Budownictwo i Architektura

5-15

Authors: Katarzyna Drobek, Bartosz Szostak, Wojciech Królikowski

The stocktaking is the basic form of presenting and protecting the object of the historic ruin. It also allows to monitor the behavior state and the degradation progress of an object. Objects in ruin are very specifi c because they usually do not have elements typical for an existing building. This means that in the case of ruins, methods of stocktaking taken in the same way as in the case of traditional facilities will be insuffi cient. Elements of objects in ruin often have complicated and diverse geometry, diffi cult and not completely secure access to all elements. The article presents methods that can be helpful in the stocktaking of such objects. Each method describes the necessary equipment and instruments, the method of taking measurements, accuracy, advantages, and limitations. The paper also presents examples of application for selected methods.

27-33

Authors: Karolina Krupa, Piotr Gleń

The palace in Krzesimów was built in the classicist style at the beginning of 19th century. The building is the part of the palace-park complex entered into the register of monuments because of its historical, aesthetical and landscape values. From 1970s, it is the headquarters of a social welfare home. Over the years, this function enforced many changes in the functional layout of the building to adapt it to the needs of people with various types and levels of disability. Despite many minor renovations and modifi cations, the palace didn’t undergo complete overhaul, which would greatly improve the technical condition of the original fabric. This aim of article is to analyse introduced functional changes, which were supposed to facilitate the use of the building by the handicapped, and to consider what actions must be undertaken in order to improve its technical condition. The authors of the paper underline the need to start renovation works on the basis of the archive documentation, as well as conducted survey and research of its current technical condition.

47-55

Authors: Agnieszka Lal

Frequent issue in the practice of soil engineering is the fi ll soil compactibility. The uniformity coeffi cient Cu of the Sand, Sand-Gravel and Gravel, that are the most common fi ll soil, is relatively low and usually is in the range of 2.5 – 4.0. These values allow to describe Sand, Sand-Gravel and Gravel as uniformly graded. The aim of the paper was to determine the impact of modifi cation of the grain size distribution of the non-cohesive soil – Medium Sand (MSa) on its compactibility. The loess silt, sampled in the territory of the Lublin city was used to modifi ed the Sand particle size distribution. Loess silt cover the considerable area of the Lublin, frequently in the surface zone. This ensures that loess silt could be reckoned as the easily accessible material. Laboratory tests were conducted on prepared samples of three kinds of soils – Medium Sand, Medium Sand combined with loess silt in the volume proportion of 1:1 and Medium Sand combined with loess silt in the volume proportion of 2:1. There were sieve and hydrometer analysis performed to quantify the percent fi ner by weight of grain size of prepared samples of the soils. As the result of grain size analysis particle size distribution curves were obtained. Estimated effective size D10 and D60 were used to determine the uniformity coeffi cient. The value of coeffi cient Cu for the Medium Sand was equal to 1.71 and it rose up to 21.8 (in case of Medium Sand combined with loess silt in the volume proportion of 1:1) and 13.3 (for the Medium Sand combined with loess silt in the volume proportion of 2:1). Obtained values suggest, that modifi cation of Sand grain size distribution with use of loess silt allows to classify received probes as soils with high compactibility. In order to prove this thesis Proctor tests were conducted. There were the same three kinds of the soil tested according to procedure I. Results indicate that Medium Sand with natural grain size distribution reached the maximum dry density of 1.751 g/cm3 at the optimum water content of 11.96 %. The maximum dry density of Medium Sand combined with loess silt in the volume proportion of 2:1 and 1:1 reached accordingly 2.079 and 2.076 g/cm3 at the optimum water content of about 7%. During Proctor test, there were plasticity of Medium Sand combined with loess silt in the volume proportion of 1:1 remarked, for the samples of water content greater than 14.25%. Increased plasticity prevents compaction of the examined soil with humidity above 14.25%, due to the deformations and cohesion. As the results of conducted laboratory tests, there were ascertained that modifi cation of the grain size distribution of Medium Sand with loess silt with volume proportion of 2:1 allows to reached the maximum compactibility. Therefore, combination of the Sand and relatively easily accessible loess could be used in soil engineering as the fi ll soil.

