Sumy Historical and Archival Journal

11-17

Authors: BUGRII V.S.

Historical Local Study in Ukraine has deep roots and rich traditions and plays a prominent part in historical science system. Under current conditions of national consciousness rise and strengthening of attention to own history and culture, Local Study researches gain particular importance. Due to the explorations of native land the accumulation of factual material for historical science takes place. Moreover, the feeling of patriotism is developed. In the course of the research it was revealed that scientific legitimation of Historical Local Study in Ukraine in 19th century took place in context of Ukrainian history distinctiveness recognition. Though, such right to distinctiveness contradicted monocratic ideas of Russian historiography. In those times the guiding historic concept in Russian Empire was dynastic. The main research object was represented by the history of government of monarchs, who headed single nation – Russian. Key historical mission of Russian governors was declared as “accumulation of Russian lands”. In soviet period this historical concept was modified into the theory of “the three brother nations” (“a triune Russian nation”) and in present days – into “Russian World” idea. Grounding of Historical Local Study scientific bases in the 19th century was indissolubly related to the collapse of the imperial concept of history. This was greatly contributed by the pleiad of eminent Ukrainian scientists, among which the works of M. Kostomarov, O. Lazarevskyi and V. Antonovich deserve the greatest credit. Thus, M. Kostomarov came out from the perspective of recognition in all the nations, including Ukrainian, of their peculiar “federative” traits which require particular investigation. Essential contribution into the establishment of Historical Local Study bases in Ukraine was made by O. Lazarevskyi. Subject matter of his researches, based on wide range of documentary sources, was connected to the study of socioeconomic relations in the Left-bank Ukraine. The importance of local studies performed by the scientist lied in substantial resource materials, which characterized socioeconomic conditions prevailing in the Ukrainian lands. Not least important are a number of his methodological ideas. V. Antonovich, as well as his predecessors, grounded the right of Ukrainians to their own history, proving that they are a full-fledged nation, which is fundamentally different from its neighbours. His great achievement in the field of Historical Local Study was creation of his own scientific school. The scientist’s followers came out as organizers and active members of different forms of Local Studies. Such prominent Ukrainian historians as M. Hrushevsky and D. Bagaliy were descendants of Antonovich’s Kiev Documentalist School. Consequently, owing to the activity of Ukrainian researchers in the second half of the 19th century scientific bases of Historical Local Study were established as a result of the concept of Ukrainian history distinctive character and antecedence of the folk masses role in the historical process.

30-37

Authors: KUDINOV D.V.

The purpose of the present article is to estimate the role and the place of rumours in the intensification, expansion and ideological content of peasant movement. Current thematic justification is determined, from the one hand, by frequent references in specialized scientific publications to the rumours role as the accelerator of peasants’ riots and, from the other hand, by the absence of particular research on peasant tittle-tattles of political nature. Thus, the object of this publication is boosting of historians of Peasantry to such narratives. The author of the article takes as a premise the idea that gossips generation should be investigated indispensably in cross-disciplinary light. The notion of “rumour” itself is mentioned in sciences as a dialog one – the variety of informal interpersonal communications resulting in transferring by word of mouth of the information which is not confirmed officially. It was demonstrated that peasants rumours at the beginning of the 20th century can be classified in three forms: “rumors-desires”, “rumors-bogeymen” and “aggressive rumours”. Gossips reflected mental paradigms of the Peasantry, modified public mind and directed social behavior, which was demonstrated in the works of historians-agrarians. Regarding the time period investigated in the article they specified not only peasants’ guesses, but also directives of the government and agitation of opposition to be the sources of rumours spreading. Under the conditions of propaganda inconsistency and low political culture of the peasants’ majority, who were unable to conceive revolutionary appeals adequately, the proclamations content was twisted and passed in the form of gossips. It is noted that in the rumours of sociopolitical nature the figure of the monarch was a keynote as well as the peasants’ expectations for the desire of the monarch to provide them with land, which was prevented by the officials, the landlords and other “enemies” of the agrarians. In this respect the rumours about the king gained “a family nature”. In such a way, the head of the state obtained the features characteristic to the peasants themselves, which was especially pointed out by A. Gaisinovich. Due to this, gossips received fantastic plots, where tsar and managed by him “princes”, “stewards” and “generals” acted as protagonists and the representatives of local authorities, landlords and officials played the role of antagonists. Therefore, rumours remained an essential part of general complex of peasant linguistic culture with its characteristic speech tokens, plots, moral and value components.

48-55

Authors: MAKSYMOV O.V.

