Forestry Ideas

237-250

Authors: Ventzeslav Dimitrov, Radka Koleva, Youlin Tepeliev, Yulia Kroumova, Todor Lubenov, and Nadezhda Ilieva

The main aim of the CORINE Land cover 2018 project is to identify and map the changes of land cover/land use for the period 2012–2018 using multitemporal/multispectral satellite imagery. Harmonized methodology with a 44 class nomenclature and a computer assisted photo-interpretation are applied for creating a geospatial database of Bulgarian territory for the year 2018. A brief description of the applied methodology and the main results achieved are presented. The whole Bulgarian territory is mapped in details adequate for the 1:100 000 scale with a minimum mapping unit of 25 ha and a minimum change area of 5 ha. A statistical analysis of the created databases is made. For the investigated period (2012–2018) the largest in number (2720), the largest as area (53,558 ha) and with the highest percentage (53.54 %) of the total area of the changes are the changes occurring in class 3 ‘Forests and semi-natural areas’. Six types of changes prevail, forming over 3/4 of the area of all changes – loss of coniferous forests (23,392 ha – 23 %), loss of broad-leaved forests (18,389 ha – 18 %), pastures into non-irrigated arable land (14,534 ha – 14 %), vineyards into non-irrigated arable land (9451 ha – 9 %), fruit trees and berry plantations into non-irrigated arable land (6051 ha – 6 %) and restored broad-leaved forests (4865 ha – 5 %). The area of recovered broad-leaved forests (change 324-311) is 4865 ha, which is almost 4 times less than the lost (18,389 ha). Two negative change processes were identified – conversion of vineyards (221) and orchards (222) into non-irrigated arable land (211), i.e. extensification of agriculture, but also was an intensification one – change of pastures (231) to non- irrigated arable land (211).

264-274

Authors: Ludmila Malinova, Pavel Pavlov, and Biser Hristov

A complex of humus parameters was studied and a database was created about the content of soil organic matter and org. C stock in the surface 20 cm layer of Umbrisols in order to monitor the relationship ‘climate changes – organic C stock’ over time. Geo-coordinated stations located near the Cherni Vrah meteorological station were used, where the temperatures and precipitation have been observed since 1935. Higher acidity (рНН2О), higher amount of total carbon and free low-molecular humic acids were determined in the surface 10 cm soil layer in comparison with the 10–20 cm layer. The share of humic and fulvic acids in the total carbon of the two layers did not differ and was characterized by stable values. The org. C stock in the surface 10 cm layer was 7.00 ±1.31 t.ha-1 and 15.55 ±2.72 t.ha-1 in the 10–20 cm layer. The total org. C stock in the surface 20 cm layer of Umbrisols was 18594.15 t. The obtained results allow future statistical evaluations of information about monitoring the relationship ‘climate changes – org. C stock’ over time.

289-300

Authors: Dimitar Georgiev and Dimitar Peev

In this article a study is described for determining the impact of the chipper power and the size of materials on the productivity of different chippers. Machines with various engine powers have been used in the range of 21 to 70 kW, being equipped with disc or drum chipping mechanism propelled by either self-engine or PTO. The experiments have been carried out with fresh, scots pine small-size wood, grouped into nine groups of materials. The results indicate that the greatest impact on the productivity of the chipping machines has their power, then is the diameter of the materials and least is the influence is the length of the materials.

314-328

Authors: Susni Herwanti, Indra Gumay Febryano, and Dini Zulfiani

The cultivation of community forestry (Hutan Kemasyarakatan/HKm) land by planting some crops had increased its economic value. Therefore, this study aims to identify the types of food crop products and analyze the economic value of HKm food products. The data was obtained through in-depth interviews and field observations. Data analysis was done by qualitative and quantitative methods. The results showed that the products utilized in HKm consist of 28 species dominated by coffee products. These products are mixed from agricultural crops, plantations, and forestry planted in agroforestry on HKm land with coffee plants as the main crop. Other food products that are also found in HKm are chili, pepper, spring onions, cocoa, cloves, avocado and so on. Crops products other than coffee are planted spread among coffee plants with an average number of coffee plants of 2000 to 2500 stems per ha. The economic value of HKm food products reached 5 billion Rp. with the highest economic value being the coffee product as the main plant (60 %). The highest economic benefit of HKm land occurs in August while the economic benefits are low enough in December, January, February, March, and April. Farmers need to diversify food products and take into account the harvest period in order to obtain the optimum benefits from HKm land at all times. Therefore, farmers are advised to plant commercial crops such as bananas, papaya, eggplant, chayote, tomatoes, spring onions, avocados, jackfruit, sugar palm, pepper, ginger and chili with an agroforestry system because these species have high economic value and are able to provide sustainable economic and ecological benefits, while for coffee, cacao and cloves, although the economic value is high, it is not recommended to develop on HKm land because it is related to the policy which only allows maintaining coffee and cocoa plants in the forest. In this regard, the Government’s support is very much needed related to HKm’s policy based on the economic value in order to reconcile the interests of the community and forest sustainability.