67-75

Authors: Olena Remizova, Natalya Novak

The postmodern architecture of the last third of the XX century saw a steady tendency of appealing to classical heritage aimed at combining modern technologies and historical associations with classical architecture. The work considers postmodern urban planning concepts of the late XX-the beginning of ХХI centuries. Methods of interpreting the order system in the architecture of postmodernism are analyzed by comparing such theoretical concepts as R. Bofi ll›s industrial classicism, the new urbanism of L. and R. Krier, the theory of the city by Aldo Rossi. Architects postmodernists searching for sense and architectural language began to address to the historical past, using signs and images of classical architecture. Leaders of postmodern movement, trying to return to architecture the «eternal values» lost by modernism, opened a way for new creative searches and transformation of the order system elements. Its representatives were attracted by the «double code» of the order architecture, which allowed to solve complex town-planning problems. Postmodernism declared the idea of «architecture parlante». The notion of «postmodern classicism» disguised the compositional search for dialogue with any classical epoch – antiquity, renaissance, baroque, classicism itself. The order language of these epochs, possessing a tremendous potential of utterance, allowed the architect to create all the new meanings and texts. The article discusses the change of semantic meanings occurring in modern urbanism, the interpretation of order compositions, the notion of «order tradition» and the expansion of the semantics of the order system in historical and cultural context. The article shows that the theory of postmodernism actualized the notion of «order tradition» and expanded the semantics of the order system by its application in modern city planning concepts.

87–102

Authors: Mykola Bevz

The town of Zhovkva (Żółkiew) belongs to the late Renaissance foundations of private resident towns in Western Ukraine (Halychyna region) from the late 16th century. In accordance with historical sources, this city was founded by Stanisław Żółkiewski [2] in 1594. Urban-spatial structure of the town was designed according to the Renaissance ideal city. The city has a well-preserved original planning structure and a number of architectural monuments that are associated with it. The city consisted of two conjugated parts: the owner’s castle and the fortifi ed middletown. The combination of these two parts was of a specifi c nature – when the central square of the town is combined with the facade of the castle complex. On the base of the historical and urban studies presented the hypothesis that town of Zhovkva (Żółkiew) is an unique example of late Renaissance urbanism. The start of town build was in 1594 according to a project based on the concept of “ideal town” from the book of Italian architect Pietro Cataneo. We are thinking, that the author of the project and plan of town was Paolo Clamensi – Italian architect, worked in Lviv at the end of 16th century. The towns have a well-preserved original Renaissance planning structure and a number of architectural monuments that are connected with it.

121-140

Authors: Andrzej Flaga

The work concerns dynamic similarity criteria of various phenomena occurring in wind engineering, snow engineering and fl uid dynamics derived from ratios of forces and forces moments affecting these phenomena. Derived and analyzed in part I dynamic similarity criteria, mainly concern the following steady problems: 1. Fluid fl ows and fl ows past objects ; 2. Fluid-solid contact problems; 3. Problems of a solid fl oating on a fl uid with and without of the surface waves.

171-179

Authors: Damian Wiśniewski, Milena Selke, Anna Smolińska, Mieczysław Słowik

The article presents the results of the tests of hot mix asphalt (HMA) modi-fi ed with the addition of crumb rubber granulate using the dry method. This modifi cation consisted in the applying of rubber granules into the aggregate mixture, replacing a 0/2 mm fraction of the basalt aggregate. The tests were carried out for the Asphalt Concrete to be used in binder course of a road pavement (AC16W 50/70). There were 5 types of HMA analyzed: without the addition of rubber granules as well as with 1% or 2% (in relation to the weight of the aggregate mix) of activated with a grain size up to 2 mm and non-activated rubber granules with the same grain size. The activation process was carried out using an electro-magnetic mill with a microwave generator, centrifugal rotor mill with supersonic speed and auxiliary equipment. For each analyzed mixture type, density, bulk density, air voids and resistance to water and frost were determined. On the basis of the research, it was observed that the addition of crumb rubber granules to HMA adversely affects the air voids content causing its increase. The addition of crumb rubber granulate also affects the resistance of HMA to water and frost, but the quantitative changes depend on the amount of added crumb rubber granulate.

181-188

Authors: Kamil Maciuk

The development of navigation satellite systems allows them to be used in many areas of trade, services and industry. This development is strongly visible in industries related to logistics and transportation where car navigation is becoming a standard for all kinds of vehicles. In this paper the author discusses navigation satellite systems, the princi-ple of their operation and presents analysis of possible applications in businesses related to logistics and transport.

