Sumy Historical and Archival Journal

19-32

Authors: SVIATOSLAV V. DANYLENKO

The article discusses historical and theoretical aspects of studying of the tax system in Ukrainian SSR in 1920th; clarifies the common and different in concepts and phenomena of “tax policy” and “tax system”. The attention is focused on the structural and functional character of the new economic policy that defined its role and place in the economic life of society. The article submits historiographical review of the literature on the tax strategy and tactic of the Soviet regime in 1920th. There is a free interpretation of the concepts of “tax policy” and “tax system” though those concepts differ by basic principles, functions and characteristics. In author’s opinion to gain the most objective coverage of the discussed problem the usage of both structural-functional and system-structural approaches in compliance with the historical methods of research of a complex social systems. A subjectivization of economic policy of the Soviet state is revealed by exposing a social class component, which was used in tax policy. Apart from the social class nature of the tax policy in Ukrainian SSR in 1920th , the author reveals the process of its implementation in daily “ tax practice” and “taxation jobs”. At the beginning of the NEP the structure and executive branch were created so in the second half of 1923 social class taxation system began to gain its influence and spread. The main two factors that had its influence on the process of complete NEP-type tax system formation are: the political and ideological basis of the Soviet power system and the competitive economic environment, which appeared as private entrepreneurial form of management. An economic restriction on city and rural «bourgeoisie» are essential to Bolshevism, therefore an objective social-economic types of farms and private entrepreneurs are obliged to go through subjective criteria of social class ideology. Thus, political and ideological basis of taxation are seen as an integral part of tax policy and daily practice of Soviet financial authorities in Ukrainian SSR in the 1920s.

42-55

Authors: KONSTANTIN K. VASYLYEV, ARNIS VІKSNA

K. Bililovsky (1859-1938) is the Ukrainian poet, translator and cultural figure. He received higher medical education and he earned his living as a doctor the whole lifetime. Great literature was devoted to him, but his work as a doctor has not been investigated yet. The purpose of this study, in contrast to the already carried research, to enlighten the stages of K. Bililovsky’s medical practice. At the same time we are bringing new historical sources, such as archival and published ones, that dropped out of sight of the researchers of the doctor and the Ukrainian poet’s life and work. For the first time the stages of K. Bililovsky’s medical biography were clarified and documented. He received his medical education at the Universities of Leipzig (1875-1876), Vienna (1876-1878), Dorpat (1879-1881) and again in Vienna (1882) and he graduated from the University of Jena in 1883. After that he worked as a doctor in Poltava. In 1885-1891 he was a policeman doctor in Petropavlovsk (now in Kazakhstan). In 1891-1892 he worked as a military doctor. Then he retired and served in the civil service in St. Petersburg. In 1895 he defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1899-1905 K. Bililovsky worked as Kurland assistant of the provincial medical inspector in Mitau (now Jelgava, Latvia). Since 1906 he was at the same position in the Olonets province (Petrozavodsk), and in 1907-1910 as a provincial medical inspector in the same place. In 1910-1913 he worked as Taurida provincial medical inspector (Simferopol). In 1913-1920 he was a chief physician of Feodosia Marine medicalmonitoring station. During the Civil War he joined the White movement. In 1920-1925 he worked as a doctor in the city of Simferopol. In 1925-1932 K. Bililovsky worked as an eye doctor in the Soviet dispensary in Rasht (Iran). The last years of his life were spent in Simferopol, where he died and was buried. He is an author of several published scientific publications. In 1887 his health statistics and health sketch of Petropavlovsk were published. In this study he gave, for the first time, a fairly complete picture of the health of the area, completely unknown until now in this regard. In 1890 he made ovariotomy in Kazakhstan for the first time. He reported on the results of his successful gynecological activities in the medical society in St. Petersburg. So far his medical research and ethnographic essays are of scientific interest. His experience of the prison doctor was reflected in the monograph on the physical type of criminal. Finally, he explored the city of Yalta in a sanitary point of view, which allowed him to specify what measures could and should take to improve the health status of the city. The abovementioned inevitably would lead to the improvement of public health. For the first time the historical sources, introduced into scientific use, allow better understanding of K. Bililovsky’s poetic legacy. Keywords: K. Bililovsky (1859-1938), XIX-XX centuries., the history of Ukraine, the history of medicine.

