Mersin University Journal of Linguistics and Literature (Mersin Üniversitesi Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi

61-87

Authors: Mine Güven

The aim of this study is to point out possible topics for linguistic research using a multimodal corpus based on audio description (AD) texts created for television series. A 2789-word/476-unit corpus was built by transcribing the AD texts (heard as voice-off audio) on 34 clips (with an average duration of 2 minutes) randomly selected from among the television series available on the Engelsiz TRT website. We present a number of findings on various levels, such as phonology (e.g. pronunciation, word stress and intonation), morphology (e.g. tense/aspect and case endings), lexical variety (e.g. distribution of 879 lemmas based on category and meaning) and syntax (e.g. nominal, adjectival and adverbial clauses). As a method, multimodal corpus analysis seems to be especially appropriate for studying intersemiotic coherence (e.g. the interaction of AD units with the visual signs of the original audiovisual product).

111-133

Authors: Ayşe Eda Gündoğdu

Meaning is one of the most significant concepts among the ones which are researched like linguistics, semiotics, psychology, neurology and especially philosophy. Every discipline has studied on this concept, which has been struggled to draw the limits of, with its own view on a different surface. Production of meaning in linguistics mostly has been come up in the picture by the sub-discipline of semantics. In this study, it is aimed to base on how the concept of active zones, which is one of the dynamics of meaning production, work on adjectives. Appearance of active zones in adjectives can be defined as a cognitive semantics term that helps to show under what condition and how cognitive matching of an adjective and the referred noun can vary. In the study, the dependent indexes of the adjective kırmızı have been obtained via TUD v3 and the patterns in these indexes have been analysed with content analyse method. Among the results, adjective-noun match does not always address the whole noun that is referred, that adjectives can interact with certain predicted or unpredicted parts of the noun and that this interaction can be influenced by context at the same time.

