Tecnura

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Authors: José Antonio Valero Medina, Beatriz Elena Alzate Atehortúa

Context: Nowadays, the images of the Earth surface and the algorithms for their classification are widely available. In particular, the algorithms are promising in the differentiating of cotton crops stages, but it is necessary to establish the capabilities of the different algorithms in order to identify their advantages, and disadvantages. Method: This paper describes the assessment process in which the Support Vector Machines (SVM) and random-forest technique (decision trees) are compa-red with the maximum likelihood estimation when differentiating the stages of cotton crops. A RapidEye satellite image of a geographic area in the municipa-lity of San Pelayo, Cordoba (Colombia), is used for the study. Using a set of sampling polygons, a ran-dom sample of 6000 pixels was taken (2000 training and 4000 for validating the classifications.) Confu-sion matrices, and R (data processing and analysis software) were used during the validation process Results: The maximun likelihood estimation presen-ted a correct classification percentage of 68.95%. SVM correctly classified 81.325% of the cases and the decision trees correctly classified 78.925%. The confidence test for the classifications showed non-overlapping intervals, and SVM obtained the highest values. Conclusions: It was possible to confirm the supe-riority of the technique based on support vector machines for the proposed verification zones. How-ever, this technique requires a number of classes that comprehensively represent the variations of the im-age (in order to guarantee a minimum number of support vectors) to avoid confusion in the classifi-cation of non-sampled areas. This was less evident in the other two classification techniques analysed.

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Authors: Álvaro Ervey Pulido Aponte, Hernán Mauricio Rivera Escobar, Jhon Jairo Espitia Pardo

Introduction: In Colombia, bovine ruminal content (BRC) is generally poured into water courses and open fields and, given its high organic load, its final disposal represents an environmental, economic, and social threat. To date, the implementation of te-chnologies that reduce the impact is limited. This is due, on the one hand, to the scarce characterization of the BRC, which is required for the construction of mathematical models of anaerobic digestion that explain the reduction of this bio-solid; and on the other hand, to the restricted application of control and supervision systems focused on the generation of by-products with potential use. Aim: To document the methods used in the develo-pment of control and monitoring system ot tempera-ture and pressure, for a discontinuous bio-digester at laboratory scale with biomass BRC Methods: The implementation of a distributed signal acquisition system and a web server interface were carried out; additionally, a dynamic model corres-ponding to the behavior of the anaerobic digestion system for this BRC biomass was identified Results: Using gravimetry and calorimetry, it was possible to characterize variables associated with the anaerobic digestion system with BRC. As for the control, the on-off controller kept the gas pressure in the desired range and the PI controller guaranteed the desired temperature of the process. Conclusion: It was possible to generate biogas from biomass BRC from basic schemes of characteriza-tion, supervision, and control of the process

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Authors: Edgar Orlando Ladino Moreno, Germán Ricardo Santos Granados, César Augusto García-Ubaque

Context: Describing mathematically the hydrau-lic behavior in control structures leads to nonlinear coupled differential equations, which do not have analytical solution in the majority of engineering problems. However, it is possible to obtain approxi-mate solutions from the finite volume method (FVM). This method converts a continuous medium with in-finite variables into a discrete medium with establi-shed geometries and certain boundary conditions. Methods: Using the Ansys Fluent 17.0 software, a 1:70 scale 2D numerical model was developed wi-thout considering the effect of stacks and abutments on the weir under permanent flow conditions of the control structure and the radial gate system of the El Quimbo dam. The hydrodynamic analysis of the structure was carried out under free surface condi-tions and with different hydraulic loads, for openings of 704 meters above sea level, 706.9 meters above sea level, 709.4 meters above sea level, 712 meters above sea level and 724.6 meters above sea level. Subsequently, the numerical model was validated based on the comparison between the numerical re-sults and the theoretical data made by both Ingetec and the tests in the physical model developed by the National University of Colombia in Manizales. Results: For a return period of 100 years, the numeri-cal model estimated a sheet of 0.0306 m correspon-ding to 2,143 m in the El Quimbo structure. With this arrangement, 80.7996 Liters per second entered the control volume and 80.7324 Liters per second left, gi-ving rise to a variation of 0.08316%. The largest water sheet variation of the numerical model with respect to the observed sheet is 3.1% (0.258 m), which co-rresponds to the increasing probable maximum for an opening of gates with elevation (724.6 m) and with a discharge of 290 lps. Similarly, the higher speeds developed by the flow in the landfill originate at the exit of the deflector, corresponding to the abscissa K0 + 5,19 m. According to the numerical model, it was determined that the impact of the jet in the channel is made with a maximum speed of 6.15 m/s. Conclusions: The relation between the hydraulic load with respect to the design load must not exceed 1.33, which agrees with that recommended by the USBR. Also, the cavitation condition found in the fast can be considered incipient cavitation. In land-fill design, the H/HD ratio directly affects the appea-rance of cavitation phenomena on the structure, the development of high velocities in the fast, the deflec-tor, and the discharge capacity of the landfill.

