Jewish Community within the Soviet Republics in postwar, what difficulties the Jewish Communities and groups of initiators faced, trying to prove the Jewish identity of the graves and gain adoption of Jewish symbols on memorials and memorial signs to fascism victims.

96-100

Authors: Ivan V. Petrov

The problem of Lithuanian-Belorussian Orthodox Autocephaly in so-called “Vilnius Region’’ during 1939-1940 is the subject of this article. We highlighted the principal stages of this process and the main dramatis personae, who took part in the struggle for autocephaly of Lithuanian Orthodox parishes and against it. The camp of supporters of Lithuanian-Belorussian autocephaly consisted of former Pro-Polish Orthodox priests, such us Archbishop Theodosius (Theodosiev), Archimandrite Philip (Morozov) and others; Belorussian intellectuals from Vilna and Belorussian nationalists. At the same time the camp of supporters of Pro-Moscow position consisted of Metropolitan Elevfery (Bogoyavlenskiy), who was at he head of the Lithuanian Orthodox Eparchy, Russian emigrant clerics, anti-polish Orthodox priests and some part of Pro-Soviet Lithuanian Orthodox believers. This struggle continued about a year and ended in victory of Pro-Moscow camp and dismissal for the supporters of Belarusian-Lithuanian autocephaly. Besides the article paid special attention that national aspect of activity of this religious organizations and a history of internal conflicts in this Eparchy during World War II so far has not gained a special consideration

107-108

Authors: Dmitrii A. Malyutin, Aleksandr G. Gryaznukhin, Larisa F. Malyutina

The paper presents the review of the collection of documents, including the data on social and economic situation in Krasnoyarsk Region during the Great Patriotic War, the activity of party and Soviet authorities, deeds by Krasnoyarsk natives in the frontline and labor achievements in the rear. The collection contains the documents, describing the daily life in wartime, the public mood, the living conditions, social security, the status of disabled veterans. The presented data, concerning patriotic activity of the orthodox church, camps of People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs, facts of desertion, speculation, criminality in the region prove weight and objective approach of the composite author to the documents selection.

4-10

Authors: Katharina Uhl

The article explores the concept of ‘Soviet subjectivity’ in its various shapes and approaches. This concept was mainly elaborated by the historians Jochen Hellbeck and Igal Halfin during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Their sources were ego-documents of the 1920s and 1930s such as diaries, letters and autobiographies. Taking Stephen Kotkin’s idea of ‘speaking Bolshevik’ as a starting point, historians of ‘Soviet subjectivity’ used ideas of discursive analysis mainly influenced by the French philosopher Michel Foucault to analyze the Stalinist self. The main idea is that individuals constructed and moulded themselves according to a Stalinist set of discourses. Therefore the self appears as dominated by discourse which functions as an elaborated ‘technology of power’. The article focuses on three approaches to ‘Soviet subjectivity’: 1. when Juliane Fürst emphasizes the omnipotent power of Soviet discourse outside which no thinking was possible; 2. Hellbeck’s and Halfin’s ideas were less radical as they put language at the core of construction of the self but leave place for individual interpretation; 3. Kharkhordin, the most prominent representative of the third approach, puts his emphasis on social pressure which is regarded as crucial for implementing Soviet norms and practices. The article finishes by touching on other approaches to ‘Soviet subjectivity’ which have been applied in recent studies, such as the performative approach.

18-22

Authors: Alexey H. Abazov

The common law is investigated as an element of the standard culture of the Kabardians in the XIXth century. Along with the common law, the separate elements of the traditional standard culture of the Kabardians; such as the traditional institutes of social self-regulation, the system of class relations, the family and household culture, a complex of moral ethical standards and behavior rules are distinguished. Specific features of integration of the common law and of certain institutes of the Kabardians into the legal system of the Russian Empire are demonstrated in these examples. It is claimed that after Kabarda's unification with the Russian Empire the common law of the Kabardians underwent essential transformations. It didn’t, however, completely lose its regulatory functions.

29-36

Authors: Susanna D. Bagdasaryan

This article discusses aspects of the state Soviet policy in the formation of a new country daily culture on the basis of development of book culture in the conditions of the fight against illiteracy of the country people the South of Russia. The author analyzes the means and ways of carrying out actions of a cultural revolution in rural society, and the results of the pursued state policy in the concept of the creation of new Soviet society.

