Sumy Historical and Archival Journal

19-28

Authors: KOTLYAR YURIY V., SOLOVIOVA ANNA S.

The paper explores the religious peasant revolt in south of Ukraine during the Civil War (1917-1922). We can identify their following causes: the separation of the church from the state, the deprivation of civil rights of religious leaders, terror and repression against the clergy, and also removing the land. During the Revolution and the Civil War (1917-1922) Ukraine took place at the center of the main historical events. The instability of authority in the country, the political confrontation among the various forces, bandit raids on villages were typical for this period. Ukrainian peasants led the struggle for the land and their rights in difficult historical and political circumstances. One of the major problems was the freedom of conscience. The religious question in the context of rebel struggle of Ukrainian peasantry is one of the insufficiently explored problems, which had been neglected. The revolts of religious orientation against the Bolsheviks had a dual nature. Firstly, the establishment of the own groups that were typical for the initial period of the Civil War, and secondly, the organization and management of peasant revolts that were especially evident during the looting of churches in the early 20s of XX century. In Ukraine, it has not been a lot of anti-religious activities as for example in Russia. The civil war, peasant revolts made it impossible to Bolshevik authority to gain a foothold in Ukraine. Therefore, the main source of countering church policy was anti-religious propaganda. One of the means of such propaganda was public blasphemy and mockery of the holy things of the church, but such a practice was not widely used in the South of Ukraine. Representatives of the church were trying to resist Bolshevism, by creating their own rebel groups (e.g., self-defense Bizyukova monastery) and heading the peasant uprising. Particularly strong religious and peasant uprisings took place in 1919-1922. The selfdefense activity of Sviato-Grigorievskogo Biziukova monastery was the most famous in the military sense in 1919-1920. In 1920-1922 the murder of the agitator Barmashova during the female religious riot in the village Zasel№e obtained the all-Ukrainian resonance. Also the tragic events of the brutal murders of clerics in the village Otbedo-Vasil’evka were rather significant. The confrontation between the Bolshevik authorities and the church in the early years of the Civil War was caused mainly by the cruel class struggle. The victims of such a struggle became primarily those clergy who opposed the policy of the Bolshevik government. In the future, the situation has changed. Ideological, political and purely pragmatic factors came to the forefront. Peasant religious groups tried to resist Bolshevism, for example, during a seizure of church property, but their fate was sealed by the course of history.

45-49

Authors: SPOHR JOHANNES

In this article author introduced project about Ukraine in the period of retreat of the German administration and army during World War II. At first author giving an introduction into his interest and research questions which he combined with a multidimensional approach of various perspectives. Further more, a short introduction in his different sources is given. In the second part author presenting some examples of an important aspect of his research: the relationship between German army and administration, partisans and the population in Ukraine. As a last step researcher introduced some of temporary results.

59-71

Authors: BALUKH OLEKSII V

The body of the article goes on to discuss the military and political situation in Moldavia in the context of the history of Northern Bukovina, Moldavian-Polish and Moldavian-Turkish relations that affected our region. In 1650-1653 Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi made four military campaigns of Cossack troops in Moldova. During the first campaign the Cossacks and Tatars plundered the country, took many Moldavian settlements and towns, including Chernivtsi and Khotyn and signed such a desirable alliance with the Moldavian hospodar. During the next two years V. Lupu did not fulfill his obligations that caused the second campaign to Moldova in summer 1652. The marriage of Tymish and Rozanda caused concern among Moldavian boyars, who threw V. Lupu from the Iasi throne with the help of Wallachian and Transylvanian people. Rebellious Logofet G. Stefan became a new hospodar of Moldova. Those events caused the third march of B. Khmelnytskyi troops to Moldova in April-May 1653. The success in the battles against the troops of G. Stephan changed to failures and defeats from Wallachian and Transylvanians troops. As a result V. Lupu lost the Moldavian throne. Having learned that, Khmelnytskyi sent Cossacks led by Tymish to the fourth and the last Moldavian campaign, which ended with the failure and the death of the Hetman’s son.

81-88

Authors: KOVALETS TARAS R.

IN FRONT OF THE CRITICS. ONE UKRAINIAN HISTORICAL RESEARCH AND POLISH EDITION (V. Pylypenko. The Face of the Enemy, Polish Antiturkish Literature in the middle XVI – middle XVII centuries)

16-23

Authors: PELESHCHYSHYN ANDRIY N., BILUSHCHAK TETIANA N.

The article is devoted to the overview of the historical Internet-sources. The sources are classified into six groups according to their location and the way they are reproduced for the structurized research into historical processes. Methods of the search and selection of sources in terms of source analyses are examined. The latter involves analytical criticism when proving authenticity, determination of the degree of trustworthiness, reliability, and scientific significance of a source. In addition a comparative historical method is analyzed in order to provide an insight into a historical event or process exploiting comparison to other phenomena and processes. Use photos, video, fonodokumentiv as historical sources determines the special informational value to the historian-dzhereloznavtsya. The importance of these sources allows the researcher to reproduce, precise information on defined events and phenomena. After searching about the events of 2003-2004. Ukraine and Georgia among social networks like Facebook, VKontakte, Twitter, found established communities that are potential primary sources: memories, photos, videodokumenty, audizapysy. After analyzing the content of the events of 2003-2004. Ukraine and Georgia among social networks like Facebook, VKontakte, Twitter, there is a clear difference between the content of different social networks, the reasons for this difference requires further research. It should be noted that the activities of the content is still not guarantee its accuracy and so our analysis is not complete and requires further study and detail. Thus, social networks provide archival-cell primary sources for the study of contemporary history and provide new opportunities for the historian-researcher. Keywords: Internet-sources, archival, social networking, Source studies, comparativehistorical method, the Orange Revolution, the Rose Revolution, Facebook, VKontakte, Twitter.

