Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto)

305-314

Authors: Eva Diniz, Silvia Helena Koller

This study aimed to assess factors associated with teen pregnancy among low-income Brazilian adolescents (N = 452) with pregnancy experience (n = 226) and without this experience (n = 226). The mean of age of the sample was 16.86 years old (SD = 1.35) and 64% were girls. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that teen pregnancy was associated with: living with the partner; use of oral contraception; lower age of the fi rst sexual intercourse; use of alcoholic drink; and less home chores division. It was observed that teen pregnancy tends to appear when a conjugation of developmental risk variables exists. These results could be helpful to those who work with adolescents as well as to teen pregnancy prevention campaigns.

325-333

Authors: Diogo Araújo DeSousa, Elder Cerqueira-Santos

The literature is consensual regarding the importance of friendships throughout the lifespan; most of the time for improvements in the quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe intimate friendship relationships among young adults. Participants were 98 young adults aged between 18 and 30. Sampling procedures were based on the Respondent Driven Sampling technique. The instrument was composed of three self-report questionnaires and data were analyzed quantitatively. Results showed homogeneity of characteristics among intimate friends, especially concerning the gender. Companionship emerged as the most distinctive aspect of friendships. All friendship functions showed positive correlations with each other. There seems to be a fi lter of similarities in the friendships of young adults. Also, friendships that show good quality in one specifi c function tend to be good quality friendships as a whole.

347-353

Authors: Gabriela Pavarini, Débora de Hollanda Souza

Preschool-aged children already show interest in other people’s mental states. The goal of the present research was to investigate if this interest is refl ected on four to six year-old children’s preferences for either emotional or behavioral descriptions of events, and whether there is a correlation between those preferences and their emotion understanding. Thirty seven children (21 girls and 16 boys) were asked to describe four different movie scenes and their understanding of emotions was assessed. The results revealed an effect of age on the frequency of emotional descriptions, F(2, 34) = 6.7, p < 0.01, as well as a correlation between the frequency of emotional descriptions and participants’ level of emotion understanding (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). These results are consistent with evidence suggesting an increase in the spontaneous production of emotion terms in the preschool years.

365-374

Authors: Ana Lúcia Galinkin, Angela Maria de Oliveira Almeida, Vânia Cristine Cavalcante Anchieta

This article aims to identify the social representations that teachers and police offi cers construct about violence, particularly that practiced by young people. The study participants were 15 high school teachers from two private schools and 16 police offi cers from four police stations, including both males and females. For the data collection, the focus groups technique was used with subsequent content analysis of the discourse corpus related to violence and its causes. The teachers and police offi cers indicated the modern family as a reason for the violence committed by young people because their role in the socialization of the children is being abandoned. They understand that the responsibility for the education of the young people is being transferred to them by the family.

383-392

Authors: Lara Mundim Moreira, Roberta Albuquerque Ferreira, Áderson Luiz Costa Junior

The present study evaluated global well-being and distress behavior among caregivers and the diffi culties faced by physicians, as subsidy to the proposition of a new service protocol for an ambulatory of palliative care. In the fi rst phase, the global well-being and distress behavior indicators of ten patients’ caregivers were evaluated using the General Comfort Questionnaire (GCQ) and the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R), respectively. In the second phase, physicians were interviewed about their opinions concerning palliative care and the diffi culties of referring patients to the ambulatory. The negative Spearman correlation between the results of both instruments applied to caregivers, suggests that higher levels of distress are associated with lower global well-being scores. By physicians the demand for greater integration between curative and palliative ambulatories was verifi ed, what would increase fl uidity amongst the teams and the maintenance of bonds between patients, families and professionals.