43-50

Authors: Viachaslau Menkouski

The article analyzes the historiographical direction "Social History of Stalinism" in the publications of Russian and Belarusian researchers. It is proposed an overview of the use of the term "Stalinism" in the Russian historiography. It compares the ratio of Marxist theory and the practice of socialism in the Soviet Union. The analysis of the Russian-language historiography of Stalinism abroad in the XX–XXI centuries draws attention to the influence of the English-language historiography on the Russian and Belarusian researchers. It explains the importance of "social history" to understand the Stalinist period of Soviet history. Having to replace the concept of totalitarianism, this area has allowed researchers to shift attention from the Soviet leadership to the broad social strata. The Stalinism methodology is studied and how it can be applied to other countries and other historical periods. This allowed a more accurate picture of the life of Soviet society and the State in the 1930–1950's. Attention is paid to the internationalization and globalization of modern historical research as one of the most important specific features. It provides examples of joint projects and publications that focus on the "ordinary people" of the Stalinist Soviet Union, their daily lives, and practice relationships between different social strata.

58-60

Authors: Beate Fieseler, Roger Markwick

The heroic image of the Red Army soldier answering the call of the Motherland to defend her in the Great Patriotic War against fascism has masked the harsh reality of life for their wives and families they left behind on the home front. Wartime propaganda claimed that soldiers’ families were being well looked after. But documents from Yaroslavl’ archives suggest that the wives and families of ordinary soldiers and officers struggled to survive on the ‘second’ home front, especially if they had to care for young children.

5-15

Authors: Alexander A. Cherkasov, Alexander А. Ryabtsev, Vyacheslav I. Menkovsky, Vasiliy V. Tarakanov, Alexander V. Navrotsk

The article, basing on archive data, considers one of the most celebrated criminal cases, controlled by the Russian Emperor Nicholas I during the Caucasian War. It is concerned with the divulgence of state military secret – new types of the defensive arms, namely galvanic cell mines. The state secret was divulged in Fort Navaginsky of the Black Sea coastal frontier in summer, 1851. The article reconstructs the crime, attaching special attention to the daily life of the fort, difficulties of the garrison life, shows reasons for social misconduct of some servicemen, describes relations between Russian administration and mountain tribes, particularly with Ubykhs.

26-33

Authors: Yury A. Nikitin

The article, basing on the archive data and published sources, studies one of the aspects of the municipal government history in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century. The budgeting of Poltava, Kharkov and Chernigov Provinces in the second half of the ХІХ century is examined on the basis of the archive data and published sources. Special attention is attached to permanent and casual funds receipt into the municipal treasury. The paper shows the role of real estate tax, tax on commercial and industrial documents and other major taxes, setting the municipal budgets, considers the relation between the level of economic development and municipal budgets recharge.

44-51

Authors: Anvar I. Ismaylov, Kanat K. Bazarbaev

The article is concerned with the history of national forward movement, called “jadidism” in late XIX – early XX centuries, traces its evolution from enlightment to political movement. Jadidism has become an alternate form of intellectual renovation of the Muslim community. Introduction of phonics method, the so-called “усул-и джадид”, in other words the new method of reading and writing instead of alphabetic one to maktab and madrasah set off the movement. Jadidists criticized the religious fanaticism, demanded the replacement of the obsolete religious schools by the national secular ones, called for science and culture development, favored the issue of newspapers in the native language, establishment of cultural and educational institutions, bringing democratic forces close together.

61-70

Authors: Tatyana P. Khlynina

The article deals with the housing policy of the Soviet State in 1920–1940s, analyses the authorities strategies for housing problem solution, studies the programs of housing construction and its forms, architectural features of Soviet typical development. Special attention is attached to the living space design. The author concludes that the housing policy and authorities’ concept of a new life of a new man are closely related.

79-91

Authors: Vladimir G. Ivantsov

The article describes and analyses the source data on the history of the Black Sea Coast of the North-Western Caucasus after the Caucasian War, found in the work by A.V. Vereshchagin, issued in 1874, namely the statistics of population size, including ethnicity and confession, criticism of the findings by the commission, examining the Black Sea Region, historical and ethnographical data, concerning the remained mountain dwellers and their households, characteristics of migrants’ households and their problems analysis, description and criticism of the adopted system of the state-owned lands acquisition and sale and its implementation, data on the day-labour prices, review of the sea traffic prospects and the state of the road network in the region, analysis of the Black Sea Region state and commercial development, etc.

99-101

Authors: Evgeny F. Krinko, Tat'yana G. Kurbat

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111-119

Authors: Valery V. Levchenko

The article, basing on a wide range of document data and scientific literature, examines the expulsion of scientists from Odessa, which was part of the campaign on dissident intellectuals’ expulsion in 1922, memorized as “The Philosophy Steamer”. The determination of the degree of problem examination in the history showed that this theme wasn’t analyzed by Ukrainian and Russian historiography thoroughly. The previous publications contained only separate details of the campaign and the names of only few of the scientists were mentioned, which didn’t provide the full picture of the events. The article presents the previously unknown facts, introduces the forgotten names of the scientists and their fates for scientific use.