38-46

Authors: VALEEV NAIL’ M., KORNILOVA IRINA V., MAGSUMOV TIMUR A.

The review of the most significant intellectual achievements of the Russian historians in the field of historical study of local lore, regional and local history of Volga- Kama edge of the beginning of the XXI century became the purpose of work. Methodology of carrying out work. Historical researches of local historians are analyzed in a historical and genetic key using historical and comparative method at domination in the historiographic analysis of a method of integrity and obligatory orientation to valuable approach at the strict accounting of interdisciplinarity of the studied problem. Results of research are structured in a problem and chronological order. Results. In this article the attention is focused on more and more increasing role in the last two decades of a regional historiography, including the researches of scientists and local historians of Volga-Kama edge. A number of undoubted achievements and success in development of scientific and organizational and local history work in studying of the historical past, cultural life and daily occurrence of the Russian province is noted that testifies to the beginning of a new stage in study of local lore. The most essential intellectual attainments of historians in the field of local history are analyzed in the plane of radical restructurings of the Russian historical science and carrying out complex analytics of regional processes. The fundamental tendencies and determinants of this process come to light, the most significant publications including generalizing works on history of Volga- Kama edge are characterized. In all monographic researches the province role in destiny of Russia is traced. The historiographic analysis of a regional locus is focused on creation by scientists of complex and multiview image of history of the Kama region. Authors come to a conclusion about the beginning of the new period in the history of the local history movement connected with rehabilitation of traditional methods of an istoriopisaniye, but on the new methodological basis with the purpose to save national historiographic traditions and to try to break the barriers existing in science. Scope of results. Results of research prove the model of development of historical study of local lore at the present stage which assumes independent existence of a complex of the l ocal history res earches constructed in a foreshortening of neoclassical methodological model of socio-humanistic knowledge, and at the same time including achievements of local researchers in the extending general field of domestic historical science. Keywords: Kama region, Volga region, study of local lore, Russian province, historiography, archeology, Yelabuga, Naberezhnye Chelny, Chistopol.

55-63

Authors: MIRONOVA IRYNA S.

Analyzed policy of the Soviet government to transfer Roma in Ukraine settled way of life in 1920-50th. Allocated the main stages of its implementation. Shown that the first stage (1926-1935) was characterized by encourage and assistance of the Government to industrial and agricultural resettlement of Roma; the second (1936-1955) – change of position of the government regarding national politics in general and in particular of national kolkhozes (collective farms); for the third (1956-1962) – the final transfer to Roma settled way of life. The article deals with ideological, economic and administrative purposes of the government in solving the “Roma issue”. The ideological purposes were linked with the declaration of building the foundations of socialism in the USSR and policy of forced transfer nomads to settled way of life. Economic tasks are enclosed in an effort of state government to populate the empty area include the existence of small-scale structure and entrepreneurship among the Roma. Administrative purpose aimed to unify the system of settling nomads realize Institute of registration, exclude the probability of uncontrolled movement of citizens. Noted that the duality of the position of former nomads after the formation of Roma kolkhozes led to psychologically uncomfortable situation. On the one hand, the Soviet government declared the need to improve living standards, stimulate, including financially, the transition to a settled lifestyle and implementing this principle, provided the land, loans and more. On the other hand, guided by the position of the class and struggle making the “riches”, the government implemented the egalitarian principle, and all the “donated” immediately “selected” to the farm. For Roma, such processes are unacceptable. But the phenomenon of enthusiasm on the part of Roma to create kolkhozes was due to a simple desire to get cash aid and give the chance to escape from poverty. Analyzed the legal framework, including CEC resolution of the USSR “About measures to assistance of transition of the nomadic Roma to the labor settled way of life” from October 1, 1926; a Resolution AUCEC the USSR regarding land of Roma and measures to promote transition of Roma nomads in settled way of life on February 23, 1927; “Instruction on conducting measures of economic and organizational-administrative order to help transition the nomadic Roma to settled life and their involvement for labor processes”; Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “About the involvement of labor Roma and prohibition of vagrancy” on October 5, 1956 and the related Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on October 27, 1956. These normative documents demonstrate the changes in the policy of the Soviet government regarding the Roma population. Proved that the policy of the Soviet government to Roma was inconsistent and incomplete, thereby problems wasn’t solve and accumulation, but in general has led to the fact that in Ukraine Roma started to abandon of the former nomadic life. Keywords: Ukraine, Roma, migration, settled way of life, Roma kolkhozes.

