Sumy Historical and Archival Journal

5-18

Authors: DEGTYAREV SERGEY

The article examines the practice of civil penalties on officials of state institutions of the Russian Empire, including those that operated on the Ukrainian lands in the late XVIII and the first half of the nineteenth century. The bureaucratic system of that period was not perfect and one couldn’t imagine it without numerous violations, corruption and bribery, official red tape, etc. The author points out that the special position of Empire’s public officers was expressed by them being subjects to all kinds of liability under the rules that differed from the general ones. A special kind of responsibility was established for them. A set of specific penalties for officials was finally systematized at the end of the first third of the nineteenth century. Officials, in addition to violations related to their duties, often committed administrative offences and crimes. The author confirms this with examples from the documentary sources of the studied period. The reason for punishment of government officials could be: complaints; noticed by the administration abuses and failures; accusations from subordinates or institutions; the trial of other people; audits; reviews of records statements, reports. The conclusion was made, that the number of misconducts and abuses in these institutions was very high, but the majority of guilty officials often avoided their responsibility or carried penalties that did not meet the degree of the guilt. The author believes that such situation is typical for modern bureaucratic system of Ukraine as well. This negatively affects the cooperation of various institutions of civil society with government and local authorities. It happened in the last quarter of the seventeenth century, when the Ukrainian lands finally lost their autonomyunder the rule of the Russian Empire and its bureaucratic system completely replaced the Ukrainian management practices.

29-44

Authors: VOLOSNYK YURII P., ONATSKYI MAXIM YU.

The article deals with main activities and processes of foreign raising capital in Ukrainian economy. The reasons that facilitated the development of soviet concessional policy, the position of RCP(b) towards the problem of foreign raising capital and attitude of public authorities to the foreign investors are highlighted. Major areas and functional forms of foreign capital in the national economy of Ukraine are considered. The scale and activities of foreign investors in the USSR in the years of new economic policy are analyzed. The paper also examines extremely difficult, adverse and uncivilized foreign capital operating conditions in the country, such as political, legislative and economic. Moreover, the conflicting position of soviet authorities towards foreign entrepreneurs, whose activities contributed to the reconstruction and modernization of the country’s economy are highlighted. The article reveals specific features of attraction process and functioning of foreign investors in Ukraine. Moreover, here we may get to know about negative aspects of the hypercentralized concessional policy of the center, which hasn’t considered the national interests of union republics. It has affected the pace and level of raising capital brought to the country. The study concludes that by virtue of class and ideological regulations of the state party, considerable potentialities for a large-scale usage of resources, technologies and links of foreign investors in the process of industrial modernization of the country were lost. The paper explores attitude of the different Ukrainian society groups of the 1920s towards foreign concessions. The ambiguous and disputable feelings of different social groups about offshore capital and its potential role in the reconstruction of various industries of the country are analyzed. The conclusion is made up that the role of foreign investors in the economy was positive as a whole, letting us use the capitals (even though a very small scale), technologies, european organisation, production experience and work culture for the further modernization of Ukraine.

50-58

Authors: ILNYTSKY VASYL I.

In the article on the basis of unknown and little-known documents the problem of occurrence of conflict situations in the nationalist structures of the OUN’s Carpathian area in 1945-1954 is examined. Today, when the study of the history of Ukrainian Liberation Movement approaches the qualitatively new level, it is necessary to disclose the problems which still remain either little or not at all investigated. It is to such problems that the topic of the occurrence of conflict situations in the environment of the nationalist underground belongs. By using compromising situations that provoked conflicts, the Soviet punitive bodies intended to introduce contentions, misunderstanding and mutual enmity into the Ukrainian underground. Therefore, such researches have not only an important scientific value, but a social and political value as well. The purpose of the article is to objectively and impartially disclose the content and basic types of conflict situations within the environment of the underground of the OUN’s Carpathian area (Karpats’kyi krai). It also aims to show the consequences which the nationalist camp suffered because of internal oppositions and how the Soviet punitive bodies made use of them. It is shown that the conflict situations in the underground were caused both by the insurgents themselves and by the repressive-punitive bodies who generated them by means of purposeful compromising actions. These conflict situations differed according to reasons, content and consequences. The disputes between leaders of different levels, whose ambition did not promote the productive activity of OUN and UPA are disclosed. At the same time, when the secret service came to know about any such opposition they made use of it with the purpose to enervate the Ukrainian underground. The OUN’s members were people of various age, character, and outlook. They often lived for months within a common closed space – a hiding-place (“kryivka”), where they shared everyday duties, built mutual relations and so on. It is established that despite severe and accurately set rules of organizational relations within the underground, as well as within any other social group, quite often there happened conflict situations. In the research they are allocated according to the following types: 1) personal hostility between separate members of the Organization; 2) side-by-side activity of representatives of different generations; 3) struggle for power in the Organization; 4) conflicts among representatives of different ethnographic groups (natives of Bukovyna, Galicia, the Dnieper Ukraine, etc.); 5) fits of ambition and unwillingness to adhere to the Organization’s statute; 6) misunderstandings between heads of UPA’s departments and local leaders; 7) strategic and tactical divergences; 8) conflicts through women. In the article it is proved that any opposition learnt about by the secret service was used by it for the purpose of enfeebling the ungunderground. In the struggle against Ukrainian liberation movement the repressive-punitive bodies relied not only on military force, but also used various, on occasion even “exquisite” means. It is underlined that the compromising activity of the secret service is a wide problem, which still demands a separate complex research.

72-80

Authors: MOSIENKO OLEXANDR V.

Article is devoted to the issues of ideological confrontation between the Austro- Hungarian and Russian empires during the World War I. Before the beginning of the war Ukraine was divided between two empires (the Russian and Austro-Hungarian). The problems of informational confrontation on the Ukrainian territory - Russian Empire’s South-Western Front (Galician front of Austro-Hungary) are outlined. The article describes the propaganda techniques which turn the image of the “other” into an image of an enemy. Austro-Hungarian propaganda used “the threat from the east” image; Russian ideologists used the image of the German empire, which was oppressing the Slavs. Various aspects of the upcoming war informational support were developed by military theorists of both empires. On the eve of the conflict the principles, objectives and directions of propaganda have been defined. Since the beginning of the warfare these plans have found their embodiment in the specific tools. Both empires established institutions, which were involved in the creation and production of agitation materials, constantly expanding informational tools, techniques, and the sphere of its usage. The article reviews the techniques of propaganda during the First World War, which were presented by the media, especially periodicals. Its target audience were the population and soldiers. Brochures, posters, leaflets and postcards produce agitational messages with emotive connotation. In the internal front area the visual propaganda was introduced with posters and postcards. The article outlines the means of agitation and propaganda among of army forces and the peaceful population during the First World War in the South-Western Front. On the basis of the propaganda implementation examples the importance of the war informational support which considered the religious, national, political peculiarities of the enemy army and state. The external propaganda, addressing the enemy armed forces and the population was carried out primarily via text message, those were: leaflets, appeals, and proclamations. The objectives of the war, attitudes toward allies and protagonists, front’s updates are reflected in propaganda and contribute to the analysis of informational techniques of the early XX century. The findings received are illustrated with examples. The article outlines the condition of contemporary research and the prospects for further investigations.