Bylye Gody

297-306

Authors: Nadezhda V. Dulina, Igor N. Naumov

The article is devoted to the problems of the genesis of socio-historical processes of urban culture of the steppe of the Volga region, is based on historical documents, materials of scientific expeditions conducted in the lower Volga region encyclopedic scientists from the second half of the XVIII century, and the results of archaeological research here settlement sites. Based on the fact that the whole history of mankind is the history of the reference person of its economy, the authors believe that the analysis of the spaces of the modern city must be waged simultaneously in multiple coordinate systems – involving knowledge of scientific disciplines such as history and archeology, sociology, Economics etc. Attention is focused on the events in the Volga steppes of socio-economic and cultural-historical transformation, reflected in the distinctive dynamics of sociocultural development of the medieval (Khazar, the Golden Horde, Russian) and modern cities in the region. The authors come to the following conclusions: the city created (and covered by most) throughout the centuries (and even millennia) by many generations, carry a spatial-temporal characteristics and the variety of creative ideas that make them diverse, aesthetically balanced. The growth of these cities, like all living things, inevitably threatens the time, which naturally destroys some of their historical (and in fact – "root") part to "make room" for new construction. To the relentless dynamism of our era was not able to destroy formed for many generations the idea that is subordinated to the formation and development of each particular city, you should each time from a separate historical parts of the city (or temporal-spatial "fragments") to try to reproduce it in its entirety, as the unity and integrity, while maintaining its inherent identity.

323-334

Authors: Leonid A. Bobrov, Alexey V. Salnikov

The article describes the helmets of the Crimean Tatar nobility stored in the Museum of Topkapi Palace (Istanbul, Republic of Turkey). Based on the analysis of design and system design determined that hats were made of Circassian masters of the XVIII century. Helmet No. 1/810 in shape of the dome relates to the type of bevel. Forged a gilded crown complemented by ornamented Hoop, pads, conical pommel, and ringed barmitsa Persian type. In Cherkessia similar hats were known as Tang (from the Arab. "the Taj", i.e. "crown"). It is most likely that the owner of the helmet was the last Noureddine Crimean khanate, Bahadir Giray (1789-1792) was the son of MuminGirei (?-1747) and grandson of Khan Saadet Giray IV (1717-1724). Helmet No. 1/812по the shape of a dome refers to the type of conal. Forged iron gilded crown complemented by ornamented Hoop, plates and funnel-shaped topping. Dome placed on the manufacture date of the helmet – "1180 of the Hijra" (i.e., 1766-1767 in the Gregorian calendar), as well as the inscription: "Owner Sultan Ali", "Muhammad Giray", "Mansour". Helmet No. 1/811по the shape of a dome refers to the type of cylindrical. Faceted iron supplemented gilt crown ornamented Hoop, conical pommel and Aventail Persian type. On the front of hats placed the inscription, "Sultan Mohammed Ibn AdilGiray". This suggests that the owner of the helmet could be the son of Nureddin (1718), serasker Budjaka and Editcol (1727-1728) Adil Ibn Selim I Giray or seraskier EditcolAdil Ibn Selim III Giray (1766-1767). In the framework of the interdisciplinary research were made copies of these helmets, which have become the object of scientific experiments aimed at the study of the functional properties of the considered hats. According to the results of the experimental tests it was found that all three of the helmet provide very reliable protection of the head and neck of the warrior from the cutting and cut-and-cutting blows of the enemy. The saber blade slips and falls from the smooth crown of agolove. In this case, the high dome of the helmet No. 1/810 absorbs shock and convex faces helmet No. 1/811 perform the function of reinforcing ribs. In some cases, the blade is sliding by inertia at the clavicle the defending warrior, but brings them no significant harm, as the blade meets the double layer segmented armor (blade aventails and shoulder part of the vessel shell ring).