19-32

Authors: SVIATOSLAV V. DANYLENKO

The article discusses historical and theoretical aspects of studying of the tax system in Ukrainian SSR in 1920th; clarifies the common and different in concepts and phenomena of “tax policy” and “tax system”. The attention is focused on the structural and functional character of the new economic policy that defined its role and place in the economic life of society. The article submits historiographical review of the literature on the tax strategy and tactic of the Soviet regime in 1920th. There is a free interpretation of the concepts of “tax policy” and “tax system” though those concepts differ by basic principles, functions and characteristics. In author’s opinion to gain the most objective coverage of the discussed problem the usage of both structural-functional and system-structural approaches in compliance with the historical methods of research of a complex social systems. A subjectivization of economic policy of the Soviet state is revealed by exposing a social class component, which was used in tax policy. Apart from the social class nature of the tax policy in Ukrainian SSR in 1920th , the author reveals the process of its implementation in daily “ tax practice” and “taxation jobs”. At the beginning of the NEP the structure and executive branch were created so in the second half of 1923 social class taxation system began to gain its influence and spread. The main two factors that had its influence on the process of complete NEP-type tax system formation are: the political and ideological basis of the Soviet power system and the competitive economic environment, which appeared as private entrepreneurial form of management. An economic restriction on city and rural «bourgeoisie» are essential to Bolshevism, therefore an objective social-economic types of farms and private entrepreneurs are obliged to go through subjective criteria of social class ideology. Thus, political and ideological basis of taxation are seen as an integral part of tax policy and daily practice of Soviet financial authorities in Ukrainian SSR in the 1920s.

42-55

Authors: KONSTANTIN K. VASYLYEV, ARNIS VІKSNA

K. Bililovsky (1859-1938) is the Ukrainian poet, translator and cultural figure. He received higher medical education and he earned his living as a doctor the whole lifetime. Great literature was devoted to him, but his work as a doctor has not been investigated yet. The purpose of this study, in contrast to the already carried research, to enlighten the stages of K. Bililovsky’s medical practice. At the same time we are bringing new historical sources, such as archival and published ones, that dropped out of sight of the researchers of the doctor and the Ukrainian poet’s life and work. For the first time the stages of K. Bililovsky’s medical biography were clarified and documented. He received his medical education at the Universities of Leipzig (1875-1876), Vienna (1876-1878), Dorpat (1879-1881) and again in Vienna (1882) and he graduated from the University of Jena in 1883. After that he worked as a doctor in Poltava. In 1885-1891 he was a policeman doctor in Petropavlovsk (now in Kazakhstan). In 1891-1892 he worked as a military doctor. Then he retired and served in the civil service in St. Petersburg. In 1895 he defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1899-1905 K. Bililovsky worked as Kurland assistant of the provincial medical inspector in Mitau (now Jelgava, Latvia). Since 1906 he was at the same position in the Olonets province (Petrozavodsk), and in 1907-1910 as a provincial medical inspector in the same place. In 1910-1913 he worked as Taurida provincial medical inspector (Simferopol). In 1913-1920 he was a chief physician of Feodosia Marine medicalmonitoring station. During the Civil War he joined the White movement. In 1920-1925 he worked as a doctor in the city of Simferopol. In 1925-1932 K. Bililovsky worked as an eye doctor in the Soviet dispensary in Rasht (Iran). The last years of his life were spent in Simferopol, where he died and was buried. He is an author of several published scientific publications. In 1887 his health statistics and health sketch of Petropavlovsk were published. In this study he gave, for the first time, a fairly complete picture of the health of the area, completely unknown until now in this regard. In 1890 he made ovariotomy in Kazakhstan for the first time. He reported on the results of his successful gynecological activities in the medical society in St. Petersburg. So far his medical research and ethnographic essays are of scientific interest. His experience of the prison doctor was reflected in the monograph on the physical type of criminal. Finally, he explored the city of Yalta in a sanitary point of view, which allowed him to specify what measures could and should take to improve the health status of the city. The abovementioned inevitably would lead to the improvement of public health. For the first time the historical sources, introduced into scientific use, allow better understanding of K. Bililovsky’s poetic legacy. Keywords: K. Bililovsky (1859-1938), XIX-XX centuries., the history of Ukraine, the history of medicine.

