Sumy Historical and Archival Journal

13-23

Authors: KUDINOV D.V.

The complex of memorial historical and revolution literature revealing All-Russian Peasant Union (ARPU) regional structures activity is examined. The article purpose is to analyze basing on the memorials of agrarians (participants of the movement) various aspects of regional locations of Peasant Union social and political activity in Ukraine as well as a struggle for Ukrainian Peasant Union creation. It is distinguished that the definition of the ARPU nature differed depending on the political background of memoirists - from accepting the Union as proper peasant organization disposed to act in legal field (E.Chikalenko, D.Doroshenko) to formless structure without clear program, how it was understood by a part of Russian social-democrats. Therefore came different degrees of parties’ members participation in the operation of the Union. In Ukraine the most active role in the creation and development of ARPU played the representatives of Ukrainian Liberal camp together with the representatives of Socialist-Revolutionary party. In spite of being encouraged by parties’ activists, Peasant Union stayed fully independent organization guided by peasant interests. Memoirists who belonged to the former Union activists estimated it as a valid political power and an equal partner of other political organizations and, in case of Sumy ARPU committee, as a leading political party of the region. The memorials recreate the picture of ARPU cells, which were mostly established from the bottom upwards according to the chain reaction. In this regards, authors’ positive attitudes to massive influxes of peasants to organization are stated. In memoirs conduction of peasant congresses, which demonstrated the prevailing homogeneity of the peasants’ position on payless cession of landlords’, imperial and church lands to peasants was noted as well as positive perception of revolution democratic tasks - convention of information meetings, implementation of democratic freedoms, release of political prisoners, etc. The attention to economic measures of local Union Committees described by authors is emphasized. The role of peasant intelligence in the operation of Union units is reviewed. Ukrainian political leaders’ activity aimed at Ukrainian Peasant Union (UPU) creation is studied separately together with the roles of sertain political activists in this process. It is concluded that the memoirs point at the list of important aspects of ARPU activity: successful functioning of Peasant Union Units was due to a strong collaboration of intelligence and peasant activists; substantial contribution in establishment and activity of ARPU commettees was made by opposition political organizations, though their influence on peasantry and its organization was not considerable; the creation of Peasant Union itself became possible due to the peasantry politization and origin of public society.

34-41

Authors: KRINKO E.F.

The article considered the study of the sources of the child’s memory about the Great Patriotic War. The main attention is focused on the complexes of materials in leading Russian archives (Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, State Archive of the Russian Federation and other archives), contemporary documentary publications as well as oral histories. Almost everywhere childhood memories, diaries and letters constitute an extremely small portion of those funds and collections that contain sources of personal origin of the war. But recently published a lot of childhood memories. The oral history played an increasingly significant role. Written stories of various categories of children - not only participants in the war, but also underage prisoners of Nazi concentration camps, eyewitnesses occupation, evacuation, blockade. Virtual archives, databases and data banks are the essential foundation for the study of many aspects of military childhood. Source base is a lot of opportunities to explored the childhood memory of the Great Patriotic War. At the same time it shows that the child’s memories largely inconsistent and contain different descriptions. This allows to talk about the different models of perception war history. Numerous “conflicts of memories” and still lingering taboo is largely due to the inhomogeneity of the historical memory of modern Russian and other postsoviet societies, including the contradictions of public and private cultural of memory. Socio-political transformations also contribute to filling the last different meanings.

48-53

Authors: KRAVCHENKO O.M.

When Cossacks and pospolytyjs from the Right Bank Ukraine were populating Slobozhanschyna in the middle of the XVII c., they started to set up khutors, villages and towns. Political events, in particular the war between the state of B.Khmelnitsky and The Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth, influenced greatly the arrangement of monasteries. After the fights there were often destroyed not only towns and villages, but also monasteries. In those circumstances, the monks had to look for shelter on the borderland territories of the Moscow kingdom. Often a monk set up a small hermitage or a cave, and after some time this place became a monastery. This is how the Ianno-Predtechensky monastery appeared in the Lebedyn region. It was first mentioned in 1676, and the construction started in 80-s of the XVII c. The monastery had strong wooden and earth fortification that was typical for Cossacks fortification tradition of the early modern time. Its arrangement was slightly different from the canonical one. That can be explained with peculiarities of its location and desire to protect the community. Possibly, Mykhajlo Vasyljev, the colonel from Hadyach, relative of the Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Samojlovych, took part in construction and designing of the monastery. The families of Hetmans Samojlovych, Mazepa and Polubotok took care of the monastery at different times. On the territory of the monastery there were found remains of two temples: of the Virgin Leading into the Temple and of the Ioann Predtecha (John the Runner). Remains of the big building (lower the main monastery ground) can be also considered as one of the monastery buildings. The monastery was closed during the monastery reform of the second half of the XVIIІ c. After that all buildings and temples were taken to pieces.