5-14

Authors: Grażyna Lasek

The publication presents analysis of the knots and focal points (knots) of the city Bieruń. They are: mound, Town Square with St. Bartolomeus church, St. Valentine's church and St. Valentine’s Square. This is where we can find the roots of identity of society living in a small town and its surroundings. Historically, Bierun is located in Upper Silesia and Pszczyna region. Bierun was given municipal rights in 1387. The settlement started developing because of environmental conditions and economical conditions. The history of existing from the beginning of 16th until the beginning of 19th century, the Great Pond of Bierun, rivers, streams and small ponds is connected with residues of monumental dike as well as the legends of the Drowners – Bierun’s creatures. The presence of mentioned legends among previous and modern citizens of Bierun is the basis of a process creating country awareness in town’s area. Some of those elements are incorporated in city’s well – designed and made in the beginning of 21st century in the town’s market where historical well was located. This means that legends passed on from generation to generation became part of the most important area of the town. The well became an important indicator of historical and cultural information. Besides being just a simple decorative element, it is a materialization of an idea based on living society. The Silesian Insurgents' Monument placed in the middle of town’s market is even greater example of living society, as in this area it is a true example of society’s memory of their killed fathers. The second, perhaps even more important level of cultural identity is local deep faith and cult of St. Valentine. It is a famous place of many miraculous recoveries as well as fiancés blessing. Recognizing St. Valentine as a patron saint of the town and the church as a sanctuary in 2015 was a proof of existing religious belief. In the vicinity of the church, authorities created St. Valentine’s square with his sculpture being an extension of the place of cult and a sign of patron saint presence in the town’s area. All they might be an example of an idea transfer, that creates town’s identity. In 2016 Bierun’s authorities undertook a decision of creating a set of cultural parks. They were named: “Cultural park for Old Town area” and “Cultural park for dike area”.

29-56

Authors: Katarzyna Dankiewicz

The baroque royal villa in Wilanow is in a distant from a master residence of John Sobieski the IIIrd (royal castle). In the fourth quarter of XVII century Wilanow villa was a luxurious summer house for the royalties as well as self-sufficient residence with its own manors and farms. Starting in 1677 king Sobieski created the Wilanow complex composed of the villa and the nearby lands. Later on, his successors increased the area making a great manor which belonged only to royal family. Consistent expansion of the villa and belonging lands by different owners which had a various tastes, financial possibilities and knowledge for the period of more than 300 years resulted in very diverse surrounding. Villa and then a palace holders manage to add representative parks and gardens according to the best European examples which today are historical values of Wilanów district. Majority of the Wilanów buildings have a cultural functions as museums and scientific institutions nowadays. Its historical architecture refers to the baroque, classicism and historicism styles. The past development of the palace area was based on the formerly marked communication routes and observation axes which are current till today. New urbanization concept – Miasteczko Wilanow (The Wilanow City), has liven up the historical district of Wilanow. Since 2000 developers are targeting Wilanów as a place for modern housing and retail, creating a mini-city for the luxury craving Warsaw residents. The new outlook is in the contrast of the districts historical features. Are the new and old structures are possible to be consistent, respecting the surroundings? The expected cooperation of historical and modern architecture and integration of different spaces will be able to observe after the completion of whole investment.

67-80

Authors: Dariusz Gaweł, Anna Szafranek

This article is an attempt to define the conditions under which human social needs can be fulfilled through the creation of urban public spaces in Poland. In a vivid way the authors try to determine how the creation and transformation of urban public spaces can best meet human needs. The spatial transformations of Polish urban centers, both large and small, have intensified and are rapidly developing. The reasons for these changes are undoubtedly due to the economic and political developments currently taking place in Poland, which are having a big influence on the organization of urban environments. The analysis undertaken here of research findings on public places takes into account the current trends in the transformation of the built environment of cities such as urban revitalization.