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Authors: Mauricio Becerra Fernández, Mauricio Milton Herrera Ramirez

Context: Capacity planning is one of the critical ele-ments in business decisions at any level since it is possible to respond to the fluctuating needs of the market through its correct configuration and alloca-tion. As in most decisions in the field of Industrial Engineering, in the processes of planning and pro-gramming of the capacity of the productive systems, there are some aspects that cannot be left aside: the costs related to each configuration, the relationship between the variables of allocation of resources, and the response to the requirements of the clients; these constitute the basis of the models applied in the pro-cesses related to the capacities in the organizational systems. Method: A model was developed using systems dy-namics, which allows to determine the number of personnel to respond to changes in demand; the best use of the capacity of the resources assigned to the service provision was sought according to the profi-tability of the business unit; and the behavior of the demand for services was simulated based on histori-cal data on the behavior of the system. Results: The proposed model allows to identify the capacities, and their respective calculations, invol-ved in the modeling. In addition, it is possible to contrast the behavior of the model (which seeks to maximize the use of available capacity by seeking the best configuration in the allocation of resources) without neglecting the profitability of the operation. This is of interest for the planning of the system, con-sidering the costs associated with the underutiliza-tion of the work force or the insufficient provision of the service to the client. Conclusions: The model presented in this research is a proposal for the analysis of operational capaci-ties in service providers that have several variables to consider, such as the use of human resources, the demand for diverse services attended by specialized personnel, different work days, and the use of spe-cific facilities. The search for the best configuration of the resources involved in this service provision allows companies to continually inquire about ob-taining better rates of use and profitability.

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Authors: Daniela Arias Lamos1, Laura Natalia Montaño Díaz, María Alejandra Velasco Sánchez, Jader Martínez Girón

Context: A study was made about the bioactive compounds of certain foods, while taking into ac-count the benefits they generate to human health Method: This article presents a bibliographic review of the different applications of functional foods and their application in agroindustry Results: It was found that bad eating habits can ge-nerate a deficit in the requirement of bioactive com-pounds important for the proper functioning of the organism. On the other hand, the demand and the trend of consumption of functional foods is getting bigger due to the multiple benefits and potential uses that can be obtained from them, along with the basic nutritional needs they cover. Conclusions: There is evidence of interest in conduc-ting new studies about obtaining this type of food. For this, new ingredients should be incorporated in food matrices, in order to preserve the bioactive compounds and that they perform their main func-tion (apart from nourish): to reduce or control va-rious diseases that may be chronic in some cases.

29-39

Authors: Omar Iván Trejos Buriticá

Context: This article presents and analyzes the re-sults of a research carried out in a classroom, in the context of the learning of functional programming at university level in Systems Engineering and Com-puting program, from the application of the types of mathematical thinking and their use in the DrRacket programming language. The purpose was to establi-sh links between the types of mathematical thin-king and computer programming (for first-semester students). Methodology: For the development of the research, we worked with a group of first-year students, appl-ying the proposed methodology of mathematical thinking. The evaluations, based on the types of ma-thematical thinking, were made in another group that was receiving the subject by conventional methods. In this group only the evaluative tests were carried out; no monitoring of their learning was done. Results: The results show great advantages when ar-ticulating mathematics and computer programming within the context of a subject that gives meaning to both areas. Conclusions: It is concluded that functional pro-gramming is learned in an easier way when it is re-lated to the types of mathematical thinking and vice versa.