339-350

Authors: Orest Furdychko, Mykola Shershun, Oleksii Shkuratov, Oksana Drebot, and Oleh Yaremko

Determined that in connection with decentralization in the sphere of forest in Ukraine, the state forest management authority needs to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of the powers delegated to the regions. The results of the study of regulatory framework and practice of assessing the effectiveness of forest resources use in the context of various management entities led to the conclusion that there is no single approach to both assessing and determining criteria and indicators of forestry management effectiveness. In this regard, the article presents a methodological approach to assessing the effectiveness of sustainable forest management, which involves the application of a set of evaluation criteria and indicators, unlike existing ones, characterizing the combination of forest, forest exploitation, forest protection and reforestation processes in the forest management system. The choice of the system of assessment indicators for sustainable forest management in Ukraine was carried out taking into account the accumulated national experience and pan-European criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management. The key principle of the proposed approach is elimination of the difference in the dimensions of reduced parameters by normalization, that is, their translation into a dimensionless form. Application of this approach allows to determine the level of use of productive, ecosystem, protective and socio-economic functions of forest ecosystems, and to identify problem aspects of forest management, depending on the elements of forestry activities.

369-384

Authors: Aah Ahmad Almulqu, Noulkamol Arpornpong, and Jaruntorn Boonyanuphap

In this study, we developed allometric equations for approximating tree biomass components in dry forests in Kupang regency, Indonesia. Biomass allocation was examined and allometric equations were developed using tree height and DBH as variable for individual tree species with DBH<20 cm and DBH>20 cm, respectively. Allometric equations were elaborated for leaf, branch, stem, root biomass and overall tree biomass. Based on the results, leaf, branch, stem and root accounted for 7 %, 16 %, 66 % and 11 % of overall tree biomass. The values of leaf, branch, stem, root and total tree biomass (t) with DBH>20 cm was 0.033±0.016, 0.067±0.034, 0.289±0.082, 0.049±0.023 and 0.441±0.156, respectively. It was also found that the tree biomass (t) with DBH<20 cm was 0.039±0.014. All allometric equation models of tree biomass have a high quality-of-fit as shown by high constancy value (R2), which indicated significant linear relationships between biomass and the predictors (DBH and tree height).

394-403

Authors: Atınç Pirti and Ramazan Gürsel Hosbas

Network Real-time kinematic mode survey technology shows really an efficient and fast improvement within today’s technological developments. Permanent reference stations for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) have for a long time been used for positioning of rovers in RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) mode. In this article, we examine the performance and use of Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS-Network RTK) as an extension of RTK technology-based data acquisition systems near/under tree canopy. As a general rule, a clear view of the sky is preferred when using RTK for determining location. Eight permanent reference stations belonging to the ISKI (Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration) in Istanbul, Turkey were used for the test measurements. This paper presents the results of İSKİ (Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration) CORS satellite measurements made using Networked Transport of Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services via Internet Protocol (NTRIP) data transmission. As a result of measurements taken at 17 measurement points in the obstructed and unobstructed environments, the accuracies obtained at the points with numerous covers in the form of tree branches and leaves ranged from several centimetres which is characteristic for GPS/GLONASS measurements taken under conditions of limited availability of satellites.

413-424

Authors: Volodymyr Vitenko, Volodymyr Shlapak, Iryna Kozachenko, Volodymyr Kulbitskyi, Svitlana Maslovata, Sergiy Koval, and Oleh Lazariev

Based on the processing of literary sources and our own research, we studied the features of grafting ornamental forms of Morus alba: ′Pendula′, ′Globosa′, ′Pyramidalis′, ′Contorta′, ′Macrophylla′ and ′Tatarica′. It is proposed to distribute these ornamental forms according to the grafting and budding dates: winter – the second or the third decade of February – the first decade of March; spring: early spring (the second or the third decade of March); spring the average (the first – the second decade of April); late spring (the third decade of April – the first to the second decade of May); summer – the end of the first decade of July is the first decade of August. It is investigated that the best period for its holding is the first and the second decade of April. It is determined that the most effective method of winter grafting is improved copulation, which was carried out in early March – the highest average splicing of various components after grafting of these plants was observed in forms ′Tatarica′ (70 %) and ′Macrophylla′ (60 %). When grafting plants by splitting in these forms, the highest average splicing is also noted – compared 61 % and 54 %. The highest splicing results of grafted plants during their spring grafting were also obtained by applying the improved copulation method in forms ˊTataricaˊ – (88–92 %), ˊPendulaˊ – (78–84 %) and ˊMacrophyllaˊ – compared 65–75 %. The largest number of splices of grafted plants during grafting by applying the method for behind the barkis noted in form ˊTataricaˊ (87–91 %, a little lower – in ˊPendulaˊ (73–77 %) and ˊMacrophyllaˊ – compared 64–72 %. It was investigated that the wild plant (M. alba) and its studied ornamental forms resemble their internal structure and the grafting sites are quickly spliced and are completely covered with a protective fabric before the onset of the rest period.

443-450

Authors: Vasil Kolev and Galerida Raikova

The set of reproductive parameter estimates, determined by this study, gives the first quantitative estimates for this population. The study was conducted in the autumn during the period of years 2010–2011. A total of 97 fish specimens were caught by electrofishing. The study found that both sexes mature sexually in the second year. The females become sexually mature, once they reach a length of 122 mm and 25 g weight. The males become sexually mature once they reach a length of 90mm and 7 g weight. The fecundity of barbel population from the Chepinska River ranges from 2000 to 17,969 eggs. The average fecundity was 5246 eggs. The absolute fecundity was positively correlated with the growth of the length and mass of the fish. Consequently, the five years old Maritsa barbels had the highest fecundity rate. The average values of the relative fecundity were 115 eggs per kg.