345-355

Authors: Liliya G. Stepanova

This article analyzes the data on the composition of forests, species of animals and birds in the Valdai district of Novgorod province, available in the notes to the General Economic surveying conducted by Catherine II. The study database containing information about the natural environment of the Valdai district in the second half of the XVIII century was created, the state of forests, composition of species and the number of mammals and birds was assessed as well. The author concludes that the surveyors inscribed the notes about specific trees, animals and birds on the basis of their relevance to population and greater prevalence of a particular area in the economic records. Over the past centuries on the territory of the Valdai there was a steady tendency of spreading spruce-deciduous and pine forests with a large number of birches, replacing the primary spruce forests as a result of the economic development of the territory. As referred to Economic notes specific composition of trees, mammals and birds has in general survived to our time. At the same time, a sharp reduction in the number of hunting birds on the territory of the Valdai as well as the spreading of animals previously unknown in this territory, including specially imported for breeding or expanding an area of their habitat is observed.

363-372

Authors: Natalya A. Shevchenko, Evgeniya V. Vidishcheva, Olga V. Emelyanova

The article discusses the establishment of the system of public education in the Caucasus in 1802-1917 years. The article proposed a periodization of the process of formation; the attention is paid to the number of pupils in the educational institutions, as well as the ethnic composition. In writing this article, the authors made use of statistical reports and descriptions, the materials of pre-revolutionary periodicals, normative-legal sources, as well as the modern scientific literature. There were used such scientific methods as analysis and synthesis, concretization, generalization while solving the research tasks. In addition, the paper used the historical-situational method, involving the study of historical facts in the context of the period under review in conjunction with the "neighboring" events and facts. In conclusion, the authors stated that that the system of public education in the Caucasus was faced with the numerous difficulties. The ambitious project, 1829 – the Regulation on the Transcaucasian colleges, the establishment of 20 district schools in the region was implemented only in the 1873 year, that is, it took 40 years for its realization. In addition to overcome the lack of understanding by the local population, the Caucasian administration was forced to change frequently the curriculum and to include the discipline of a regional component. However, by the beginning of XX century the system of public education in the Caucasus reached the level of full-fledged secondary school, and on the agenda stood the issue of higher education.

382-391

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov, Vladimir G. Ivantsov, Michal Smigel, Violetta S. Molchanova

The social class structure of the Black sea tribes, the resettlement area which was the territory from Anapa to the river Bzyb, has not yet become a subject of research in the historiography. Natukhaitsy and shapsugs of Adygeyan tribe, ubykhs, and also jikis of Abaza tribe lived in the territory during the first half of the XIX century. The data sources on the population in this territory at a specified time are contradictory, thus practically does not reflect the proportion of estates. The authors attracted as sources the statistical materials of 1800-1860-ies, including those published in the modern period on the Abkhazia (Abaza tribe) and the Kuban. By the comparison of the different sources there was made an attempt to calculate the proportion of the population on the estates, namely: the proportion of princes, nobles, free inhabitants, dependent inhabitants, slaves separately for coastal and mountain societies. In addition there were attracted the sources of personal origin – diaries and memoirs, the works of Abkhazians who lived among travelers, and, of course, the scientific literature. The authors used the methods of demographic statistics for reconstruction of the population of the tribes of the Black sea region due to the presence of incomplete data on the number of classes. In conclusion the research provides with the accumulated statistical data on total population, population class and gender.

398-411

Authors: Alexey A. Volvenko

In article various aspects of the personal relation of the Minister of War D. A. Milyutin to the Cossacks and the Cossack troops in the 1840-1870th years are studied. Research is based on the analysis of documents of a personal origin of D.A. Milyutin, and also contemporary records of the period from the Caucasian war before "Great reforms" of the 60-70th of the 19th century inclusive. Milyutin's role in work on criticism, and also preparation of various projects of colonization of the Caucasus for the account is considered or with active participation of the Cossacks. The characteristic of plans of the Ministry of Defence for transformation of the Cossack troops in the 60-70th of the 19th century is given. Process of their realization from the point of view of their perception personally by the minister D.A. Milyutin is shown.