68-74

Authors: VASYL I. ILNYTSKYJ

In the article for the first time it is attempted to uncover one of the most difficult questions in the study of the development of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, videlicet, – the insurgents’ number in Military District (hence – MD) – 4 “Hoverla”. In order to specify their total number, which is far from being an easy task, an analysis of the previously inaccessible archive materials have been made by the author. The problems in concerning the totaling under question are caused by both the lack of an integral complex of the respective sources and the exacting conspiracy, which put under a ban the divulging of actual military personnel number of the unit and subunit. Besides, the dynamic nature of the guerilla and insurgent phenomena brings about the additional hardship of the specification of the aforementioned MD’s military personnel number. It is possible to estimate the approximate figures over a period of time only. However, even these figures could significantly differ in a brief space of time (especially before and after “the great blockade”). The documents of the underground work, which would adequately characterize the quantitative indicators of the insurgents are absent, whereas the remaining sporadic ones are too fragmentary and disembodied to provide an integral picture. On the other hand, the materials of the party and repressive-punitive organs give a certain chance. The party documents are the most contradictory. What concerns the documents of the repressive-punitive organs, they are more reliable in this respect, because they are basically less politized. That is why the author was conditioned to rest on his own calculations which, given their relative inexactitude, nonetheless, present orienting numerical characteristics of the insurgents acting on the territory of MD-4 “Hoverla”. In the article the dynamics of the change of the Ukrainian nationalists’ quantity, as well as the tendency to decreasing of the insurgents’ number with time has been shown. According to the author’s calculations, in November, 1944, on the territory of MD-4 “Hoverla” there were enacted 52 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UIA) companies, which – accounting for the fact that each consisted of some 150-180 man – will make up nearly 7800-9360 fighters. Accordingly, by January, 1945 there were 51 companies, that is 7650-9180 men; by autumn 1945 there were 26 units (each numbering from 40 to 60 men), which totaled some 2350-2960; by summer 1946 there functioned 23 units and 10 subunits (each counting from 40 to 60), that totals some 1320-1980; by January 1948 in action there still were 3 units in tactical division (TD) (“Hutsulshchyna” (“The Hutsul Land”) and 5 units in TD – 24 “Makivka” (the mountain’s name). Taking into consideration, that the strength of each unit varied from 40 to 50, the UIA members are estimated as many as 320-400. In 1949 there remained in action a some 20 men strong group in TD-21 “Hutsulshchyna” headed by P. Melnyk, and a like some 20 men strong subunion 479 (belonging to union 91) in TD-24 “Makivka”. All that enables the following prйcis: MD-4 “Hoverla” was the most numerous in the structure of the UIA-West and functioned the longest in comparison with the other similar bodies.

87-88

Authors: BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

20-28

Authors: KUDINOV DMITRO

The article is focused on the survey of the interaction between anarchist organizations and Ukrainian peasantry performed by Soviet, Ukrainian and Russian historians. In this respect, two historiographic tendencies are distinguished: Soviet, with adverse orientation on program targets and tactics of anti-statists (the quotes of V.Lenin and J.Stalin are cited as an examples which soviet authors were looked about) and contemporary, which is based on reasonable understanding of anarchists’ views on reaching communist society via revolutionary way, annihilation of state and its institutions, securing of human freedom and affordability of material and cultural wealth (short visions of the future society arrangement made by famous anarchist theorists, such as M. Bakunin and P. Kropotkin, are provided). The emphasis is made on the description by historians of anarchists’ activity in Chernigov, Podolia, Poltava, Ekaterinoslav and Kherson Governorates. Particularly, actual instances of the agitation beginning amongst peasants by the members of Nizhyn group of anti-statists, creation by them of a range of federations for involvement of rural dwellers, organization in the countryside of meetings and assaults on representatives of czarist administration, landlords and capitalists are revealed. Major attention is paid to the description of the “Poor Peasants Union” activity in Huliaipole in 1906-1908, which future leader of The Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine Nestor Makhno had art and part in. The author proves that this particular chapter of anarchists’ history is the most high-lighted in historical literature out of the whole complex of data concerning the anti-statists’ performance in rural area. It is noted that contemporary Ukrainian historians (V. Volkovynskyi, O. Lebedenko, V. Savchenko) have found out the attributes of “peasant anarchism”: the tactics of anarchists in the countryside differed from the activity of the rest Left by more clear and specific support of peasant destructive actions, the border between “fundraising” or “anarchic” motives usually wasn’t traced, the groups went in for expropriations, which to some extent lapped over their revolutionary content (however, peasant anarchists themselves denied “wanton” character of the terror, low level of theoretical training was peculiar to peasant group members,while handson experience was prevailing: the ability to shoot, fight, disguise, observe conspiracy, etc. The historians underline particular national colour of Ukrainian “peasant anarchism”. According to V. Volkovynskyi and O. Lebedenko, the expansion of anti-statist ideas was favoured by “anarchic mentality” of Ukrainian peasantry (immanent orientation of Ukrainian farmers toward liberty, which had not been knocked out of their conscious during serfdom period), freedomloving traditions living in peasantry from Zaporozhian Sich times, as well as anti-statist egalitarian ideas of former affluent religious group of Dukhobors. Keywords: historiography, anarchism, anarchists, anarcho-communsts, anti-statists, unmotivated terror, “Poor Peasant Union”(Soyuz bednyh hleborobov”), Nestor Makhno.

35-42

Authors: DEGTYAREV SERGEY

The author emphasizes the importance of the historical research of the civil officialdom in the Ukrainian lands during the period of the Russian Empire. The range of the most underinvestigated aspects of this subject has been specified: social structure of Ukrainian officialdom; the process of Ukrainian service elite’s joining into the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire in the end of the eighteenth century; education level of the state officials in the Ukrainian lands; types of violations and abuses and their reasons; officials’ encouragement system. The conclusion is made that during the second half of the eighteenth century – first half of the nineteenth century Ukrainian civil servants managed to save a number of specific features of sociocultural nature which distinguished them against the general background of the Russian Empire bureaucracy. Keywords: Ukraine, Russian Empire, Table of Ranks, civil officials, bureaucracy, state service, social origin, education, violations and abuses.