89-105

Authors: Kinga Zinowiec-Cieplik

Urban greenery system a significant part of urbanized landscape, may be understood as "areas with specific characteristics identified and designated using the principles of ecology and landscape ecology, the main aim of which is to regulate the ways the natural city environment functions" ( Szulczewska B., Kaliszuk E. 2005 [1]). Greenery system assumes the leading role in building a sustainable and resilient urban environment. The green system structure, according to the generally accepted theory of urban composition (Lynch K. 1960 [5], Wejchert K. 194 [9].) is crystallized by the nodal elements, which ,in this context, are vital,due to "climatic, hydrological and/or biological significance" (Szulczewska B., Kaliszuk E.2005 [1]). While considering city composition together with its landscape as a complex of many layers, such as communication, development, infrastructure and greenery, is it necessary to to emphasize the important role of their mutual penetration, which complements the essence of the functioning of thisvery dynamic and variable city organism. Changes in one of the layers cause distortion in the others. Therefore, the relationships that binds the layers are crucialand their accumulation and dynamics will determine whether the nodal point will eventually be developped. The greenery structure is too fragile with regard to the brutality of communication systems and buildings. However, in the light of the contemporary needs to build a healthy, friendly living environment opened to the change in creative design (Prominski M.2005 [26]), (Prominski M.2005 [26]), the natural system shows potential towards the integration of urban space.

131-139

Authors: Tadeusz Biliński, Emilia Kucharczyk

The paper presents in general characterization of revitalization ventures of urban areas, special attention paying to their complexity and importance to the sustainable socio-economic development of the whole agglomeration. The fundamental value of this study is a comprehensive and consistent presentation of legal conditions in the entire spatial reorganization process of urban built-up areas. Presentation of individual, consecutive, normative acts and local law documents together with commentary allows a full, multi-faceted view of the construction of spatial order in the process of urban revitalization. The assignment of the following to each of the following activities related to the implementation of revitalization projects, relevant legal provisions, facilitates programming, planning, designing, and fi nally the implementation of comprehensive revitalization projects of urban areas. In this proceeding the role of public administration, both local government and governmental, was distinguished.

159-170

Authors: Milena Stettner

The condition of multi-family housing development depends on the town’s policy regarding the shaping of the communal resources. This is noticeable compared to the availability and technical standards of buildings. The author analyzes the directions of spatial development of the municipality and compares it with detailed evaluation of multi-family housing development in selected small towns up to 10.000 inhabitants: Chocianów and Twardogóra (located in the Lower Silesian Voivodship) – towns presenting the idea of maintaining large housing stock and thus controlling the development of housing. The article presents one of the stages of the research project – a detailed inventory of municipal property and analysis of planning documents in two small towns with a similar housing policy, population size, without the infl uence of the metropolitan city – which aims to create an optimal model of municipal housing development in the downtown of small towns up to 10,000 inhabitants in the Lower Silesian Voivodship.

181-188

Authors: Kamil Maciuk

The development of navigation satellite systems allows them to be used in many areas of trade, services and industry. This development is strongly visible in industries related to logistics and transportation where car navigation is becoming a standard for all kinds of vehicles. In this paper the author discusses navigation satellite systems, the princi-ple of their operation and presents analysis of possible applications in businesses related to logistics and transport.

201-218

Authors: Małgorzata Ciosmak, Patrycja Rzęsa

Nowadays, in order to determine whether given rock properties make it useful for specifi c purposes, the material is examined using relevant test equipment. At the times of Jan Michałowicz, any knowledge in this respect was transmitted by the master to his apprentices, based on the master’s experience. The artist used domestic rock raw materials to sculpt monuments commemorating important persons who were his contemporaries. For the petrographic analysis, the authors selected the most distinguishable works of the artist, which he signed or which are most likely to have been sculpted by him. The authors analysed the materials used by the artist to carve specifi c elements of his works, as well as rock raw materials in terms of their historical and contemporary properties. Consequently, the petrographic study allowed to describe the rocks in greater detail, as well as their properties useful for sculpture purposes, and their durability. Artistic qualities helped determine the sources of stones used by Jan Michałowicz during his projects. These include the quarries near Pińczów (limestone), Kunów (sandstone), Bolechowice (marble), Żurawno (alabaster) and initially quarries in Hungary. The discussed works of Jan Michałowicz provide firm grounds for acknowledging the artist as the leading co-founder to Polish Renaissance art.