403-412

Authors: Sheila Giardini Murta, Andréia Crispim Rodrigues, Isabela de Oliveira Rosa, Silvia Guimarães de Paulo

This paper describes an assessment of needs and a process evaluation of a longitudinal support program to fi rsttime parents. A couple participated in a longitudinal intervention, with nine home visits, focused on the development of parental skills and couple empowerment. The baby-parents interaction and the couple reactions to the intervention were video recorded and after registered into the Process Evaluation Protocol. The data analysis has shown that the couple felt satisfi ed with the program and used the information and strategies received, with a positive impact on the dimensions of conjugality, with better communication and interpersonal problem solving and parenthood, with the development of knowledge on the infant’s development, change in beliefs related to violent parental educational practices, responsiveness in the relationship between the baby and the parents alongside lower parental stress. Replications of this study in bigger samples with follow-up evaluations are recommended.

423-432

Authors: Juliane Callegaro Borsa, Bruno Figueiredo Damásio, Denise Ruschel Bandeira

The adaptation of psychological instruments is a complex process that requires a high methodological rigor. Because there is no consensus in the literature about its steps, this article discuss some essential aspects regarding the crosscultural adaptation of psychological instruments and proposes guidelines to the researchers about the different steps of this process. Some considerations regarding the validation of the adapted instrument are also presented. In this stage, we discuss some aspects regarding the factorial structure of the instrument, which might be evaluated through statistical procedures, such as exploratory and confi rmatory factor analysis. More than that, the authors provide some guidelines to the validation of psychological instruments in different cultures

91-99

Authors: Keila Hellen Barbato Marcondes, Silvia Regina Ricco Lucato Sigolo

Family and school are considered essential environments for human development and it is desirable that a close bond be established between them. Based on this premise, this study analyzes the relationships established between school and the families of children with low school performance in a context in which the school adopts the Continuous Progression system – an educational system that avoids holding students in the same grade at the end of the school year. Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological perspective is the theoretical framework used in this study. Six children, their parents or caretakers, and teachers participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews and observation were used for collecting data, which were then evaluated regarding two categories: involvement and communication. Even though the results highlight communication as the main means of exchange between both contexts, communication still needs to be improved. Families and schools understand they must collaborate with each other, but such a relationship needs to be re-constructed because it is currently asymmetrical and loaded with prejudice.

165-175

Authors: Cilio Ziviani, Terezinha Féres-Carneiro, Andrea Seixas Magalhães

Based on the theory of the indissoluble link, this study aims to validate the scale Father and Mother as a Couple scale (FMC), addressed to marital relations between parents as perceived by their sons and daughters, referring to various components of this construct. The PMC, consisting of eleven pairs of items, and distinguishing father and mother in the same variable, is part of a broader instrument, the Questionnaire on Parents as a Couple (QPC), comprising 60 items overall. The non-probability sample consists of 1,612 youth, 678 men and 934 women, between 18 and 29 years. The analyses presented empirical evidence favoring the validation of this scale as consisting of a single dimension which has, however, been considered as comprising the fi rst principal component interpreted as explicit, and the second one as implicit, both in the father and mother subscales with Cronbach’s alphas, respectively, .85 and .86. The Möbius strip is proposed for modeling the explicit-implicit dimensionality

187-196

Authors: Elaine Cristina Gardinal-Pizato, Edna Maria Marturano, Anne Marie Germaine Victorine Fontaine

The conception that early childhood education (ECE) positively affects academic progress is well established. The purpose of this study was to verify the impact of time of exposure to ECE on the academic performance of children and evaluate their academic progress from the 3rd to the 5th grade when there is exposure to early childhood education. Participants were 294 public school students (both genders) divided into three groups: no ECE, one year of ECE, and two years of ECE. Academic achievement was assessed in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades through the judgment of teachers and collective written evaluations of the Portuguese language and mathematics. An Academic Achievement test was administered to 3rd and 5th year students. A multivariate analysis with repeated measures, controlled for socioeconomic level, showed ECE was consistently associated with greater achievement, though one extra year in ECE did not show any additional effect on academic performance. Further research is required due to the implications of this last result for public policies.