51-61

Authors: DANYLENKO OLEKSANDR

The article discovers a participation of Soviet Ukraine athletes in international competitions in 1920's. The paper emphasizes that the topic has not been a subject of complex scientific research yet. There are only few sides discovered in the articles of Ukrainian scientists. Archives of state and public institutions preserves documents and materials, which are an important source for studying direct participation of Ukrainian sports delegations and individual athletes in international competitions. The object of our interest is international cultural relations of the Soviet Ukraine. The subject of the paper is participation of teams and individual athletes in international football, athletics and other competitions. Objectives of research are: to show the first steps of Soviet Ukraine on its way to international recognition through different sports competitions; to identify the ideological influence on the development of Soviet sport; to find out the status of institutional and functional level of Ukrainian delegations in the international sport area. It is also important to establish bilateral connections and representative status of international sport teams in Ukraine on public, regional and national levels. It is noted that the Soviet government assigned the role of sport as a part of politics and propaganda in domestic and international area. Ukraine had the organizational and functional institutions that coordinated sport development, representing the republic at international and all-union competitions. Trips abroad were taken by Ukrainian functionaries, coaches and athletes to adopt physical culture and sport development experience from Western countries. In mid- 1920 the first among Ukrainian athletes were not professional sportsmen but amateur football players. Ukrainian SSR was represented on the international arena by players of football, volleyball, handball, basketball, track and field etc. The sport component of international relations of Soviet Ukraine was widely covered by the republican press. The article shows that during the first half of 1920s. system of Soviet sport was established. The second half of 1920s. is marked with intensification of contacts between Ukrainian and international athletes. At this time a nationwide and all-union sports competition in contrast to the Olympic Games were held and the athletes from around the world were involved. It is proved that during 1920th. Ukraine had a great variety of international sport relations. Keywords: Ukraine, USSR, physical culture, sport, international competitions.

69-74

Authors: SARANOV SERGEY

In the article examines the French Mediterranean policy of the rulling circles in the XVII, in particular, the place and importance in its development finance minister of Louis XIV, Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683). Drawing on a broad base of sources, including official correspondence, memorands, the author analyzes the factors in the genesis of the foreign in colonial form of interaction between the French ruling circles with the Mediterranean Maghreb. On a moment, when Colbert concentrated state affairs in the hands, Mediterranean politics of France had deep historical roots. Her sources are in an epoch cross hikes, agreements between France and Turkey and other important events of the examined period. Becoming of the national state and realization of own national priorities, as is generally known, showed up in the serious crisis of the christian world. Brilliant diplomacy of cardinal Richelieu in Europe showed birth of principle of “state interest” in international politics, being higher than dynastic and religious values. Certainly, these changes were reflected in Mediterranean politics of France at J.-B. Colbert. It is possible to assert that Colbert complemented colonial conception of Richelieu, putting at the first place commercial benefits from colonization. Nevertheless, in the Mediterranean region a situation was often determined by a competition between France and other European countries, priority value of European policy for France. Drawn conclusion about expedience of peacekeeping for frenchmen with state formations of North Africa in an examined period. Colbert aimed to agree with them, counteracting to the analogical attempts of englishmen in Таnger. However Colbert could conduct colonization of region, as the states of North Africa applied on an independent role in a voice process.In these terms for frenchmen the question was only about trade contacts with North Africa. However in consciousness of the French statesmen existence of colonies had to reflect interests of metropolis. The states of North Africa could not accept such terms and exactly from here frequent soldiery conflicts take an origin between France and NorthAfrican states. In turn, priority of European policy for French king yet more complicated the process of realization of Mediterranean policy of Colbert force to defend her necessity for unfavorable terms. Keywords: foreign policy, colonial policy, Mediterranean policy, Mediterranean region, Colbert, Maghreb.

82-83

Authors: CHERKASOV ALEKSANDER

Agricultural history is not only the study of traditional humanity culture, and agricultural civilizations, covering in the last age a large part of the population of Eastern Europe. This area of historical science is interesting to applied thematic sections – both political and social history of the peasantry, provocative economic and cultural influence of the urban environment on the village. The revolutionary events of the early XX century in the Russian Empire, which was instantly drawn the peasantry, just set a precedent to research the agrarian society from this point of view. The verges of socio-political history of the peasantry converge in the work of the Ukrainian historian Dmitrii Kudinov who synthesized the experience of the historiography of the peasant movement in the Russian part of Ukraine at the beginning of the last century. The ideology of the peasantry, the peasant anti-semitism and anti-jewish pogroms, party doctrine decisions of the agrarian-peasant question, the activities of the all-Russian peasant union, memoirs of party members and ordinary witnesses of the revolutionary events in the village, forms and methods of peasant struggle, “agrarian discourse” by the language of peasant petitions – all of this find a place in the monograph, thematically limited by nine provinces of the Russian Empire, within which is located the modern Ukraine. Despite the fact that Ukraine past is inseparable from Russia in the chronological framework of the research – this is the history of Ukraine. The emphasis on the Ukrainian peasantry and the Ukrainian national party, which launched its activities in a rural province, clearly talking of itself. Dmitrii Kudinov in the dialogue with historians of past and present chose two approaches: the presentation of certain topics is carried out in a phased manner accordingly to the development of national historical science (pre-october period, the soviet historical science, modern (post-soviet) historiography) or has a problematic character. This decision somewhat disorients the reader, but however, is the conscious choice of the author how to introduce the book presentation about the subject and the various epochs of historical science the best way. For example, the historiography of all-Russian peasant union activities is described in such a way that, of course, does not remove the book from some repetition. The role of the author is manifested not in retelling the works of other researchers, but in the search of truth by using the language of agrarian and historical narrative. Actually, the appeal of historiographer to the comparative analysis, typology and other methods of scientific research has greatly facilitated this task. The characteristic of D. Kudinov‘s work is referring to a personal sense of history, expressed in the memoirs. Constructing the past through memory is an indispensable part of human display of the past. The author at the same level of research interest is considered both the memories and research, but between its there is no the mark of identity. From my point of view, the selection of the memoirs in the context of peasant movements research is fully deserves the separate historiographical research that can wish to the author. Overall, the work gives a positive impression and creates a space for reflection. The history of Ukraine presents from a new side – peasant guerrilla – the predecessor of agrarian movements known for its drama and energy during the civil war (including the anarchist insurrectional movement of Nestor Makhno). However, the author should pay more attention to foreign historiography that will connect the historical study of Western and Soviet historiography, and perhaps, influence the creative collaboration of modern scientists.