5-12

Authors: Grażyna Schneider-Skalska

The increase in the number of urban inhabitants means the increase in the number of dwellings, the enlargement of areas occupied by housing complexes, the visible phenomenon of spatial chaos, the lack of urban composition, forms and places crystallizing space. Diagnosis developed for the housing environment shows such features of newly created housing spaces as lack of continuity of communication systems, ineffective linkages of the land or ineffective localization of public services and green areas. Residential areas in the structure of the city dominate both in terms of occupied areas and the size of built structure. Hence their location should not be accidental, and their service program should not be residual and chaotic. Nodal areas as one of the crystallizing elements of the city space seem to be particularly desirable in the new residential areas created after 1989. The problem seems to be wider, as the study also indicates the lack of crystallization sites in the large multi-family housing estates of the 1960s and 1970s. Thinking about the system of nodal points leads directly to the return to models in urban planning. Nodes forming a network are functional-spatial determinants that can help in the continuation and reconstruction of the urban structure in areas that are not developing smoothly. They can set the scale and place in the hierarchy, introduce distinctive architectural expression leaving much freedom in shaping space between nodes.

29-38

Authors: Grzegorz Nawrot

Architecture – is demarcation of space, built of material which is a compilation of tangible and intangible elements. Human life is of spatial nature, it takes place in space of man’s existence: created by him and found by him. A man exists in behavioural space, among architecture of the city which is kind of a medium – means of communicating information cumulating into the contents perceived by him. A man lives in real and virtual space as well as in a space which is a synergy of them both. Junction – is a meeting place: of walkways, streets… Constructed as a place formally and functionally important: for meetings in the city. It has its synergic function. Constructing junctions – means building possibilities for prospective Places for Strategic Intervention. These are places: for creating events and a kind of gate into different sensations, perception of material and virtual world and phantasmagorias – which are a consequence of their interrelationships. They are constructed by: signifi cance in the geography of the city, usability, volumetric form, historical events and contemporarily broadcast information.

51-64

Authors: Piotr Obracaj, Piotr Opałka

In this article authors present fi ndings of their research conducted in frames of the Czech Republic - Poland cross border cooperation “Edu2Work” project “Cooperation of Czech and polish borderland schools and public institutions in the area of higher education for better chances of employability on the labor market” realized from 2013 to 2015. Scope of the research included Jesenik and Bruntal districts from Czech Republic side, as well as Nysa and Prudnik Counties from polish side. Project has been realized by the Faculty of Science/Geography of the Palacký University in Olomouc and Central Mining Institute in Katowice, under the Operational Programme of Cross Border cooperation Czech Republic – Poland 2007-2013. Authors of this article have been involved to the project as experts. The work in the project, with the participation of the students, aimed at the investigating processes existing on the borderland in six thematic areas: education, tourism, transport, networking (here: creation and compaction all communication networks and cooperation coordination), entrepreneurship, space and environment. In the article examples of some activities in the cross-border space has been presented that increase these societies integration. In result proposals of the specifi c solutions of the communication networks activation were introduced. They included identifi cation of the knot locations understood as the transfer points that should become a base for socioeconomic and cultural problems of the region.

81-90

Authors: Justyna Kleszcz

The paper is intended to approximate the role of multifunctional structures combining typical urban and non-urban functions into one spatial form, which make them nodal points on the local and supra-local scale. These points will be architectural forms of various scales – both those which build space through cubature and create only spatial frames – “anti-cubature”. Introduction to cities functions commonly associated with rural areas, such as agriculture in a variety of forms, animal husbandry, industrial agricultural production, is an inspiration to creating unobvious connections with housing, transportation, offi ce, education, and not only with the area of recreational green in the city. More and more often, buildings of this type become iconic elements of the city structure, both in its physical and virtual space of the “unbuilt” city. Examples of utopian visions created for major metropolises such as New York, Paris, and Vancouver show the importance of small correction of the given space functional program, allowing it to be transformed from lateral into node structure. The Pasona Urban Farm in Tokyo, visions of Vincent Callebaut, WORK Architecture Company or Terreform group, but also the more intimate Amersfoort and Villa Augustus projects in Dordrecht, Hoeve Biesland, show the power dormant in non-urban center – creating functions.

107-116

Authors: Renata Jóźwik

The article presents how architectural and landscape issues relate to the past, in particular the signifi cance of an authenticity of an object or place, its context, and how „expanding reality” described by Lev Manovich infl uences the architectural design. In the article references to selected sociological concepts of Manovich, Goffman, Nora, Bauman, paying attention to the dispersion of the subject matter into other fi elds of science. Based on the paradigm presented in the scenography space, a study of the restructuring of the Royal Arsenal area in Woolwich, London, which illustrates the contemporary problems of heritage protection.