68-74

Authors: VASYL I. ILNYTSKYJ

In the article for the first time it is attempted to uncover one of the most difficult questions in the study of the development of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, videlicet, – the insurgents’ number in Military District (hence – MD) – 4 “Hoverla”. In order to specify their total number, which is far from being an easy task, an analysis of the previously inaccessible archive materials have been made by the author. The problems in concerning the totaling under question are caused by both the lack of an integral complex of the respective sources and the exacting conspiracy, which put under a ban the divulging of actual military personnel number of the unit and subunit. Besides, the dynamic nature of the guerilla and insurgent phenomena brings about the additional hardship of the specification of the aforementioned MD’s military personnel number. It is possible to estimate the approximate figures over a period of time only. However, even these figures could significantly differ in a brief space of time (especially before and after “the great blockade”). The documents of the underground work, which would adequately characterize the quantitative indicators of the insurgents are absent, whereas the remaining sporadic ones are too fragmentary and disembodied to provide an integral picture. On the other hand, the materials of the party and repressive-punitive organs give a certain chance. The party documents are the most contradictory. What concerns the documents of the repressive-punitive organs, they are more reliable in this respect, because they are basically less politized. That is why the author was conditioned to rest on his own calculations which, given their relative inexactitude, nonetheless, present orienting numerical characteristics of the insurgents acting on the territory of MD-4 “Hoverla”. In the article the dynamics of the change of the Ukrainian nationalists’ quantity, as well as the tendency to decreasing of the insurgents’ number with time has been shown. According to the author’s calculations, in November, 1944, on the territory of MD-4 “Hoverla” there were enacted 52 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UIA) companies, which – accounting for the fact that each consisted of some 150-180 man – will make up nearly 7800-9360 fighters. Accordingly, by January, 1945 there were 51 companies, that is 7650-9180 men; by autumn 1945 there were 26 units (each numbering from 40 to 60 men), which totaled some 2350-2960; by summer 1946 there functioned 23 units and 10 subunits (each counting from 40 to 60), that totals some 1320-1980; by January 1948 in action there still were 3 units in tactical division (TD) (“Hutsulshchyna” (“The Hutsul Land”) and 5 units in TD – 24 “Makivka” (the mountain’s name). Taking into consideration, that the strength of each unit varied from 40 to 50, the UIA members are estimated as many as 320-400. In 1949 there remained in action a some 20 men strong group in TD-21 “Hutsulshchyna” headed by P. Melnyk, and a like some 20 men strong subunion 479 (belonging to union 91) in TD-24 “Makivka”. All that enables the following prйcis: MD-4 “Hoverla” was the most numerous in the structure of the UIA-West and functioned the longest in comparison with the other similar bodies.

87-88

Authors: BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

20-28

Authors: KUDINOV DMITRO

The article is focused on the survey of the interaction between anarchist organizations and Ukrainian peasantry performed by Soviet, Ukrainian and Russian historians. In this respect, two historiographic tendencies are distinguished: Soviet, with adverse orientation on program targets and tactics of anti-statists (the quotes of V.Lenin and J.Stalin are cited as an examples which soviet authors were looked about) and contemporary, which is based on reasonable understanding of anarchists’ views on reaching communist society via revolutionary way, annihilation of state and its institutions, securing of human freedom and affordability of material and cultural wealth (short visions of the future society arrangement made by famous anarchist theorists, such as M. Bakunin and P. Kropotkin, are provided). The emphasis is made on the description by historians of anarchists’ activity in Chernigov, Podolia, Poltava, Ekaterinoslav and Kherson Governorates. Particularly, actual instances of the agitation beginning amongst peasants by the members of Nizhyn group of anti-statists, creation by them of a range of federations for involvement of rural dwellers, organization in the countryside of meetings and assaults on representatives of czarist administration, landlords and capitalists are revealed. Major attention is paid to the description of the “Poor Peasants Union” activity in Huliaipole in 1906-1908, which future leader of The Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine Nestor Makhno had art and part in. The author proves that this particular chapter of anarchists’ history is the most high-lighted in historical literature out of the whole complex of data concerning the anti-statists’ performance in rural area. It is noted that contemporary Ukrainian historians (V. Volkovynskyi, O. Lebedenko, V. Savchenko) have found out the attributes of “peasant anarchism”: the tactics of anarchists in the countryside differed from the activity of the rest Left by more clear and specific support of peasant destructive actions, the border between “fundraising” or “anarchic” motives usually wasn’t traced, the groups went in for expropriations, which to some extent lapped over their revolutionary content (however, peasant anarchists themselves denied “wanton” character of the terror, low level of theoretical training was peculiar to peasant group members,while handson experience was prevailing: the ability to shoot, fight, disguise, observe conspiracy, etc. The historians underline particular national colour of Ukrainian “peasant anarchism”. According to V. Volkovynskyi and O. Lebedenko, the expansion of anti-statist ideas was favoured by “anarchic mentality” of Ukrainian peasantry (immanent orientation of Ukrainian farmers toward liberty, which had not been knocked out of their conscious during serfdom period), freedomloving traditions living in peasantry from Zaporozhian Sich times, as well as anti-statist egalitarian ideas of former affluent religious group of Dukhobors. Keywords: historiography, anarchism, anarchists, anarcho-communsts, anti-statists, unmotivated terror, “Poor Peasant Union”(Soyuz bednyh hleborobov”), Nestor Makhno.