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Authors: Natalia Judith Marchevsky, Andrea Alejandra Giubergia, Néstor Hugo Ponce

Context: Environmental impact studies (EIS) are im-portant tools since they allow forecasting the conse-quences of the development of an extractive activity in the environment that surrounds it. The objective of this work is to perform the environmental impact as-sessment of “La Represa,” a flagstone quarry located in San Luis Province, Argentina Method: A double-entry matrix was used to assess the environmental impacts in the environment affec-ted by extractive activities. This matrix considers cer-tain qualities of environmental liabilities that are introduced in a function to generate an index ca-lled “Importance of Environmental Liability” (IM). By comparing these indices, it is possible to deter-mine the environmental impacts that are critical for the studied environment. Results: The analysis allowed to determine that the landscape is the only environmental element that has a critical negative impact in the vicinity of the exploitation of the quarry. However, there was evi-dence of an important improvement in the quality of life of the inhabitants of the area from this mining undertaking. Conclusions: The exploitation of flagstone is essen-tial for the maintenance of several families in the village of Riocito. However, it is advisable to take measures that can amortize the negative effect on the landscape of the place. This paper proposes some re-mediation and restoration options that could be im-plemented during and at the end of the operation.

10

Authors: Sergio Alejandro Rojas Barbosa

Context: In the last decade, databases have evol-ved so much that we no longer speak only of spatial databases, but also of spatial and temporal databa-ses. This means that the event or record has a spatial or localization variable and a temporality variable, which allows updating the previously stored record Method: This paper presents a bibliographic review about concepts, spatio-temporal data models, speci-fically the models of data in movement. Results: Taxonomic considerations of the queries are presented in the models of data in movement, ac-cording to the persistence of the query (time, loca-tion, movement, object and patterns), as well as the different proposals of indexes and structures. Conclusions: The implementation of model pro-posals, such as indexes and structures, can lead to standardization problems. This is why it should be standardized under the standards and standards of the OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium).

14

Authors: Fernando García De Quevedo Najar, Mario Guadalupe Gonzalez Pérez, Yefer Asprilla Lara

Context: The recent increase in accidents, mishaps or road accidents in urban systems with metropoli-tan characteristics has caused concern in the autho-rities responsible for planning the issue of mobility and transport subsystems. Indeed, there is conver-gence that the occurrence of this type of events is away from purely stochastic factors, but are the re-sult of anomalies associated with the intrasystemic interaction of the vehicle, the user and the road. In this sense, the objective of this work is to determine through systemic analysis the components that are causing entropy in the second most important me-tropolis in Mexico. Method: In this analysis the precepts of systems theory are used; in such a way that through the tringulation of data obtained in situ and solved documentarily the causal components of intrasystemic entropy are determined. To do this, a modified derivation of the Pressure-State-Response model that identifies ho-meostasis in the urban system is elaborated Results: The high exposure rates force the user to oc-cupy the road subsystem for long periods of time, which triggers voluntary and involuntary human errors complemented by the lax requirements for obtaining driving licenses. From here, the compo-nents that produce accidents include in the road part the pavements in poor condition, absence of signa-ling, poor design of intersections, among others; in the vehicle part, mechanical failures due to the use-ful life of the internal components, flexible regula-tory frameworks, and other; in the part of the user for breach of the regulations, physiological factors among others Conclusions: From the systemic analysis, mobility is a subject of valuable study to detect the imbalances in the trinomial Vehicle-User-Road (V-C-U), which lead us to generate preventive and corrective mea-sures that suppress metropolitan accidents, morbidi-ty and mortality in the metropolis; or in our terms to reduce entropy levels in the system