0-0

Authors: Emre Yağlı & Emel Kökpınar Kaya

Mersin Üniversitesi Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi’nin bu sayısı 2000’lerden bu yana her geçen gün daha fazla ilgi odağı olan duruş (İng. Stance) kavramına ayrılmıştır. Dilbilim alanyazınında çok farklı yaklaşımlar tarafından farklı yönleri vurgulanmış olan duruş en basit tanımıyla “duygular, tutumlar, değer yargıları ya da değerlendirmeler” (Biber ve diğ., 1999, s. 966) olarak betimlenebilir. Daha özele inildiğinde duruş, “bir toplumsal aktörün, görünür söyleşimsel araçlarla (Örneğin, dil, jest ve diğer sembolik biçimler), eşzamanlı olarak yaptığı değerlendirmelerle, konumlandırdığı nesnelerle, diğer öznelere yönelik gerçekleştirdiği hizalamalarla ve sosyokültürel alanda belirgin durumda bulunan herhangi bir öge aracılığıyla gerçekleştirdiği görünür bir eylemdir” (Du Bois, 2007, s. 163). Duruş kavramı dilbilimde olduğu kadar sosyal bilimler tarafından da ele alınan toplumsal bir etkinliktir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında duruş, antropoloji, sosyoloji ve sosyal psikoloji gibi farklı sosyal bilim alanları ve hatta derlem dilbilim, dizgeci-işlevsel dilbilim, söylem-işlevsel dilbilim, bilişsel dilbilim, toplum-kültürel dilbilim ve etkileşimsel dilbilim gibi dilbilimin farklı alanlarının da ilgisini çekmektedir. Bu noktada, bu sayıda yer alan çalışmalar sosyal bilimlerin farklı alanlarından gelen araştırmacıların duruşa getirdikleri farklılaşan bakış açılarını gösteren çalışmalarını içermektedir. Böylelikle farklı akademik iklimlerden gelen ve farklı eğilimlere sahip araştırmacıları ortak bir noktada buluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Sayının ilk makalesinde Emel Kökpınar Kaya, Zafer Uzun ve Demet Ulusoy, günlük konuşmalarda ortaya çıkan anlık ve söyleşimsel kimlik inşa süreçlerine ve bu süreçlerin evlilik programlarındaki görünümlerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu yönüyle Kökpınar Kaya, Uzun ve Ulusoy tarafından verilen çalışma, Du Bois’nin (2007) Duruş Üçgeni ve Davies ve Harré’nin (1990; 2001) Konumlandırma Kuramı üzerine temellenerek Türkiye televizyonlarında yayınlanan evlilik programlarındaki adayların anlık ve bağlamsal kimlik inşalarına ilişkin bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Sayının ikinci makalesinde ise Nazlı Avdan, Du Bois (2007) tarafından ortaya konulan duruş-alma modelini benimseyerek Avrupa Parlamentosu konuşma verisi üzerinden duruş almanın devingen yönünü örneklemektedir. Bu açıdan Avdan’ın çalışması, Du Bois (2007) tarafından verilen ve bir söyleşimsel eylem olarak duruşun en temel bileşeni olan belirtilen Duruş Üçgeni’ni genişletmekte, bu kuramsal katkı sırasında ise duruş olgusuna zamansal bir açıklama getirmektedir. Sayının son makalesinde Emre Yağlı, duruşu toplumdilbilim ve toplum-kültürel dilbilim açısından ele alan Jaffe’nin (2009) toplumdilbilimsel duruş kavramını takip ederek dinleyicilerin sesbilgisel değişken algısı sırasında duruşu nasıl sergilediklerine odaklanmaktadır. Yağlı tarafından sunulan çalışma, Türkçedeki [ɹ] sesbilgisel değişkeninin algısı sırasında ortaya çıkan toplumsal anlamın devingenliğini gülme ve söyleşimsellik olguları ile tartışmakta, bu yönüyle de dinleyicilerin konuşma algısı sırasında çevrelerinde bulunan göstergebilimsel kaynakları nasıl kullandığına ilişkin açıklama getirmektedir. Bu sayıda sunulan çalışmalar dahilinde sayının öne çıkan yönleri ve önemi bulunmaktadır. Bu görünüm, derginin bu sayısının; • sosyal inşacılık yaklaşımı ile dilbilim ve sosyoloji temelli disiplinlerarası bir bakış açısı sunması, • sosyal bilimler alanındaki benlik sunumu ve kimlik inşası kavramlarını konu alan benzer çalışmalara duruş-alma ve konumlandırma kuramlarını harmanlayarak yaklaşımsal ve yöntembilimsel bir örnek vermesi, • Du Bois (2007) çizgisinde verilen duruş kavramına, duruşun zamansallığı açısından kuramsal bir katkı sağlaması ve kuramı açıklayıcılık bağlamında genişletmesi, • sesbilgisel değişken algısına, toplumdilbilim ve toplum-kültürel dilbilim çerçevesinde getirilen toplumdilbilimsel duruş kavramıyla açıklama sunması olarak verilebilir. Emre Yağlı Emel Kökpınar Kaya Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi İngiliz Dilbilimi Bölümü KAYNAKÇA Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G, Conrad, S. ve Finegan, E. (1999). The Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Londra: Longman. Davies, B. ve Harré, R. (1990). Positioning: The discursive production of selves. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 20, 44-63. Du Bois, J. (2007). The stance triangle. R. Englebretson (Yay. haz.). Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction içinde (ss. 139-182). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Jaffe, A. (2009). Stance: Sociolinguistic perspectives. Oxford&New York: Oxford University Press.

21-37

Authors: Nazlı Avdan

The present study which extends its analysis beyond the stance triangle as “the minimum structure of stance as dialogic action” (Du Bois, 2007, s. 174) depends on the stance-taking model of Du Bois (2007). The study also exemplifies the dynamic aspect of stance-taking in mutual interactions. At this context, it explores the temporal and interpersonal transformations of stance object in addition to the shifts in stance alignments in large interactional sequences. The study focuses on the ‘natural’ interactional parliamentary talks especially to the question-answer transitions. The data of the study comprises of 273 Blue-card questions taken from the discussions of the opening session of 2011 in which the European Debt Crisis was settled but still being discussed. The present study which describes the stance-taking model put forward by Du Bois will bring an explanation in terms of temporality to the stance-taking in the interaction of long turn sequences. In the analysis, the dynamic and interpersonal transformations of stance object which are produced by parliamentary members by manipulating the utterances of the ‘others’ will be demonstrated.

