Budownictwo i Architektura

15-28

Authors: Krzysztof Pawłowski, Magdalena Nakielska

The Directive 2010/31/EU introduces a new building standard (NZEB) in all member states of the European Union from 1.01.2021. In Poland, a low-energy building has been defined. The design, construction and use of such building is a complex process and requires knowledge of many aspects concerning building materials, general construction, building physics, installations, renewable energy systems and architectural design. Implementation of the current technical requirements in this area encompasses examining many parameters of an entire building but also of its external walls and joints. Defining them according to the applicable legal regulations and relevant standards evokes many questions and uncertainties regarding calculation procedures and interpretation of physical aspects. On the basis of conducted calculations and analyses, the authors have started a discussion on calculation methods in this field, proposing changes in legal regulations and calculation procedures. The paper describes selected factors influencing low-energy buildings: physical parameters of building envelope elements, support of modern ventilation systems, energy performance parameters. The calculation part of the work concerns the analysis of physical parameters of the elements of low-energy building envelope and energy performance parameters of a buildings with consideration of energy saving and thermal insulation criteria. Formation of material systems of external walls and building joints requires taking into account innovative insulation materials and specific parameters of the air inside and outside of a building. The use of professional software for calculations and analyses provides reliable results. Many coherent factors such as: architecture of a building, structural and material solutions of the external walls and their joints (elements of the building envelope), type and efficiency of the ventilation, central heating and hot water systems, use of renewable energy sources, integral management of the building in the field of energy production help to obtain optimal parameters of energy performance of the building and reduce emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere.

39-46

Authors: Agnieszka Czajkowska, Wioletta Raczkiewicz

The article presents an analysis of the housing situation in Poland against the background of European Union countries that took place in the last decade, i.e. in the years 2009 - 2018. The average number of dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants was analysed, the relationship between the number of dwellings and their area was determined, and the increase in the number of dwellings completed over the period was determined divided into flats: individual, cooperative, company and communal, as well as flats intended for sale or for rent.

55-62

Authors: Łukasz Szyszka

The subject of the paper is an experimental study on girder-borne sound pressure emission. The sources of excitation are hammer and modal shaker. The structure researched is simply supported steel plate girder of the size: 7.95 m x 1.5 m. The study covers acceleration and sound pressure level measurements (SPL), and SPL estimation based on the accelerations measured. The correlation factor for higher estimation accuracy in lower frequency bands is proposed.

83-102

Authors: Dariusz Dziubiński

This paper is a continuation of deliberations on meaning (sense) of public spaces. It refers to unofficial spaces for informal activities, which could be called informal alternative spaces or maybe even a bit exaggeratedly “spaces-of-resistance”. Their extremely important features include absence of control and lack of rules, which distinguish them from other spaces. The paramount advantage visitors gain from these places is the ability to give the space a meaning of their own, thus changing the users’s position from that of a mere user into the user in possession. It also changes his/her relation to the space which ceases to be only a ‘closed object’. It is brought into use, as it is created and linked only for the time of the actor-user's (own) performance. The experimental character of the game leads to a reinterpretation of the meaning (or even necessity to change it) that the space has. Such an approach breaks with the patterns embedded in a collective imaginarium, which promote safe, comfortable behaviours – an unofficial, alternative space must be created each time from scratch, such space is a process. It is not treated as a product, it becomes space of commitment – it becomes political space, but as such, it is a challenge and thus it is interesting only for few people. By meeting each other and being with others we fulfill our basic psychological need, but simultaneously we enter into different roles in a social game in which our own “win” often counts above all. Our private satisfaction can also be valued by a sense of community, collaboration, having something in common, and this obviously can bring benefits to everyone. However, without a deeper thought practices that seek and provide best possible conditions for staying in space can lead to a certain inertia, which can turn into “algorithmization” in satisfying space users, specialized only in passive satisfaction of thoughtless users.