65-72

Authors: MAYDEBURA O.P.

The centre for the southern region of Imperial Russia was Odessa. This city late XIX century acquired the status of the most developed in Imperial Russia. On the south of the state basis of forming of radiobiological researches was Novorossiysk University of Odessa. The Odessa scientists had close ties with the leading research centers in Europe. A month after the discovery of x-rays by Roentgen the professor of Novorosiysk university M.D. Pilchikov has repeated his experiments. In Novorossiysk University in 1896- 1903 conducted the chemical investigation of uranium and thorium compounds under the guidance of professor of chemistry P.G.Melikov, privat assistant of professor L.V.Pysarzhevskiy, professor S.Lordkipanidze. In parallel with physicists and physicians are interested in X-rays: P.O.Walther, B.F.Verigo, S.V.Levashov, K.M.Sapezhko, V.F.Yakubovich. The X-ray machines were quickly applied doctors. In 1900 in Novorosiysk University the medical faculty was opened. From the first days faculty held the radiobiological researches. Under the guidance of professor S.V.Levashov studied the dynamics of biochemical processes in the organism under the effect of x-rays. The founder of radiology and radiobiology in Odessa region was Yakov Moiseevich Rosenblat (1872- 1928). Among his students were known radiologists and radiobiologists: F.Hrynfeld, O.Kalfa, I.Kalihman,V.Lev, S. Polyakov, S.Shulgin, Yi.Balaban, Ya.I. Kaminskiy, Yu.D.Duboviy. In 1931, in Odessa was organized X-Oncology research Institute. Under the guidance of M.M.Isachenko, S.O.Nikitin and E.P.Maksymchuk investigated the early X-ray reactions in different animal species.The development of radiobiological studies in southern Ukraine dates back to the Novorossiysk University of Odessa, at the department of physics, chemistry and medical department. The great influence on the development of radiobiological studies in Odessa had scientific schools of M.D.Pylchykov, Ya.M.Rosenblat, the radiobiological studies of Ya.I.Kaminskiy, Yu.D.Duboviy, and biological studies conducted in Odessa X-Oncology research Institute under the direction of M.M.Isachenko.

79-88

Authors: VLASENKO S.I.

Based on the documents of the Public Associations Central State Archives of Ukraine funds (The Ukrainian Partisan Movement Headquarters, the united Ukrainian cavalry, the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks)). Revealed the prerequisites, course and results of the Steppe Raid of the Partisan’s Cavalry Unit under the Command of M.S.Naumov, that had place in the southern regions of Ukraine from February 1 to April 5, 1943. Described in details the process of preparing the Sumy regional headquarters of the partisan movement to the campaign in the southern regions of the Sumy region and course of the first phase of the Steppe raid. Special attention is given to the partisan’s fight during the second phase of the raid on the territory of Poltava, Kirovograd, Odessa, Vinnitsa, Zhitomir, Kiev and Polesiye (Belarus) regions. The raid command’s of the partisan movement in Ukraine and direct participants’ assessment is presented. Described problems and shortcomings faced by the partisans during the Steppe raid. It is shown a vision of Cavalry Unit’s commander M.S. Naumov on reasons of the unsuccessful raid that had place in the southern regions of Ukraine, his explanation of the situation with the Partisan’s Cavalry Unit on the area of Golovanevsk forest (the Odessa region). Analyzed the combat and number of the partisans, results of the combat, sabotage, scouting activities during the raid Steppe. During the preparation of the article used little known new archival documents. It is allowed to explore comprehensively, thoroughly the research subject and draw conclusions. The article can be useful when writing general articles on the history of Ukraine, special researches of the Great Patriotic War and the partisan resistance movement.