European Journal of Education Studies

12

Authors: Amos Williams, Jacob Istifanus

Ensuring access to quality education for girls across the globe is crucial to sustainable development. Several barriers such as poverty, gender inequality, poor infrastructures, insecurity, etc. are known to impede the realization of girls’ right to education. These issues are further aggravated by armed conflicts such as the Boko Haram insurgency. This study investigated the threat posed by the Boko Haram insurgency on the girl-child’s access and inclusion in education in the North-eastern part of Nigeria. The study answered a research question and tested a research hypothesis. The target population was the Northeast of Nigeria. The sample for the study was drawn from Adamawa state. The sample size was 180 teachers randomly sampled from public primary and secondary schools in the three senatorial zones in the state. A ten item Likert scale designed by the researchers was used to collect data. The instrument was validated by experts in Test and Measurement and the reliability of the instrument was determined through test-retest method of testing reliability. A Crombach alpha correlation coefficient of .67 was obtained. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi square test. The result of the study revealed the following barriers to access and inclusion: damage to school facilities, emotional disorders, fear and insecurity, stigma, poverty, unwanted pregnancy, forced marriage and lack of teachers. The hypothesis tested was rejected indicating that the girl-child’s access and inclusion in education in the North East of Nigeria has been significantly affected by the Boko Haram insurgency. The study recommended the use of flexible learning, abolition of school fees for girls, rehabilitation programmes for victims of insurgency, guidance and counselling services and programmes to address stigmatizing attitudes toward girls and women to ensure access and inclusion in education.

25

Authors: Ceren Mutluer, Zekeriya Nartgün

The purpose of this to equate ALES (Academic Personnel and Postgraduate Education Entrance Exam) scores with linear equating and equipercentile equating methods in the periods of 2011 spring and autumn conducted by SPSS, to determine the most suitable one of these two methods for research and to propose the most suitable one thanks to the findings in case of a similar study. The study population was 21860 people participating in ALES made in the periods of both 2011 spring and 2011 autumn. The sample of the study was 2186 individuals, respectively selected %10 of population randomly via computer. In the study, the internal consistency was calculated without eliminating items by using KR-21 formula because data were raw scores. Analyzes were carried out because of the fact that internal consistencies were high without eliminating agents of heights. Linear and equipercentile methods applied separately to the raw scores of sizes. Error quantities were measured by WMSE formula to determine which equating method was more appropriate for research and when the data of research findings were analyzed it was found that WMSE coefficient of equipercentile method was lower. As a result of this study equipercentile equating was found more appropriate on the equating study concerning to the field of quantitative, verbal, equiponderant.

38

Authors: Hamit Özen, Selahattin Turan

This study was designed to develop the scale of the Complex Adaptive Leadership for School Principals (CAL-SP) and examine its psychometric properties. This was an exploratory mixed method research design (ES-MMD). Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to develop and assess psychometric properties of the questionnaire. This study introduced the construct of CAL-SP, which comprised three dimensions: enabling leadership (EL), managerial leadership (ML) and adaptive leadership (AL). The scale showed internal consistency, reliability, construct validity and nomological validity explaining that the instrument had a good structure and reliability. Directions for future research and managerial implications of the new construct are discussed.