133-142

Authors: Monika Magdziak

The purpose of the work is to illustrate a number of ways of creating or revitalizing urban spaces to build the identity and image of the city, but also to integrate the fragments and utilize the potential of urban wasteland. The aspect of space users themselves is also signifi cant – as they are the initiators, organizers and participants in the process of reating public space. In this paper, the author focuses on the importance of alternative ways of adapting space and creating spatial and social relationships. The design goal should be based on the needs and preferences of different groups of people and use real spatial resources. The author discusses issues of activating space and residents through architectural forms, cultural activities and participatory actions. The aim was to show the impact and benefi ts of bottom-up social initiatives, temporary spatial interventions, as well as pro-ecological activities, as effective methods of restoration of urban landscape in a short time and at low cost.

159-170

Authors: Sławomir Karaś, Karolina Jankowska

Due to their durability, bridges become landscape reference points in various aspects, especially from the social, architectural and aesthetic points of view. There are many examples supporting the above, e.g. Tower Bridge, Puente del Alamillo, Pont Saint-Bénézet (d’Avignon), Karlův Bridge or Ponte Sant’Angelo. Nevertheless, the analyses conducted in this paper regard bridges much less renowned than the aforementioned ones, namely, the small bridges upon Konotopa and Piwonia rivers in the town of Parczew in Lubelszczyzna. The local community have deemed it necessary to change the ordinariness into an arrangement close to synergy which can be achieved through tending the bridges, enhancing their aesthetical value through displaying their mechanics, emphasising fundamental lines by means of strong or delicate colours, as well as through references to the environment of the bridges by harmonising them with it or, on the contrary, turning them into a local dominant. Plenty has been done so far as the progress in bridge design where the aesthetic aspect is into consideration is constant, which also results from a better understanding of sustainable development. The paper describes all the bridges in Parczew and its vicinity with regard to the residents’ awareness of them. It discusses both road and railway bridges and contains their short service characteristics, history and subjective aesthetic assessment. The aforementioned concept was applied in the design of a small footbridge in three variants, where, apart from the questions of durability and functionality, the fundamental task was to use simple and visually attractive solutions – whatever it may mean.

183-192

Authors: Dorota Jopek

Contemporary cities are infl uenced by dynamic spatial transformation related to demographic, social and economic changes. As a result of these factors, the development challenges of urban centers may be extremely different. Some of the cities are subject to a process of depopulation associated with both negative demographic trends and an increase of unemployment and the lack of jobs for young people. The second part of the cities are the centers with better growth potential derived mostly from their historical role in the development of the entire country carried out at various levels. This variety of growth factors is created by the benefi cial impact of the institutions of scientifi c, cultural and private economic sector. The attractiveness of these cities due to an increased and diversifi ed offer on the labor market and better living conditions for their inhabitants is carried out among others by the availability of high-quality public space. In studies of the process of transformation of cities, spatial aspects seem to be less important in the combination of economic, demographic and social aspect. Although its interdependencies evident, however, spatial changes are mostly infl uenced by all of above aspects. Analysis of planning documents and urban development strategy shows that most of the contemporary cities target on the improvement of the quality of life of their residents and the implementation of the principles of sustainable development. In this paper, the author attempts to study the processes of transformation taking place in contemporary cities.

5-12

Authors: Alicja Maciejko, Hanna Borucińska-Bieńkowska

Socio-economic transformation of the past few decades in Poland has initiated a multitude of diverse phenomena, also in functional-spatial development. Processes of redevelopment, modernization, renovation of houses and other structures, and of revitalization of functional areas play a vital role in shaping policies of sustainable development of cities and communes. Restoration of aesthetic and cultural values and historic property, i.e. individual buildings as well as whole complexes and urban and rural planning systems after years of neglect, was given special attention at the beginning of the 1990s. The processes play an important role in bringing back old buildings, structures and urban planning conceptions to their former glory, and are also vital in shaping awareness of self-governmental authorities and local communities in terms of values of tangible heritage, including the 1960s and 1970s. The article discusses issues of the revitalization process as a tool to shape policy of sustainable development of urbanized areas. It should be highlighted that the above-mentioned actions require clear directives about social communication and the extent of shared responsibility for the programme to revitalize self-governments and local communities.

