European Geographical Studies

4-11

Authors: Zagir V. Atayev, Vitaly V. Bratkov

Trends of residential loading change on mountainous and plain landscapes of Dagestan are analyzed on the base of comparison of human settlements of different categories as revealed from the maps published from mid 1980-s to early 2000-s.

21-26

Authors: Natalia S. Sherbakova, Elena G. Loktionova

The research is focused on the delta area of the Volga river. Our study was conducted during the period from May to September in the years 2011 and 2012. We examined about 80 trees Ulmus laevis and Fraxinus excelsior. Ten species of lichen belonging to the familes Teloschistaceae, Rhysciaceae, genera Caloplaca, Xanthoria, Physcia, Lepraria were found in the control biotope. During the study period, all trees were characterized by a high degree of projective cover from 45.7 % to 96.2 % in 2011 and from 47.1 to 100 % in 2012. Lichens growing in the area of conventional control had bright color of the thallus. The index value of clean air was 14.8 in 2011 and 14.1 in 2012. The studied sites were divided into three areas: area of the severe pollution, area of the average pollution and favorable area.

33-40

Authors: M.M. Iolin, Y.K. Kondratyev, I.V. Buzyakova

Historical facts and documents witness that the ancestors of the modern Turkic peoples had its statism long before our era. They contributed to the world civilization by developing original material and spiritual culture. Historical and cultural heritage of ancient Turkic states and residing in these states Turkic ethnic groups is the common heritage of modern civilization and Turkic peoples. The paper focuses at historic, geographic, ethno-geographic and socio-geographic aspects of the development of the Turkic peoples as well as on the views of L.S. Berg and V.I. Vernadsky on the problem of interaction between ethnic groups and landscapes and on the biosocial theory of ethnogenesis developed by L.N. Gumilev.