420-429

Authors: Larisa A. Koroleva

In article formation and development of the Russian theater in the Penza province in the 40-70th of the 19th century is considered. For rich scenic life Penza was called by «the Mordovian Athens». The Theatre of noble fans created by the vice governor I.N. Dolgorukov in the estate of the Penza nobleman D.E. Polchaninov at the beginning of the 90th of the 18th century was the first theater in Penza. At the beginning of the 19th century serf and public theaters of Akimov, Gladkov, Gorikhvostov, Kozhin, Kishinsky, etc. worked in the city. Gladkov' theater was the most known and durable of them. He existed 24 years (1806–1829). The theatrics have been presented after it in Penza by visitors professional troupes, amateur noble theatricals. Since 1842 it is known of existence theater of I.N. Gorstkina. Different impresarios directed this theater. The theater didn't enjoy special popularity and pertinent public. In 1846 I.N. Gorstkin has repaired the building of theater of Gladkov redeemed earlier where itself I put performances and invited troupes from another town. The repertoire was various – domestic and translated dramas, tragedies, but comedies, vaudevilles prevailed as they attracted the audience mostly. The actor and the director P.M. Medvedev removed theater in 1861. He has organized the Russia's first actor's association in Penza. The actor with an international recognition black Ira Olridzh gave representations in theater in 1864. Many charitable statements were given in theater I.N. Gorstkina (for fire victims of residents of Simbirsk, school at the Penza prison, the Alexandria children's shelter, Slavs of the Balkan Peninsula, etc.). The theater passes to his widow Aleksandra Nikolaevna after I.N. Gorstkin's death in 1876, to his son L.I. Gorstkin – in 1879.

441-447

Authors: Irina O. Tuman-Nikiforova, Valery I. Fedorchenko, Natalia V. Pashina, Igor I. Krylov

The article in the light of the modernization theory explains how was changed the age and gender of marital and family structures guild merchants Yenisei province in the 60-ies XIX – early XX centuries. The particular attention is paid to the processes of transformation of traditional society into an industrial-based analysis of demographic indicators of the merchant class. Based on the archival materials, many of which are first introduced into scientific circulation the authors analyze the age and sex and family and marriage patterns of guild merchants. The article presents a comparison study with other indicators of Siberian regions and national trends. It was revealed that the family and marriage structure of the merchants of the Yenisei province in the study period was influenced by traditional norms, although the trend towards degradation of family forms, first of all, the patriarchal type, characteristic of the rise of modernization processes, traced, especially in urban areas.

457-468

Authors: Bakhytgul T. Tuleuova, Lyzzat K. Shotbakova, Gylnara M. Smagulova

On the basis of Russian and Kazakh archives materials discussed the process of implementation of new methods of management in the economy of the traditional Kazakh society during the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. under the influence of Russian administrative and land reforms, the penetration of market relations in the Kazakh steppe, the resettlement of peasants from the central provinces of Russia. The authors examine this process by the example of the central part of Kazakhstan, where the spread of settled agricultural culture went less intensively in contrast to other regions of Kazakhstan. The reason for this was the difficult climatic and soil conditions, a low percentage of the Russian population, prevailing economic tradition. Particular attention is paid to the issue of land use in the Kazakh steppe, which was directly linked to the policy of seizure of grazing land and the settling of the nomadic population, carried by Russian administration. As a result of land and resettlement policy of the Russian state in the Kazakh steppe, resulted in the seizure vast land spaces of pastoral economic circulation, distribution of settled agricultural culture, nomadic pastoralism was to adapt to the changed socio-economic circumstances. This was manifested in the change of the structure of the traditional herds, distributing intensive forms of farming and the development of new methods of development of cattle breeding. The author concludes that, resettlement and land policy of the Russian colonial administration in Kazakhstan, based on the seizure of grazing and irrational use of soil resources, not only changed the course of development of nomadic livestock farming, but also adversely affected the development of traditional agriculture in the Kazakh steppe.