1-22

Authors: Eser Erguvanlı Taylan

This study focuses on the semantics of -Abil, -(A/I)r, -mAlI and -DIr as grammatical markers of modality assocated with multiple functions/ meanings. After a brief survey of the different classifications proposed for the modal field, these four morphemes are analyzed in terms of the epistemic and non-epistemic split. Furthermore, following Kratzer, A. (1981, 1991) it is argued that the modal distinctions have the underyling modal forces of either possility or necessity. Investigating the different modal senses of the four grammatical modality markers in Turkish from the point of view of possibility and necessity, it is argued that -Abil underlyingly has the modal force of possibility while -mAlI has that of necessity. Furthermore, as -(A/I)r may be neutral in terms of its modal sense it is claimed to have a weak modal specification, and -DIr is analyzed as a sentence level speech act operator. The different modal senses associated with these forms, in fact, spring from the grammatical and/or discourse context, as claimed by Kratzer. This illustrates the role of context in form-function relations in grammatical formatives of Turkish.

45-62

Authors: Aygül Uçar

Laughter is one of the important components of human interaction and usually expressed acoustically and visually (Hempelmann, 2017; Trouvain & Truong, 2017). People laugh with various emotions, such as joy, affection, amusement, cheerfulness, surprise, nervousness, sadness, fear, shame, aggression, triumph, taunt, or schadenfreude (pleasure in another’s misfortune) (Askenasy, 1987; Chapman, 1996; Mowrer, LaPointe, & Case, 1987; Provine, 1996; Ruch & Ekman, 2001; Szameitat et al., 2009). Laughter plays an important role in the creation and maintenance of interpersonal relationship by displaying affiliation, friendliness and even intimacy. Besides, when it is the laughter of cruelty and triumph, it also has functions for mocking, deriding and belittling others (Glenn, 2003). Partington (2006) studied laughter with a corpus-based perspective. In this study, different concordances of the word kahkaha ‘laughter’ taken from Turkish National Corpus (TNC)v2 (Aksan, Özel, Yılmazer ve Demirhan, 2016) are analyzed and its collocation patterns with various adjectives are determined. In the context of these patterns, different types of laughter are defined in a corpus-based approach based on the laughter classification by McKeown et al. (2012) and analyzed according to adjective types determined by Dixon (2004; 2005).

1-24

Authors: Melike Baş

This study investigates the conceptualizations of the body part term ciğer (liver-lung) as it is used in idioms figuratively from the cognitive linguistic perspective. Data are collected from several dictionaries, and the idioms that include the word ciğer are analyzed in terms of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Kövecses, 2000). The findings reveal an embodied cultural model for ciğer that is conceptualized as A METONYMY FOR THE PERSON, A LIVING BEING, AN OBJECT OF VALUE and A CONTAINER, each of which include diverse sub-folk models. Findings also demonstrate ciğer as A LOCUS FOR EMOTIONS expressing sadness, pity, liking/love, fear, affectivity, disliking/hate and happiness in Turkish. The study highlights the supremacy of metaphors, metonymies and image schemas in the conceptualization of experiences in Turkish as well as supports the view that embodiment is culturally motivated.