207-216

Authors: Filipa Daniela Marques, Liliana Sousa

Constructing family integrity is a normal developmental challenge for older people, which is infl uenced by the family and social systems. This study examined the life trajectories of older people who lived in poverty throughout their lives and how they evolve towards family integrity or family disconnection. A semi-structured interview on family integrity was administered to 12 participants aged over 64 years old (six of each sex), three in each group were considered as living family integrity situation or disconnection. The main fi ndings suggested that some common circumstances of poverty in people’s lives namely: family confl ict and/or distance, domestic violence, (e)migration, multiple severe chronic diseases, informal work, low income, may prevent family integrity and promote family disconnection/alienation. However, participants who were able to reframe negative events as positive tended to achieve family integrity.

229-239

Authors: Lúcia Gouvêa Buratto, Maria Amelia de Almeida, Maria da Piedade Resende da Costa

The present study aimed to determine whether the use of the Picture Exchange Communication System - PECS favored the communication of an adolescent from the Kaingang indigenous population with intellectual disabilities and language disorders. To verify the effects of the independent variable a single subject design was performed, which involved two phases: baseline and intervention. The system was readapted considering the social, cultural, moral and religious values as well as the habits and customs of that ethnic group. The results showed that the use of the readapted alternative communication system helped to improve the non-verbal communication of the indigenous adolescent and increased her vocabulary, previously considered very restricted and unintelligible.

251-260

Authors: Robson Santos de Oliveira, Maria da Conceição Diniz Pereira de Lyra

This study discuss Yakubinsky’s contribution for the study of language and his infl uence on Bakhtin Circle. We describe facets of his academic background and environment in which he worked. We analyze his contributions relating them with the intellectuals belonging to Bakhtin Circle. We particularly analyze the text “On dialogical speech”, highlighting characteristics of Yakubinsky’s work such as the natural character of dialogue and its requirement for a social context, the conception of dialogue and monologue and the automatism of language in the interaction with the other. We fi nish by emphasizing the role and actuality of Yakubinsky for the comprehension of dialogism

271-279

Authors: Seille Cristine Garcia-Santos, Leandro da Silva Almeida, Blanca Susana Guevara Werlang

This paper presents an analysis from the perspective of Positive Psychology of explanations from researchers concerning human excellence and what promotes and maintains it in the most varied domains. Personal and contextual factors are mentioned in the literature, while cognitive skills and intentional practice to achieve excellence stand out; personality variables are also critical to the development and demonstration of excellence. Based on the literature, this study suggests the importance of persistence, emotional control, and openness to experience.

11-20

Authors: Jorge Gato, Anne Marie Fontaine, Nuno Santos Carneiro

Prejudice against non-heterosexual individuals persists and currently assumes various forms. This study describes the process of developing and validating a multidimensional instrument to assess attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Three types of negative attitudes were defined based on a literature review of the various aspects of antigay prejudice. Existing scales were selected and their items were categorized according to expected attitudes. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a scale composed of three negative attitudinal dimensions: two with a more traditional nature (Rejection of proximity and Pathologizing of homosexuality) and a more contemporary one (Modern heterosexism), as well as a positive dimension (Support). All dimensions showed good internal consistency. Additional evidence of the instrument’s construct validity was obtained through a differential study, based on the participants’ gender and their interpersonal contact with lesbians and gay men

33-42

Authors: Eulina da Rocha Lordelo, Monika Roethle, Akemy Brandão Mochizuki

According to evolutionary psychology, socialization goals integrate the parental ethnotheories, requirements that enable the rapid adoption of care and socialization strategies which were functional in the recent past. Aiming to explore this approach, this study compared the goals of two different samples, living in different contexts. A total of 76 Brazilian and 52 Norwegian mothers were interviewed concerning socialization goals. Goal descriptors were selected in order of appearance and analyzed using the software Analyse d´évocations. Approximately half of the descriptors that reached minimum frequency were shared between the two samples, indicating that ideals are shared in urban societies, though descriptors were assigned different priorities. The most significant differences were related to individualism/collectivism and are congruent with ecological differences between the two contexts. These results may be related to the cultural contrasts between societies with different trajectories, also related to current socioeconomic conditions, compatible with the evolutionary perspective