Big reforms of 60-70-s of the 19th century became maybe the last possibility of Russian Empire to change to a new stage of development. After the abolition of the serfage the judicial reform took a special place in the part of the most further changes of the political system. Professional support of its realization played not the last role in the context of the reform application, it concerned not only capitals, but also the distant parts of the empire. This point was especially sharp in Right-bank Ukraine. Owing to the absence of understanding among the regional elite (Poles), the south-western territory was on the verge of the “personnel shortage” one day before the judicial reform. Under these conditions, dilemma for the authorities was either to enlist the support of a rather unpredictable Polish nobility or to make “import” of officials from other provinces of the empire. The second option seemed to be more attractive, because thus the autocracy could rely on trained and loyal employees. The establishment of the University of St. Vladimir in Kyiv in 1834 did not bring the desired result, “russification” of the land still did not occur, the Polish influence among students and teachers were significant, especially at a law faculty. Replacement of the teaching staff in the 40-50’s of the 19th century on the immigrants from Russia contributed only to the reduction of the prestige of the Faculty of Law. Various prohibitions, that regulated the number of Polish students, led to the outflow of the latter in the educational establishments of Kharkiv and Odessa. Since opening in 1871 the magistrates courts, the active phase of implementation of the judicial reform began in the South West region, in 1880 it was extended, since this time the rest of the institutions (district courts, chambers) started working. Example of Zhytomyr district court clearly testified ignoring of the Poles in its personnel filling. Reasons were in secret orders of the Ministry of Justice, which stated that the Poles were forbidden to hold positions in the newly established judicial bodies of Southwest provinces. Under these conditions, the latter were forced either to move to other provinces or to practice advocacy. Situation has not changed significantly the next years. The number of Poles who graduated from the University of St. Vladimir increased, but their involvement to the judiciary of the region did not happen. Taking into consideration the above said we can state that the ethnic and religious criteria in a Right bank were dominant during the selection of officials, regional elite in such a way was under professional discrimination, which in its turn led to the “staff shortage” and “import” of officials from other provinces of Russian empire.

61-66

Authors: YERMAKOVA V.Ya., ROMANYUK I.M.

The hunger of 1921-1923 is the greatest tragedy which had extremely negative results for Ukrainian people, especially for children. From the official point of view, famine in Ukraine in 1921-1923 was explained by droughts and also conseguences of economic backwardness, world and public wars. However, the decisive for Ukraine were subjective reasons: the economic policy of the Bolsheviks and the violent methods of their implementations. The state was unable to ensure people in the conditions of hunger, therefore foreign social voluntary organizations began to play the leading role. The help of American Relief Administration (ARA) and American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (“Joint”) was the most considerable for Podillya. The aim of this article is to show the basic aspects of help giving to homeless children of Vinnytsia region by foreign organizations ARA and “Joint” in 1921-1923. Podillya help Committee of American Help Organization, founded on June 2, 1922 was appealed to give the help to the victims of hunger. The functions of ARA on the Podillya province territory consisted of supplying the children and other establishments with food and medical maintenance exclusively of ARA. ARA did’nt patronize the children’s homes. Activity of ARA included the opening of dining rooms, the distribution of rations, caring about orphanages and hospitals. Dining rooms were firstly appointed for children and then for an adult population. The distribution of food among the starting population was carrying out by special commissions, composed of the representatives of the ARA and Soviet authorities. Besides food, which was given to children by ARA, “Joint” gave large sums of money for additional nutrition and fuel and transformed the patronized children’s homes into clean, comfortable houses with modern heating system. The children got shoes, underwear and clothes. However, there was a problem of American food. In the reports it often has been mentioned about the theft and the sale of goods from foreign charities. Therefore , in the conditions of hunger (1921-1923) the state of children was especially difficult. At the expense of the large-scale measures of humanistic organizations ARA and “Joint” hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian people and especially the future of the nation, children, were saved from terrible death.

74-80

Authors: NESTERENKO V.A.

During the war conflicts of the XX century civil inhabitants became the object of a military impact with the aim of undermining economic, political and moral potential of the opponent. Purposeful bombing the cities within the Soviet-German front was put into practice comparatively not very often. So the cities with an important strategic position and the locations of the desperate battles suffered the greatest losses and destructions. Kharkiv became such a place for Eastern Ukraine. In addition to war operations, a psychological effect played an important role for urban population migration. In the case of a front approaching, those urban inhabitants, who had the opportunity to leave the city, tried to do that. The leadership of the Third Reich hoped to capture a great number of undamaged industrial enterprises, units of equipment and resources of raw materials on the territory of the USSR. While leaving, the soviet troops removed or destroyed everything possible. As for the scale, this process has no precedents in the world history. Evacuation affected the population too. The figure of 3.5 mln people is mentioned by the representatives of modern Ukrainian historiography. Certainly, the lion’s share of those people comprised the urban population. During the retreat Wehrmacht troops acted the same way as the Red Army in 1941. The German implemented the tactics of ‘scorched earth’ with their inherent pedantry. Tens of thousands of persons, who had collaborated with the occupants (and the members of their families) were also evacuated. There was a fundamental difference between the policy of the German occupants and the Bilshovyks authority one. The Bilshovyks relied upon the proletariat and encouraged the process of urbanization objectively. While working out their own plans for exploiting the economic potential of Ukraine, the Nazis however considered only the rural inhabitants to be of some value. They took no interest in the urban population and its fate. Although during the period of a long-term war the occupants had to adjust their own policy and take steps towards rebuilding some industrial enterprises, in general it did not improve the situation. In terms of unemployment, prices increase and provision supply deficit the urban population was constantly on the verge of survival. In winter famine happened, especially in Kharkiv. In small towns and boroughs the situation was quite better because of a higher level of ruralization. The city inhabitants migrated to the country. According to the Nazis racial theory the Jews were on the lowest level, that’s why they became the object of total annihilation. But the quantity of the Jewish population in the cities of the North- Eastern Ukraine was quite small and the Jews were exterminated at the beginning of the occupation. Repressive measures against the representatives of other nationalities were closely connected with the resistance movement of mainly soviet partisans and underground activists. A prolonged war required more and more human resources, which caused the deficit of working hands in Germany. That’s why the occupants tried mass import of foreign workers. In total 2.4 mln ostarbeiters were brought from the territory of Ukraine. No doubt, a certain amount of those people originated from the urban population of the military zone. So, among the factors which caused decreasing the number of the urban population during the war period in the North-Eastern Ukraine one should mention the following: war operations, evacuation of the population and material resources, tactics of ‘scorched earth’, omnicide and repressions, recruitment of ostarbeiters. But the main reason for de-urbanization during the period of occupation was the problem of providing the city inhabitants with provision. Under the circumstances of the constant deficit of the foodstuff and consumer goods supplement (famine happened in Sumy and Kharkiv in winter 1941-1942) city-dwellers had to either survive where they lived or leave the cities and move to the countryside where the situation with provision was better.