59-84

Authors: Gülsüm Atasoy

The purpose of the study is to describe the distinctive features of the Turkish aspectual adverbials derhal ‘immediately’ and hemen ‘immediately’, which are defined as synonymous in Türk Dil Kurumu ‘Turkish Language Association’ (TDK) dictionary. We use Turkish National Corpus (TNC) (Aksan, et al., 2012) as our database. In determining the number of the node words to be analyzed, Simple sampling method is used. The sampling number is calculated according to 95% confidence interval and 5% error margin on the normalized frequency per million words. We analyze the usage values, lexical patterns and structures of the aspectual adverbials considering their frequency distribution over the domains Informative and Imaginative with a corpus-driven approach. It is observed in the corpus data that these aspectual adverbials tend to appear in certain patterns and structures more frequently. According to their temporal features, activity sentences are the most frequently used situation type with these adverbials, which mark imperfective viewpoint aspect. What makes the difference between them is their manner. Hence, the Turkish aspectual adverbials derhal and hemen cannot be evaluated as exact synonym of each other as stated in TDK dictionary.

105-124

Authors: Elif Arıca Akkök & İpek Pınar Uzun

Some studies about processing metaphors, which are accepted to be a natural product of the human cognitive system, focus on the processing where some focus on online processing of metaphors. Online studies where behavioral reactions are measured during silent reading are based on various methods such as self-paced reading, eye-movement and brain imaging techniques. This research will handle processing of prototypical and peripheral concepts and metaphors with varying degrees of familiarity during silent reading. This research aims to test behavioral reactions to prototypical and peripheral concepts and familiar and unfamiliar metaphors during silent reading. In this frame, behavioral reactions during silent reading in Turkish are measured by eye-movement method trying to answer how (a) prototypical concepts are processed, (b) peripheral concepts are processed, (c) metaphors with a high degree of familiarity are processed, (d) metaphors with a low degree of familiarity are processed. To answer these questions two pilot experiments and one main experiment has been carried out with separate subjects. In the research, where the findings of behavioral experiments which are applied as preparation to the main experiment with SMI RED 500 Hz eye-movement device are discussed as well, it is found that peripheral concepts are processed in a longer time compared to prototypical concepts, and metaphors with a low level of familiarity are processed in a longer time compared to metaphors with a high degree of familiarity.

1-14

Authors: Güneş Acar

The primary goal of this article is to explain the technologies and workflows used to build the METU Spoken Turkish Corpus (STC), which is pioneered by the late Prof. Dr. Şükriye Ruhi. The Web Based Corpus Management System, which is crucial to the building of STC, contains a set of workflows, data formats and export options that make it easy to transcribe, control and publish corpus data. Corpus Management System was developed by the STC project members using the Python programming language and it enables the collaboration of remote project members with different roles through an online interface. Within the STC, 286,391 words long speech are transcribed and checked; in addition, 79,189 words long recordings are made ready to publish. The article presents general statistics about the recordings in the STC and discusses what needs to be done for the publication of a large scale version of the STC.

37-60

Authors: Hale Işık Güler & Betil Eröz-Tuğa

In this study, the Turkish interjection "UlAn" and its derivatives, which can be classified as face-threatening according to current (im)politeness theories, have been examined with a corpus-based, descriptive approach. In this paper, the frequent pragmatic contexts it has been found in and the discourse functions it takes on will be exemplified from the Spoken Turkish Corpus and the Turkish National Corpus. Furthermore, whether or not (u)lan should be discursively defined as an interactional marker, a vocative interjection, an expletive, an intensifier in Turkish, and the emotional function it takes on in discourse will be discussed.

85-107

Authors: Mustafa Aksan & Umut Ufuk Demirhan

The verb of perception bakmak ‘to look’ in Turkish, as with similar other verbs in other languages, has undergone semantic bleaching. The result is the frequent use of the verb of perception with a function of a discourse marker that calls for attention. In a pioneering work, Ruhi (2011) cites uses of 2nd person singular imperative forms of bakmak in Turkish spoken discourse (bak, bak-sana) and identifies their uses for catching attention and emphasizing a point. She further notes that the volitional forms of the same verb (bak-ayım and bak-alım) also serve to indicate a pre-sequence to a leave taking and topic closure. This paper will extract corpus citation of imperative forms from a larger corpus of contemporary Turkish called Turkish National Corpus (TNC) and will review the interjection functions of these forms in their contexts of use.