Tecnura

32-45

Authors: Miguel Rodriguez Cabal, J.D. Betancur-Gomez, L.F. Grisales-Noreña

Objective: In this paper, a continuous genetic algorithm (CGA) for the optimal design of a closed-coil helical spring is proposed. Methodology: The solution methodology uses the minimization of the total spring volume as objective function, considering the wire diameter, mean diameter and number of active coils as main variables. As set of constraints, the technical and physical requirements for the correct and safe design of the aforementioned element are implemented. A CGA is employed as a solution method, and, as comparison methods, different optimization algorithms were used, which were employed in the specialized literature for solving the problem addressed in this study. Results: The results obtained show that the CGA achieved the minimum value of volume, 1.5% less than the best reported technique, with a processing time lower than 1 s, which proves that the proposed methodology obtains the best results in terms of solution quality and processing time. Conclusions: The simulation results show that the CGA obtains the best solution in comparison with the other techniques, at a low computational cost and providing a solution that meets the physical and technical constraints of the design.

71-89

Authors: Rusber Rodriguez, German Alfonso Osma Pinto, Javier Enrique Solano Martínez, Robin Roche Robin Roche, Daniel Hissel

Contexto: Las redes eléctricas de distribución han sufrido varios cambios en la última década. Algunos cambios incluyen la incorporación de fuentes de energía distribuidas, como los sistemas de generación solar fotovoltaica (PV). Esto podría modificar el rendimiento de la red eléctrica y generar nuevos desafíos como la evaluación de los impactos de la integración fotovoltaica, la respuesta a las perturbaciones eléctricas y climáticas y la planificación y reestructuración de las redes. El comportamiento de la red eléctrica frente a la integración fotovoltaica podría evaluarse cuantificando la variación en la operación e incluyendo la resiliencia de la red. Objetivo: Proponer un marco de referencia para la evaluación de la resiliencia de las redes eléctricas de BT con inyección de potencia PV. Metodología: Este artículo aborda el marco para evaluar el desempeño de una red eléctrica de baja tensión (BT) frente a la integración de las fotovoltaicas. Recoge investigaciones relacionadas con la evaluación de la resiliencia de las redes eléctricas ante cambios climáticos severos, desastres naturales y maniobras típicas, luego propone una guía para evaluar el desempeño de las redes eléctricas de baja tensión con la integración de las fuentes de generación fotovoltaica e incluye la resiliencia. Para ello, se propone la determinación de índices de evaluación de resiliencia. Los índices se obtienen de una transformación normalizada de los parámetros eléctricos medibles de las redes. Los parámetros son los que presentan los más afectados por la integración fotovoltaica o son significativos en el rendimiento de las redes. Finalmente, se presenta la evaluación de un índice de resiliencia propuesto para una red LV de edificio universitario como caso de estudio. Resultados: La propuesta de evaluación de resiliencia se aplica a un caso de estudio. Al evaluar la resiliencia de la tensión en el punto de acoplamiento común del PV se obtiene un índice de 0.84 equivalente a 59.8 horas de sobretensión. Conclusiones: Es posible mejorar la resiliencia de la red de BT mediante estrategias de gestión. En el caso de estudio se obtuvo una reducción del 29% de las horas con sobretensión aplicando una estrategia de curtailment al sistema PV. Financiamiento: ECOS-Nord, Minciencias y la Universidad Industrial de Santander.

108-125

Authors: Carlos David Zuluaga Ríos, Daniel Felipe Florián Ceballos, Miguel Ángel Rojo Yepes, Sergio Danilo Saldarriaga Zuluaga

Objective: In this paper, we review different approaches to how the penetration of electric vehicles (EV) can be modeled in power networks. We also evaluate and compare experimentally the performance of three probabilistic electric vehicle charging load approaches considering four levels of penetration of EV. Methodology: We carry out a detailed search of the state-of-the-art in charging load modeling strategies for electric vehicles, where the most representative works on this subject were compiled. A probabilistic model based on Monte Carlo Simulation was proposed and two more methods were implemented. These models take into account the departure time of electric vehicles, the arrival time and the plug-in time, which were conceived as random variables. Results: Histograms of the demand for charging of electric vehicles were obtained for the three models contemplated. Additionally, a similarity metric was calculated to know the distribution that best fits the data of each model. The above was done considering 20, 200, 2000 and 20,000 electric vehicles on average. The results show that if there are a low penetration of electric vehicles, it is possible to model the EV charging demand using a gamma distribution. Otherwise, it is recommended to use a Gaussian or Lognormal distribution if you have a high VE penetration. Conclusions: A review of the state of the art of the modeling of electric vehicles under a G2V approach was presented, where three groups are identified: the deterministic approaches, methods that deal with uncertainty and variability, and finally data driven methods were also identified. Additionally, we observed that the EVCP model 3 and the gamma distribution can be appropriate for modeling the penetration of EVs in probabilistic load flow analysis or for stochastic planning studies for active distribution networks. Financing: Institución Universitaria Pascual Bravo

146-165

Authors: Sara María Velasco-Gómez, Sandra Milena Pérez Londoño, Juan José Mora Flórez

Objective: This paper presents a qualitative comparison of different recently proposed network protection schemes that are based on the distance function. From this comparison, possible opportunities are identified to develop strategies oriented towards protecting active distribution systems. Methodology: This research is carried out in two parts: the first is to identify the fundamental theoretical aspects of distance protection, its main problems, and a description of the most important aspects of the relevant strategies proposed in recent years. The second part consists of selecting aspects and elaborating a qualitative comparison of the different protection schemes analyzed. This comparison makes it possible to establish the advantages and disadvantages of each of the relevant proposals used in conventional electrical networks or active distribution networks. Results: As a result of this research, the most important aspects to consider in the protection design are identified, which therefore strongly affect its performance. These are summarized in a comparative table, which supports future research related to distance protection in active distribution networks. Conclusions: From this research, it can be stated that the solutions analyzed, despite being relevant within the scope of distance protection applied to active distribution networks, have problems to solve. None of these strategies protects the network for all types of failures in a selective, sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective way while guaranteeing minimum supply interruption to consumers. Funding: This paper is a result from projects 6-20-6 funded by Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira and contract 774-2020 (Integra2023) funded by Minciencias, Colombia.