35-42

Authors: DEGTYAREV SERGEY

The author emphasizes the importance of the historical research of the civil officialdom in the Ukrainian lands during the period of the Russian Empire. The range of the most underinvestigated aspects of this subject has been specified: social structure of Ukrainian officialdom; the process of Ukrainian service elite’s joining into the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire in the end of the eighteenth century; education level of the state officials in the Ukrainian lands; types of violations and abuses and their reasons; officials’ encouragement system. The conclusion is made that during the second half of the eighteenth century – first half of the nineteenth century Ukrainian civil servants managed to save a number of specific features of sociocultural nature which distinguished them against the general background of the Russian Empire bureaucracy. Keywords: Ukraine, Russian Empire, Table of Ranks, civil officials, bureaucracy, state service, social origin, education, violations and abuses.

51-61

Authors: DANYLENKO OLEKSANDR

The article discovers a participation of Soviet Ukraine athletes in international competitions in 1920's. The paper emphasizes that the topic has not been a subject of complex scientific research yet. There are only few sides discovered in the articles of Ukrainian scientists. Archives of state and public institutions preserves documents and materials, which are an important source for studying direct participation of Ukrainian sports delegations and individual athletes in international competitions. The object of our interest is international cultural relations of the Soviet Ukraine. The subject of the paper is participation of teams and individual athletes in international football, athletics and other competitions. Objectives of research are: to show the first steps of Soviet Ukraine on its way to international recognition through different sports competitions; to identify the ideological influence on the development of Soviet sport; to find out the status of institutional and functional level of Ukrainian delegations in the international sport area. It is also important to establish bilateral connections and representative status of international sport teams in Ukraine on public, regional and national levels. It is noted that the Soviet government assigned the role of sport as a part of politics and propaganda in domestic and international area. Ukraine had the organizational and functional institutions that coordinated sport development, representing the republic at international and all-union competitions. Trips abroad were taken by Ukrainian functionaries, coaches and athletes to adopt physical culture and sport development experience from Western countries. In mid- 1920 the first among Ukrainian athletes were not professional sportsmen but amateur football players. Ukrainian SSR was represented on the international arena by players of football, volleyball, handball, basketball, track and field etc. The sport component of international relations of Soviet Ukraine was widely covered by the republican press. The article shows that during the first half of 1920s. system of Soviet sport was established. The second half of 1920s. is marked with intensification of contacts between Ukrainian and international athletes. At this time a nationwide and all-union sports competition in contrast to the Olympic Games were held and the athletes from around the world were involved. It is proved that during 1920th. Ukraine had a great variety of international sport relations. Keywords: Ukraine, USSR, physical culture, sport, international competitions.