90-100

Authors: FINNIK S.V.

This is a conceptual work which represents a new vision for history studying of the Eastern Europe steppes nomadic peoples and its bordering areas too. Therefore it is very important for understanding the processes taking place in the world of the steppe tribes in the early Middle Ages as well as in the preceding period the Migration Epoch headed by the Huns. It is consolidated the main achievements of the author’s research in the article. Thus there is a new concept which is also proposed to change our approach to the history and outlook of the early nomads. Becides that it’s given a lot of new facts of the Bulgarian history and their related tribes. It is advanced the opinion that the establishment of the Khazar khanate ascendency of the in Eastern Europe is not historical regularity. The Khazars were able to create their powerful state only after the decline of previous nomadic empire in Eastern Europe – Great Bulgaria. The only prince was Kubrat (630-660 y.y.). The Bulgarian nation created some independent states on the edge of steppe region after the state separation and the defeat from the Khazar in 660- 670 yy. AD. The strongest of them were Danubian Bolgaria and Volgarian Bulgaria (it’s modern Tatarstan in Russia). The ethnic Bulgarians – Black Bulgars and the ancestors of the Balkars in the Black Sea Coast and Northwest Caucasus, Burdjans (Burgans, Burgars, Burugunds?) and Bungars (Huns-Haylandurs?) on the Lower Volga and Northern Dagestan who staying in the steppes were forced to submit to the victorious Khazars. The Khazars rising, in the author’s opinion, was connected with the fact they headed the resistance of all the Ciscaucasian tribes from Arabs in 652/3 year. Bulgars (Burdjans) were protected only themselves from Arabs. The Bulgar ethnonym was used by the various nomadic tribes of Eastern Europe, who used it for the self-name, but in many variations. The author identifies several options of pronunciation and interpretation of those syllables, which the Bulgars ethnonym is consisted of. In his opinion the oldest pronunciation was the form “Bungar.” It is closed to the Turkic language similaring to Chuvashian and was assigned to the Northern Dagestan Bulgars (in the “kingdom of the Huns”), the Arab authors used the form “Bundzhar” or “B-n-djer”. The variation of the ethnonym known to us as “Burgar” could arised from the mixing of Iranian nomadic and semi-sedentary population Ciscaucasia ethnonyms – Burdjans (Burgans, Bulkans?), who came perhaps from the East Caspian or the Pamir region. Thus it is called the original Bulgars representatives of military units and whole tribes who were on the Hun’s service. The source of the military force were mongol-speaking peoples at first Syanbi and then nomadic Turks, Ugrians (Magyars) and Iranians (Maskuts, Burdjans, Alans). Becides that the author compares the names but not nations – Bulgars (i.e. Bungars) and Mongols (Mongors, Mungals). It is also compared such terms as Hun-Bulgarians and Tatar-Mongols in the Eastern Europe steppes history. The ruling Bulgarian clan Dulo author derived from the name of the river Tola (Tuul) in Mongolia, where previously there were power center of Нunnu and the leaders of the western Huns, respectively. It didn’t have formed a common language among the Bulgars in the entire area of Eastern Europe. The language of the ruling elite was ancient Turkic the same as Chuvashian. However, the Bulgarians who settled on the Danube, saved and used many Iranian, and perhaps even Tocharian words. It is noted by the modern researchers from Bolgaria.

102-103

Authors: POBOZHIY S.I.

About Oboznaya V., Derevyanko O. “Unknown”: elucidation of the mystery. Experience of the art investigation. – SPb .: Philological Faculty of St. Petersburg University, 2013. – 36 p., ill.