11-17

Authors: BUGRII V.S.

Historical Local Study in Ukraine has deep roots and rich traditions and plays a prominent part in historical science system. Under current conditions of national consciousness rise and strengthening of attention to own history and culture, Local Study researches gain particular importance. Due to the explorations of native land the accumulation of factual material for historical science takes place. Moreover, the feeling of patriotism is developed. In the course of the research it was revealed that scientific legitimation of Historical Local Study in Ukraine in 19th century took place in context of Ukrainian history distinctiveness recognition. Though, such right to distinctiveness contradicted monocratic ideas of Russian historiography. In those times the guiding historic concept in Russian Empire was dynastic. The main research object was represented by the history of government of monarchs, who headed single nation – Russian. Key historical mission of Russian governors was declared as “accumulation of Russian lands”. In soviet period this historical concept was modified into the theory of “the three brother nations” (“a triune Russian nation”) and in present days – into “Russian World” idea. Grounding of Historical Local Study scientific bases in the 19th century was indissolubly related to the collapse of the imperial concept of history. This was greatly contributed by the pleiad of eminent Ukrainian scientists, among which the works of M. Kostomarov, O. Lazarevskyi and V. Antonovich deserve the greatest credit. Thus, M. Kostomarov came out from the perspective of recognition in all the nations, including Ukrainian, of their peculiar “federative” traits which require particular investigation. Essential contribution into the establishment of Historical Local Study bases in Ukraine was made by O. Lazarevskyi. Subject matter of his researches, based on wide range of documentary sources, was connected to the study of socioeconomic relations in the Left-bank Ukraine. The importance of local studies performed by the scientist lied in substantial resource materials, which characterized socioeconomic conditions prevailing in the Ukrainian lands. Not least important are a number of his methodological ideas. V. Antonovich, as well as his predecessors, grounded the right of Ukrainians to their own history, proving that they are a full-fledged nation, which is fundamentally different from its neighbours. His great achievement in the field of Historical Local Study was creation of his own scientific school. The scientist’s followers came out as organizers and active members of different forms of Local Studies. Such prominent Ukrainian historians as M. Hrushevsky and D. Bagaliy were descendants of Antonovich’s Kiev Documentalist School. Consequently, owing to the activity of Ukrainian researchers in the second half of the 19th century scientific bases of Historical Local Study were established as a result of the concept of Ukrainian history distinctive character and antecedence of the folk masses role in the historical process.

30-37

Authors: KUDINOV D.V.

The purpose of the present article is to estimate the role and the place of rumours in the intensification, expansion and ideological content of peasant movement. Current thematic justification is determined, from the one hand, by frequent references in specialized scientific publications to the rumours role as the accelerator of peasants’ riots and, from the other hand, by the absence of particular research on peasant tittle-tattles of political nature. Thus, the object of this publication is boosting of historians of Peasantry to such narratives. The author of the article takes as a premise the idea that gossips generation should be investigated indispensably in cross-disciplinary light. The notion of “rumour” itself is mentioned in sciences as a dialog one – the variety of informal interpersonal communications resulting in transferring by word of mouth of the information which is not confirmed officially. It was demonstrated that peasants rumours at the beginning of the 20th century can be classified in three forms: “rumors-desires”, “rumors-bogeymen” and “aggressive rumours”. Gossips reflected mental paradigms of the Peasantry, modified public mind and directed social behavior, which was demonstrated in the works of historians-agrarians. Regarding the time period investigated in the article they specified not only peasants’ guesses, but also directives of the government and agitation of opposition to be the sources of rumours spreading. Under the conditions of propaganda inconsistency and low political culture of the peasants’ majority, who were unable to conceive revolutionary appeals adequately, the proclamations content was twisted and passed in the form of gossips. It is noted that in the rumours of sociopolitical nature the figure of the monarch was a keynote as well as the peasants’ expectations for the desire of the monarch to provide them with land, which was prevented by the officials, the landlords and other “enemies” of the agrarians. In this respect the rumours about the king gained “a family nature”. In such a way, the head of the state obtained the features characteristic to the peasants themselves, which was especially pointed out by A. Gaisinovich. Due to this, gossips received fantastic plots, where tsar and managed by him “princes”, “stewards” and “generals” acted as protagonists and the representatives of local authorities, landlords and officials played the role of antagonists. Therefore, rumours remained an essential part of general complex of peasant linguistic culture with its characteristic speech tokens, plots, moral and value components.