53-62

Authors: Sueli Édi Rufini, José Aloyseo Bzuneck, Katya Luciane de Oliveira

Lack of motivation in students to learn is a pressing educational problem. This paper presents the results of an assessment of the quality of motivation of 1,381 elementary school students, with an average age of 11.2 years, through the application of the Elementary School Motivation Scale (Escala de Motivação de Estudantes do Ensino Fundamental). The results revealed that autonomous motivation predominated among the participants. The comparison among variables showed that a lack of motivation and controlled motivation were higher among the male participants in comparison to the females, who obtained higher rates in the evaluation of autonomous motivation. Controlled motivation and lack of motivation increased as students advanced in grades, while autonomous motivation decreased. Students at private schools were less self motivated and depended more on external control to become motivated when compared to students from the public system. The latter were significantly more involved in school for autonomous reasons. The educational implications of these findings are considered in the discussion session

73-82

Authors: Giovanna Corte Honda, Elisa Medici Pizão Yoshida

This study investigated changes in patients cared for in a Training-Clinic and sought to understand the factors influencing the results of psychotherapeutic practices. The sample was composed of nine participants (eight women and one man) aged 33 years old or older, after they had completed psychotherapy treatment. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to evaluate adaptive efficacy, stage of change, and psychopathological symptoms. The Scale for Efficacy of Adaptation (EDAO-R), the Stage of Change Scales (EEM), and the Symptom Assessment Scale 40 (EAS-40) were used. Data suggest that easing symptoms is possible, as is progressing in stage changes; adaptive efficacy, however, is more resistant to change. Positive therapeutic bonds and the willingness of patients to act as agents of their own change may have been relevant in the psychotherapies outcomes, even though these were not directly evaluated. Longitudinal studies are needed to monitor processes from their beginnings.

101-110

Authors: Valéria Barbieri, Jamila de Godoy Pavelqueires

Most studies addressing the importance of the family environment on children’s emotional development and psychological treatment associate the characteristics of the mother’s personality with the child’s pathology, disregarding the characteristics of the father’s personality. Therefore, this study’s objective was to investigate the personality characteristics of fathers of children with antisocial tendencies by means of the psychodiagnosis interventive method and to investigate the potential relationship of such characteristics to the treatment results obtained for children. Six fathers of seven children were evaluated by the Rorschach test. Follow-up of the cases indicated five therapeutic successes and two failures. The paternal personality characteristics associated with success included the absence of severe impairment in the test of reality, control of impulses, and interpersonal relationships, in addition to a neurotic organization of personality. The results show the importance of including information concerning the father’s personality when prescribing therapies and establishing prognoses.

119-129

Authors: Marina Kohlsdorf, Áderson Luiz Costa Junior

A diagnosis of childhood cancer represents challenges for patients, family members, and health workers. The parents of a child or adolescent have to play an expanded role because they need to reconcile parental tasks and treatment demands. This study presents an integrative literature review concerning difficulties experienced by pediatric caregivers during onco-hematological treatment. The CAPES periodicals portal and the Scientific Library Online (SciELO) were searched for papers published between 1999 and 2009. Relevant themes are highlighted in Brazilian and international studies published in the field, such as psychological disorders experienced by caregivers, the professional and financial impact associated with treatment, changes in educative practices and family dynamics, and the influence of cultural practices on the experience of treatment. Suggestions for further research are presented to support efficient psychosocial interventions and minimize the psychosocial costs experienced by pediatric caregivers over the course of onco-hematological treatments.