21-28

Authors: Bartosz Michalak

Between Wrocław and KrosnoOdrzańskie, in the years 1928 – 1944, about 650 reinforced concrete and passive bunkers were built. On a stretch of about 250 km, both small buildings for two or three people as well as the whole underground barracks were build. In addition, concrete anti-tank barriers, dams, bridges and other concrete structures were built. An important part of these fortifications of eastern German borders was MiędzyrzeczFortified Region, now in the LubuskieVoivodeship. Since 1970s. , these objects do not have primary functions. However, it is still one of the largest defense systems in the world. The length of underground corridors is over 30 km. Nature has used these rooms as a natural habitat for tens of thousands of bats over time. Unfortunately, man has no idea for a good transmutation. The use of these buildings for modern purposes will require huge financial resources but above all interesting ideas and bold projects. The article presents the history and description of the complex as well as proposals for adapting shelters for new purposes. There are several concepts and the implementation of these plans would be a valuable initiative related to the protection of this unique area and engineering structures located there.

41-48

Authors: Barbara Misztal

The paper collates various solutions of the structural systems of historical domes made from solid wood by arranging them into a typological series including domes of a span from several up to 67.0 metres of the horizontal projection’s diameter. Many of them were destroyed in fires or out of human ignorance. Preservation methods, in which modern materials and technologies appear, determine the wood durability in a construction. Through using the analogy of wood structure to fibrous composites, the reduction in the carrying capacity of compressed wooden bars due to a damage of parenchymatous cells (as a visco-elastic matrix) in consequence of having applied improper preservation methods and preparations was discussed. The selection criterion of thermo-insulating materials embedded in a close vicinity of wood was formulated. The materials of a constant coefficient within the range of natural variations of the moisture content of ceilings and roofs were recommended. The materials of full, not absorbable fibres, such as rock wool and glass wool, do not meet this criterion.

55-61

Authors: Filip Tomaszewski, Bartosz Walczak

Old mills are an essential part of cultural landscape of the area near Łęczyca. The article below presents the initiatives to save and preserve these amazing monuments of wooden architecture. The bad condition of many of them determined (and still determines) wide and differential range of the renovation measures which have been undertaken. They included building a commercial object ,,Zagroda Młynarska” in Uniejów, formation of the open air museum ,,Łęczycka Zagroda Chłopska” in Kwiatówek conducted by Archeological and Etnographic Museum in Łódź and conservation repairs of mills in Solca Wielka and Rdutów Nowy. The relocation of historic windmills creates opportunities to restore them to technical efficiency (it is connected with replacing a significant percentage of their original substance). The article discusses the authenticity which has been achieved in the process of preserving the objects, the range of interference in their original structure, the role of mills in shaping the cultural landscape, but also issues connected with mills’ technical equipment and troubles in keeping them still working in good technical condition.

71-76

Authors: Beata Majerska-Pałubicka

The paradigm of sustainable development concerns social life in general. In the architectural context this simply means creating a good space for living in a way that meets the expectations and gives a chance for the fulfilment of needs of both the current and future generations over a long period of time. The need to ensure an accessible and user-friendly environment whose infrastructure fits into the surroundings becomes a priority. In many countries, strategies have been developed in the field of architecture and urban planning within the limits of urban agglomeration, which in a successful way affect the integration of the sustainable development paradigm in the context of economic, social and natural sciences. The analyzed research area includes new concepts of the development of housing environment in regenerated post-industrial areas as well as in new urban districts which result from innovative transformations of the previously undeveloped areas. As a case study, the districts Vasta Hammen in Malmö, Fjord City Tjuvholmen and Sørenga in Oslo and Ørestad, Sluseholmen and Teglværkshavnen in Copenhagen, Eriksberg in Gothenburg were analyzed. As a research method, a systematic approach to the topic was adopted, based on research and empirical studies of specific cases, expanded by literature research and own (design and didactic) experiments of the author. The intended result of the research is an attempt to indicate a holistic approach and basic tools taking into account the interests of all participants in the processes of shaping the housing environment, leading to the specification of sustainable design strategies and short- and long-term actions.

