Iraqi Journal of Science

2265-2277

Authors: Thaer Saleh Ghali*, Jumbad Hermiz Tomma

This work involved synthesis and characterization of new mono and twin fused pyrazolone(indazol-3-one) (IV)a-d and thioxo pyrimidine (III)a-d derivatives from Chalcones (mono(I)a,b and twin(I)c,d ) The synthesis of mono chalcones (I)a,b includes the reaction of (p-methoxy or p- methyl) benzaldehyde with 4-amino acetophenone while the twin acetophenone with p- methoxy benzaldehyde to produce twin chalcones (I)c,d , then converted it by Robinson annulations reaction to form the corresponding derivatives (II)a-d afterward reflux the cyclohexenones with hydrazine and some drops of GAA lead to form indazole derivatives (IV)a-d . Pyrimidines were synthesized via the reaction of chalcones with thiourea in NaOH and 80% ethanol. All these compounds are characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and some of them by 1HNMR spectroscopy.

2285-2290

Authors: Marwa M. Salih*, Khawla H. Zghair

Leishmania parasite preferentially infect host phagocytic cells, primarily dendritic cells and macrophages. One of the main problems with Leishmania infections is the capability of these parasites to evade and subvert immune responses of the host. Leishmaniasis is treated with a small arsenal of drugs; all of them have disadvantages in terms of efficacy, high price, toxicity or treatment regimen. In this study, the effect of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was evaluated against intracellular amastigotes Leishmania donovani in vitro conditions. The effect of different concentrations from ZnO NPs (0.18, 0.37, 0.75 and 1.5 μg / ml) was used to study on the viability of amastigotes and macrophages “following infection" using the colorimetric (MTT) assay. The results have been shown that the ZnO NPs have a cytotoxic effect on the proliferation of the amastigotes forms and have no effect. The IC50 of ZnO NPs on amastigotes was (0.610 µg/ ml). This study concluded that the used concentrations of ZnO NPs have the ability to stimulate macrophages activity and promote the suppressive effects on L. donovani intracellular amastigotes in vitro following infection. These results may contribute to the production of an effective, non-toxic and cheap drug against Leishmania parasites

2301-2308

Authors: Fatin Muhammed Nawwab Al-Deen

This research project was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of three different portions (pulp, peel, seeds) of Annona squamosa fruit using three different extraction solvents (water, ethanol, and acetone). The experiment performed by using agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive human pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli and each organism showed different patterns of inhibition zones. Antibacterial activity of various solvent extracts of the pulp showed noticeable inhibitory activity against almost all the tested pathogens except K. pneumoniae who was resistant to water extract of pulp. Although, different solvents extracts of peel were found to be efficient in inhibiting the test pathogens, ethanolic extract of peel exhibited the best antibacterial activity against all the test pathogens in this study. Maximum inhibition activity was found with the peel ethanolic extract against E.coli and K. pneumonia, followed by S. aureus at crud extract concentration of 50 mg ml-1, which is comparable to the inhibition zones of the standard antibiotic (Tetracycline and Ceftriaxone 100mg ml -1) used in this study. The water extract of peel also exhibited fairly good antibacterial activity against E. coli approximately similar to the ethanolic extract. Conversely, S. aureus and K. pneumoniae showed complete resistance against water extract of peel. Regarding seeds bactericidal abilities, the water and acetone extracts of seeds showed remarkable inhibitory action against K. pneumonia followed by the water extract against E.coli. None of the test pathogens showed inhibition of growth response to seed ethanolic extract. In conclusion, antibacterial ability of different portions of A.squamosa fruit extracts against different types of bacteria used in this experiment signified their remarkable potential for exploration and using effective antibacterial agents from natural resources to inhibit the growth of different types of pathogenic bacteria.

2322-2331

Authors: Ayad Gh. Hashim

The present study aimed to assess the water quality status of Diyala River (Iraq).Some physical and chemical properties were studied also the impact of Rustumiya station for sewage treatment. water samples of Diyala River were collected for four seasons through 2015, to examine the following parameters (water temperature, pH, E.C., salinity, T.D.S., T.H., Ca., Mg., T.S.S., D.O., B.O.D., CL, SO4, NO3 and PO4). It observed by the results that the proportions of these variables have exceeded the Iraqi rivers conservation system No, 65 1967, especially at the third station of the River has been affected greatly as posed streams Rustumiya station to the river, which negatively affects aquatic life on one hand and on the farmland on both sides the river on the other hand, where the river water used for irrigation.

2338-2342

Authors: May I. Yonus, Beadaa Abdalqader Mahdii, Aliaa Abdul Aziz Hameed

The present study demonstrate the infection (injury and damage) of wireworm on potato crop in spring and autumn season. This study was conducted in Abu- Greeb fields in Baghdad– Iraq during 2009 – 2010 In order to assessment the damage caused by wireworm Agriotes spp. on four type of growing Solanum tuberosum crop (Rodeo, Lotona, Bleni, Deseri) in spring and autumn season. The results of this study showed that Agriotes spp. was more damage in spring season more than autumn season. Percentage of the numbers of damage potato tuber to the four types was 1.81, 4.87, 6.66, 8.33 % respectively. While it was 6.55, 3.63, 10.52, 9.09 % total weight of Rodeo, Lotona, Bleni, Deseri , respectively. The Rodeo type was more injury in spring season with ratio of 11 tuber number. The result showed that the potato was damage in spring season more than autumn season and this may be due to the presence of the larvae near soil surface that liege with temperature during season. Also may be due to size of potato tuber which cultured large tuber with wide surface area be more damaged and injury.

2350-2363

Authors: Hiro M. Obaid

Detergents or surfactant are chemical substances that used for cleaning purposes. The chemical compositions of the detergents are varying greatly according to application demands and commercial competitive. The aim of the present study was to, investigate the effect of common substances, used by people in our area for cleaning vegetables and fruits. On killing some parasitic stages and also studying their histopathological effects on mice intestine. Four types of ordinary commercial detergents were used (Altunsa, Bonux, Ariel , ABC) at concentrations of 1.5, 3, 4.5 g\l against E. hitolytica, E. coli, G. lamblia cysts and H. nana eggs. The parasitic stages were incubated with the detergents used for 2, 5, 15, 30 minutes. In order to detect the efficacy of the detergents the incubated stages were administered to laboratory mice. Histological sections of mice intestinal parts were done to find out the histopathological effect of the detergents. The detergents varied in their actions on tested parasitic stages, the most effective was Ariel and ABC type followed by Bonux. The lowest efficacy was for Altunsa type. Incubating the parasitic stages with the detergent for 2 minutes had no impact with some detergents, while 5 minutes was enough for killing the stages with all detergents. The histopathological examination of intestinal parts had not revealed any dimorphty or changes comparing to the control group except in that leaved for more than 5 minutes. The conclusion is that some detergents can be used for cleaning vegetables, killing and removing parasitic stages. Detergents do not cause histopathological effects if its residues removed thoroughly and not leaved on vegetables for long period of time.