69-74

Authors: SARANOV SERGEY

In the article examines the French Mediterranean policy of the rulling circles in the XVII, in particular, the place and importance in its development finance minister of Louis XIV, Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683). Drawing on a broad base of sources, including official correspondence, memorands, the author analyzes the factors in the genesis of the foreign in colonial form of interaction between the French ruling circles with the Mediterranean Maghreb. On a moment, when Colbert concentrated state affairs in the hands, Mediterranean politics of France had deep historical roots. Her sources are in an epoch cross hikes, agreements between France and Turkey and other important events of the examined period. Becoming of the national state and realization of own national priorities, as is generally known, showed up in the serious crisis of the christian world. Brilliant diplomacy of cardinal Richelieu in Europe showed birth of principle of “state interest” in international politics, being higher than dynastic and religious values. Certainly, these changes were reflected in Mediterranean politics of France at J.-B. Colbert. It is possible to assert that Colbert complemented colonial conception of Richelieu, putting at the first place commercial benefits from colonization. Nevertheless, in the Mediterranean region a situation was often determined by a competition between France and other European countries, priority value of European policy for France. Drawn conclusion about expedience of peacekeeping for frenchmen with state formations of North Africa in an examined period. Colbert aimed to agree with them, counteracting to the analogical attempts of englishmen in Таnger. However Colbert could conduct colonization of region, as the states of North Africa applied on an independent role in a voice process.In these terms for frenchmen the question was only about trade contacts with North Africa. However in consciousness of the French statesmen existence of colonies had to reflect interests of metropolis. The states of North Africa could not accept such terms and exactly from here frequent soldiery conflicts take an origin between France and NorthAfrican states. In turn, priority of European policy for French king yet more complicated the process of realization of Mediterranean policy of Colbert force to defend her necessity for unfavorable terms. Keywords: foreign policy, colonial policy, Mediterranean policy, Mediterranean region, Colbert, Maghreb.

82-83

Authors: CHERKASOV ALEKSANDER

Agricultural history is not only the study of traditional humanity culture, and agricultural civilizations, covering in the last age a large part of the population of Eastern Europe. This area of historical science is interesting to applied thematic sections – both political and social history of the peasantry, provocative economic and cultural influence of the urban environment on the village. The revolutionary events of the early XX century in the Russian Empire, which was instantly drawn the peasantry, just set a precedent to research the agrarian society from this point of view. The verges of socio-political history of the peasantry converge in the work of the Ukrainian historian Dmitrii Kudinov who synthesized the experience of the historiography of the peasant movement in the Russian part of Ukraine at the beginning of the last century. The ideology of the peasantry, the peasant anti-semitism and anti-jewish pogroms, party doctrine decisions of the agrarian-peasant question, the activities of the all-Russian peasant union, memoirs of party members and ordinary witnesses of the revolutionary events in the village, forms and methods of peasant struggle, “agrarian discourse” by the language of peasant petitions – all of this find a place in the monograph, thematically limited by nine provinces of the Russian Empire, within which is located the modern Ukraine. Despite the fact that Ukraine past is inseparable from Russia in the chronological framework of the research – this is the history of Ukraine. The emphasis on the Ukrainian peasantry and the Ukrainian national party, which launched its activities in a rural province, clearly talking of itself. Dmitrii Kudinov in the dialogue with historians of past and present chose two approaches: the presentation of certain topics is carried out in a phased manner accordingly to the development of national historical science (pre-october period, the soviet historical science, modern (post-soviet) historiography) or has a problematic character. This decision somewhat disorients the reader, but however, is the conscious choice of the author how to introduce the book presentation about the subject and the various epochs of historical science the best way. For example, the historiography of all-Russian peasant union activities is described in such a way that, of course, does not remove the book from some repetition. The role of the author is manifested not in retelling the works of other researchers, but in the search of truth by using the language of agrarian and historical narrative. Actually, the appeal of historiographer to the comparative analysis, typology and other methods of scientific research has greatly facilitated this task. The characteristic of D. Kudinov‘s work is referring to a personal sense of history, expressed in the memoirs. Constructing the past through memory is an indispensable part of human display of the past. The author at the same level of research interest is considered both the memories and research, but between its there is no the mark of identity. From my point of view, the selection of the memoirs in the context of peasant movements research is fully deserves the separate historiographical research that can wish to the author. Overall, the work gives a positive impression and creates a space for reflection. The history of Ukraine presents from a new side – peasant guerrilla – the predecessor of agrarian movements known for its drama and energy during the civil war (including the anarchist insurrectional movement of Nestor Makhno). However, the author should pay more attention to foreign historiography that will connect the historical study of Western and Soviet historiography, and perhaps, influence the creative collaboration of modern scientists.