85-93

Authors: Jerzy Cibis

In the Polish literature of the subject granted to the residential architecture the most common is the theme of constructed environment, the problem of new trends both in form and design, most often in the context of the sustainable development. More and more frequent are the works on analyzing and describing the sociological perspective of dwelling. Basing on the long-term international and domestic publications and scientific research the spread and often interdisciplinary, complex works and articles concerning the social phenomena in architecture and its surrounding have recently appeared. Despite the huge in amount and the valuable literature as well as the scientific research being led in the last few years the lack of works presenting the complex condition of the residential stock shaped through centuries, in context of usability and needs of the residents, based on the possibilities and real modernisation activities is significant. The time range of the work covers the period from 1848-2013. The broad framework allows the recognition of the vast majority of the existing residential stock and gives the larger spectrum of evaluation in the spotted transformations. Industry initiated the process of the development of the number of contemporary cities. The work tries to gain the answer for: ● what changes were done to the researched residential stock ● in which period the changes were the most intensive ● in which period the changes were the greatest in the area (both historically and in context of the usability) Author is also interested in the problem of similarity of the changes to the notes and descriptions of other authors concerning the values of durability and time (so the equipment, the interior divisions, installations, facades and constructions). The present article is used for a projection of these changes on the base of distinctive features of these arrangements and the attempt formulated of characteristic archetype in individual temporary sequences determined in examinations

101-108

Authors: Robert Masztalski, Marcin Michalski

The article presents the problems of transformations of large-plate housing estates from the second half of the twentieth century, in view of the modern needs of their comprehensive renewal. They are subject to gradual degradation, technical consumption, and their spatial development differs from the expectations of residents, especially in the era of changing in the social model. The analytical approach to the problem will allow to show the state of the phenomenon and the predispositions, or their lack, to transformations as part of revitalization activities. The analysis of housing settlement will also allow to determine the potential range of necessary actions in this area.

119-124

Authors: Janusz Laskowski, Marek Dankowski

In this paper was presented the description of the front wall of the building which was earlier demolished. The makeshift protection of this front wall and influence of outside parameters, as for example geological, were a reason of stability loss of this wall. It’s possible that leaving this wall in such condition may lead to the building disaster.

133-148

Authors: Jerzy Hoła

The article presents selected, however, according to the author significant problems concerning the progressive degradation of historic buildings due to excessive moisture. The most important causes and effects of excessive moisture and salinity were highlighted. A decrease in the safety of a structure, a reduction of the thermal insulation of a building’s partitions and the deterioration of the operating conditions in rooms were, among others, indicated as the effects. The conditions of testing moisture using non-destructive methods, indicating those methods that are useful in historic buildings, were described. Moreover, the possibility of using artificial neural networks for a reliable moisture assessment was indicated. Actions that should be taken to prevent the progressive degradation of historic buildings, which is caused by excessive moisture and salinity, were signalled in chronological order.

157-168

Authors: Abdrahman Alsabry, Kamil Łaskawiec, Krzysztof Szymański, Łukasz Rojek

The article presents an analysis of the impact of the selected methodology for thermal bridges assessment on the energy balance on the example of a typical single-family building project. Analytical calculations clearly show that the adopted methodology for determining the value of the coefficient of linear heat transfer of thermal bridge, significantly affects the energy performance of the building. The values of linear heat transfer coefficient presented in thermal bridge catalogs for specific partitions, most often system solutions of various companies, give more precise values than those adopted on the basis of a simplified methodology in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 14683: 2008 standard. Using computer calculations in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 10211: 2008 standard, the values of the linear heat transfer coefficient are a reflection of the actual construction details. It can therefore be clearly stated that these calculations are the most accurate. However, compared to catalogs, this method requires much more work. The change in the method of taking into account the value of the thermal bridge may change the value of the non-renewable primary energy index by up to 20 [kWh/m2a]. Particular attention to precise analyzes of heat losses by thermal bridges should be taken into account when designing passive and zero-energy buildings in which the influence of thermal bridges may constitute more than 20% of the total heat demand.

177-188

Authors: Krystyna Urbańska, Paweł Urbański

The aim of the article is to draw attention on periodic inspections concerning technical condition of buildings and signal the need for constant checking the content of received descriptions. Particulary in case of significant quantity errand prepared on one term. Rating of reliability drawn up periodical inspections of technical conditions was made on the example of multi-family buildings located in Zielona Góra.