48-55

Authors: MAKSYMOV O.V.

Big reforms of 60-70-s of the 19th century became maybe the last possibility of Russian Empire to change to a new stage of development. After the abolition of the serfage the judicial reform took a special place in the part of the most further changes of the political system. Professional support of its realization played not the last role in the context of the reform application, it concerned not only capitals, but also the distant parts of the empire. This point was especially sharp in Right-bank Ukraine. Owing to the absence of understanding among the regional elite (Poles), the south-western territory was on the verge of the “personnel shortage” one day before the judicial reform. Under these conditions, dilemma for the authorities was either to enlist the support of a rather unpredictable Polish nobility or to make “import” of officials from other provinces of the empire. The second option seemed to be more attractive, because thus the autocracy could rely on trained and loyal employees. The establishment of the University of St. Vladimir in Kyiv in 1834 did not bring the desired result, “russification” of the land still did not occur, the Polish influence among students and teachers were significant, especially at a law faculty. Replacement of the teaching staff in the 40-50’s of the 19th century on the immigrants from Russia contributed only to the reduction of the prestige of the Faculty of Law. Various prohibitions, that regulated the number of Polish students, led to the outflow of the latter in the educational establishments of Kharkiv and Odessa. Since opening in 1871 the magistrates courts, the active phase of implementation of the judicial reform began in the South West region, in 1880 it was extended, since this time the rest of the institutions (district courts, chambers) started working. Example of Zhytomyr district court clearly testified ignoring of the Poles in its personnel filling. Reasons were in secret orders of the Ministry of Justice, which stated that the Poles were forbidden to hold positions in the newly established judicial bodies of Southwest provinces. Under these conditions, the latter were forced either to move to other provinces or to practice advocacy. Situation has not changed significantly the next years. The number of Poles who graduated from the University of St. Vladimir increased, but their involvement to the judiciary of the region did not happen. Taking into consideration the above said we can state that the ethnic and religious criteria in a Right bank were dominant during the selection of officials, regional elite in such a way was under professional discrimination, which in its turn led to the “staff shortage” and “import” of officials from other provinces of Russian empire.

61-66

Authors: YERMAKOVA V.Ya., ROMANYUK I.M.

The hunger of 1921-1923 is the greatest tragedy which had extremely negative results for Ukrainian people, especially for children. From the official point of view, famine in Ukraine in 1921-1923 was explained by droughts and also conseguences of economic backwardness, world and public wars. However, the decisive for Ukraine were subjective reasons: the economic policy of the Bolsheviks and the violent methods of their implementations. The state was unable to ensure people in the conditions of hunger, therefore foreign social voluntary organizations began to play the leading role. The help of American Relief Administration (ARA) and American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (“Joint”) was the most considerable for Podillya. The aim of this article is to show the basic aspects of help giving to homeless children of Vinnytsia region by foreign organizations ARA and “Joint” in 1921-1923. Podillya help Committee of American Help Organization, founded on June 2, 1922 was appealed to give the help to the victims of hunger. The functions of ARA on the Podillya province territory consisted of supplying the children and other establishments with food and medical maintenance exclusively of ARA. ARA did’nt patronize the children’s homes. Activity of ARA included the opening of dining rooms, the distribution of rations, caring about orphanages and hospitals. Dining rooms were firstly appointed for children and then for an adult population. The distribution of food among the starting population was carrying out by special commissions, composed of the representatives of the ARA and Soviet authorities. Besides food, which was given to children by ARA, “Joint” gave large sums of money for additional nutrition and fuel and transformed the patronized children’s homes into clean, comfortable houses with modern heating system. The children got shoes, underwear and clothes. However, there was a problem of American food. In the reports it often has been mentioned about the theft and the sale of goods from foreign charities. Therefore , in the conditions of hunger (1921-1923) the state of children was especially difficult. At the expense of the large-scale measures of humanistic organizations ARA and “Joint” hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian people and especially the future of the nation, children, were saved from terrible death.

74-80

Authors: NESTERENKO V.A.