479-488

Authors: Andrey G. Danilov

The article analyses the main definitions (concepts) of the notion «intelligentsia». The author justifies the use of term «intelligentsia» (as the tool of the research) in the notion of «knowledge workers». It also reveals the principles of counting the number of intelligentsia in Kubanregion at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. Basing on the materials of the first Russian population census in 1897, author determines the number and occupational pattern of Kuban intelligentsia, its relative density in society. Kuban intelligentsia counted about 7000 people, that is 0,08 per cent of all regional population. The article also discusses the Kuban intelligentsia peculiarities, presents its activity conditions in Cossack region. The article analyses Kuban intelligentsia limits capabilities to influence the social life and the intellectual development of society.

500-507

Authors: Gulnar K. Mukanova

The author examines the role of institutes of the Russian parliamentarism in conditions of exile (after the events of 1917), the communicative role of the ex-deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Empire (hereinafter - the State Duma RI). Having studied archival sources from the collections of archives post-Soviet states, the documents from the personal archive M.Shokay, from the fund of the library of the University of Oriental Languages' New Sorbonne – Paris – III » (INALCO, France), the correspondence of former deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Empire, lifetime publications and matching them with the materials of the NKVD (KGB), the author reconstructs a little known facets of system communication activity of ex-MPs. The study used historical and situational approach, in the context of the study period. For the purpose of reconstruction of the migration routes, occupation immigrant’s kinds of interpersonal communication and media resources, due to the presence of incomplete data, the methods used for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the sources. The method of induction, the example Shokai activities reflected socially significant activity of immigrants. Methods: synchronization, typology and systematization applied for verification of primary sources (scientific articles, reports, correspondence, reference materials, and so on.). The author summarizes the currently available research results of the parliamentary reform of the early twentieth century, in tsarist Russia. In conclusion, the author focuses on a new mission of the State Duma Russia abroad, when large-scale explanatory work was carried out both in Eurasia and the New World.

516-524

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran, Andrei P. Mikhailov, Susanna D. Bagdasaryan

The article discusses the separatist moods among the Georgian population of the Black sea province. The attention is paid to the attempts of the georgian social-democrats to separate the Sochi district from the Russian Empire in 1905–1907 years. Among the materials are the archival documents of central and regional archives, namely the state archive of the Russian Federation, state archive of the Krasnodar Krai, the documentation center of contemporary history of Krasnodar Krai, the archival departments of Sochi administration and the historical museum of Sochi. The methodological basis of work based on the principles of objectivity and historicism, suggesting an unbiased approach to the analysis of the studied problems, as well as the critical attitude towards the sources. In conclusion, the authors stated that the social democrats used various methods of dealing with the existing regime, such as the destabilization of public-political situation, expressed in discrediting the Russian administration, provoking ethnic conflicts, the elimination of competitors in wage employment in the trade, physical violence against undesirable persons, the bullying of political opponents, taking money from the haves of the population, and collectively, the escalation of social tensions that eventually led to an armed clash with the authorities.

532-539

Authors: Victor S. Brachev, Matvey F. Polynov

The authors focused their attention on the published in 2015 first part of the lecture course on the history of Kievan Rus by professor in history of Russia I.Y. Froyanov. As a historian he is known primarily for his concept of pre–class origin and the veche, popular assembly system of the Ancient Russian state (East Slavic tribal Union in the late X–XI centuries). As it is shown in lectures by I.Y. Froyanov, the existence of an early feudal monarchy in Russia in the IX–X centuries is completely out of the question in spite of the majority of Russian historians opinion. According to the scientist, the mainstream development or the development scheme of Old Russian statehood is the Eastern Slavic Union of the X–XI century (Kievan Rus) and followed volosts (city–states in Ancient Rus). The lectures by I.Y. Froyanov are based on that statement. In this respect it is difficult to overestimate their importance. There is hardly a scientific work from all has been written by I.Y. Froyanov, where his concept found such detailed and reasoned statement.