During the war conflicts of the XX century civil inhabitants became the object of a military impact with the aim of undermining economic, political and moral potential of the opponent. Purposeful bombing the cities within the Soviet-German front was put into practice comparatively not very often. So the cities with an important strategic position and the locations of the desperate battles suffered the greatest losses and destructions. Kharkiv became such a place for Eastern Ukraine. In addition to war operations, a psychological effect played an important role for urban population migration. In the case of a front approaching, those urban inhabitants, who had the opportunity to leave the city, tried to do that. The leadership of the Third Reich hoped to capture a great number of undamaged industrial enterprises, units of equipment and resources of raw materials on the territory of the USSR. While leaving, the soviet troops removed or destroyed everything possible. As for the scale, this process has no precedents in the world history. Evacuation affected the population too. The figure of 3.5 mln people is mentioned by the representatives of modern Ukrainian historiography. Certainly, the lion’s share of those people comprised the urban population. During the retreat Wehrmacht troops acted the same way as the Red Army in 1941. The German implemented the tactics of ‘scorched earth’ with their inherent pedantry. Tens of thousands of persons, who had collaborated with the occupants (and the members of their families) were also evacuated. There was a fundamental difference between the policy of the German occupants and the Bilshovyks authority one. The Bilshovyks relied upon the proletariat and encouraged the process of urbanization objectively. While working out their own plans for exploiting the economic potential of Ukraine, the Nazis however considered only the rural inhabitants to be of some value. They took no interest in the urban population and its fate. Although during the period of a long-term war the occupants had to adjust their own policy and take steps towards rebuilding some industrial enterprises, in general it did not improve the situation. In terms of unemployment, prices increase and provision supply deficit the urban population was constantly on the verge of survival. In winter famine happened, especially in Kharkiv. In small towns and boroughs the situation was quite better because of a higher level of ruralization. The city inhabitants migrated to the country. According to the Nazis racial theory the Jews were on the lowest level, that’s why they became the object of total annihilation. But the quantity of the Jewish population in the cities of the North- Eastern Ukraine was quite small and the Jews were exterminated at the beginning of the occupation. Repressive measures against the representatives of other nationalities were closely connected with the resistance movement of mainly soviet partisans and underground activists. A prolonged war required more and more human resources, which caused the deficit of working hands in Germany. That’s why the occupants tried mass import of foreign workers. In total 2.4 mln ostarbeiters were brought from the territory of Ukraine. No doubt, a certain amount of those people originated from the urban population of the military zone. So, among the factors which caused decreasing the number of the urban population during the war period in the North-Eastern Ukraine one should mention the following: war operations, evacuation of the population and material resources, tactics of ‘scorched earth’, omnicide and repressions, recruitment of ostarbeiters. But the main reason for de-urbanization during the period of occupation was the problem of providing the city inhabitants with provision. Under the circumstances of the constant deficit of the foodstuff and consumer goods supplement (famine happened in Sumy and Kharkiv in winter 1941-1942) city-dwellers had to either survive where they lived or leave the cities and move to the countryside where the situation with provision was better.

90-100

Authors: FINNIK S.V.

This is a conceptual work which represents a new vision for history studying of the Eastern Europe steppes nomadic peoples and its bordering areas too. Therefore it is very important for understanding the processes taking place in the world of the steppe tribes in the early Middle Ages as well as in the preceding period the Migration Epoch headed by the Huns. It is consolidated the main achievements of the author’s research in the article. Thus there is a new concept which is also proposed to change our approach to the history and outlook of the early nomads. Becides that it’s given a lot of new facts of the Bulgarian history and their related tribes. It is advanced the opinion that the establishment of the Khazar khanate ascendency of the in Eastern Europe is not historical regularity. The Khazars were able to create their powerful state only after the decline of previous nomadic empire in Eastern Europe – Great Bulgaria. The only prince was Kubrat (630-660 y.y.). The Bulgarian nation created some independent states on the edge of steppe region after the state separation and the defeat from the Khazar in 660- 670 yy. AD. The strongest of them were Danubian Bolgaria and Volgarian Bulgaria (it’s modern Tatarstan in Russia). The ethnic Bulgarians – Black Bulgars and the ancestors of the Balkars in the Black Sea Coast and Northwest Caucasus, Burdjans (Burgans, Burgars, Burugunds?) and Bungars (Huns-Haylandurs?) on the Lower Volga and Northern Dagestan who staying in the steppes were forced to submit to the victorious Khazars. The Khazars rising, in the author’s opinion, was connected with the fact they headed the resistance of all the Ciscaucasian tribes from Arabs in 652/3 year. Bulgars (Burdjans) were protected only themselves from Arabs. The Bulgar ethnonym was used by the various nomadic tribes of Eastern Europe, who used it for the self-name, but in many variations. The author identifies several options of pronunciation and interpretation of those syllables, which the Bulgars ethnonym is consisted of. In his opinion the oldest pronunciation was the form “Bungar.” It is closed to the Turkic language similaring to Chuvashian and was assigned to the Northern Dagestan Bulgars (in the “kingdom of the Huns”), the Arab authors used the form “Bundzhar” or “B-n-djer”. The variation of the ethnonym known to us as “Burgar” could arised from the mixing of Iranian nomadic and semi-sedentary population Ciscaucasia ethnonyms – Burdjans (Burgans, Bulkans?), who came perhaps from the East Caspian or the Pamir region. Thus it is called the original Bulgars representatives of military units and whole tribes who were on the Hun’s service. The source of the military force were mongol-speaking peoples at first Syanbi and then nomadic Turks, Ugrians (Magyars) and Iranians (Maskuts, Burdjans, Alans). Becides that the author compares the names but not nations – Bulgars (i.e. Bungars) and Mongols (Mongors, Mungals). It is also compared such terms as Hun-Bulgarians and Tatar-Mongols in the Eastern Europe steppes history. The ruling Bulgarian clan Dulo author derived from the name of the river Tola (Tuul) in Mongolia, where previously there were power center of Нunnu and the leaders of the western Huns, respectively. It didn’t have formed a common language among the Bulgars in the entire area of Eastern Europe. The language of the ruling elite was ancient Turkic the same as Chuvashian. However, the Bulgarians who settled on the Danube, saved and used many Iranian, and perhaps even Tocharian words. It is noted by the modern researchers from Bolgaria.

102-103

Authors: POBOZHIY S.I.

About Oboznaya V., Derevyanko O. “Unknown”: elucidation of the mystery. Experience of the art investigation. – SPb .: Philological Faculty of St. Petersburg University, 2013. – 36 p., ill.