Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies

21-37

Authors: Olga V. Orfi nskaya, Elena G. Tolmacheva

The authors for the fi rst time publish and make an attempt of attribution of the Egyptian late antique tunic – an undyed linen woven-to-shape tunic with woven-in tapestry decorations from the Late Antique – Early Islamic necropolis at Deir al-Banat (Fayoum). The paper contains technical description of the weaving features as well as description of the composition on the tapestry inserts. The state of preservation of the object allows us to propose graphical reconstruction of the tunic. Two clavi (a width of 5–6 cm and a length of about 77 cm) and front panel woven in tapestry technique have survived. Dionysian motives, i.e. representation of the procession with dancers-warriors are coarsely woven in high-stylized manner on the front panel, clavi and tabulae. Three dancing fi gures of warriors wearing a sword and a vestigial yellow cloak with shields in their left hands are represented inside arcade ornamented with stylized grapevine leaves. The Dionysian motives have particular meaning being symbols of resurrections and fertility. The date of 6th – 7th century AD is proposed for this tunic based on analogies in museum collections. Deir al-Banat tunic is a remarkable example of the Egyptian Early Medieval weaving with its high stylization and intentional carelessness in details and complete compositions.

52-68

Authors: Galina G. Korol’, Ol’ga B. Naumova

The article deals with the problems concerning the mass distribution of small-format toreutics (belt set) among nomads of Central Asia during the rise of the Kyrgyz Khaganate at the end of the 1st millennium AD: sources of raw materials, organization of manufacture, sale and distribution of products. Archaeological material from other regions and chronological periods, for example from the Volga region of the Golden Horde time, shows that such a manufacture existed in sedentary settlements that were in close contact with the nomadic district. Model of production and distribution of small-format toreutics in the Sayan-Altai suggests that the mass demand could be provided by craftsmen who came from urban centers of Central Asia with a developed tradition of craftsmanship. A similar in style toreutics came from the settlements of the Semirechye, in particular the Krasnorechensky Fortifi ed Settlement. Unfortunately, it has not been studied enough to judge the metalworking workshops, their profi le and the possible organization in the urban space. Thus, the question of the centers of early medieval metal production that supplied the belt set to the nomads of Sayan-Altai remains open. Ethnographic data on metalworking by the nomadic peoples and sedentary population of Central Asia indicate different variants of the organization of production: in urban centers, supplying nomadic districts of such cities: in separate small workshops of the nomads themselves, who worked mostly by order. The model of the medieval system for organizing the production and distribution of cast metal art objects reconstructed on archaeological data does not contradict the data of ethnography in basic positions, but it can be confi rmed only by reliable archaeological evidence of such production.

77-88

Authors: Sabina N. Kulueva

After the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and the end of World War I, the Middle Eastern region was waiting for its fate to be decided. Newborn countries were ethnically and religiously diverse and this fact became an obstacle on the way of acquiring political sovereignty, consolidating the new regime’s grip in power and ensuring interstate stability. Nevertheless, Turkey and Syria were the fi rst countries to secure sustainable development of a state. This article analyzes the factors that enabled aforementioned countries to become leading regional actors. Each factor is based on the analysis of both internal and external political events. In addition, the author compares similar aspects. Moreover, this piece of work investigates the peculiarities of Hatay issue which is regarded to be a starting point of bilateral relations. Evolution of this issue and viewpoints of Syria and Turkey is presented in the article. There is a conclusion devoted to the modern state of the question and an attempt to forecast its future.

103-121

Authors: Bella L. Shapiro

The work reveals the basic principles of designing of sacred space in the Russian court culture via the study of the history of the horse, one of the most mythologized animals in Russian culture. In this context, the works of foreigners who visited the Moscow state in 16th – 17th centuries are analyzed. They are deeply studied by the Russian historians memoirs by S. Herberstein, A. Olearius, J. Margeret, A. Staden, B. Jenkinson, B. Coyett and less wellknown works of A. Lizek, A. Elassonskiy, M. Obukhovich, M. Gruneweg, Th. Carlyle, W. Parry, P. Campani and other authors. The memoirs of diplomats, travelers and merchants are considered as unique sources of the history of the state ceremony of the Russian late middle ages, fi lled with colorful details. As a striking cultural phenomenon, horseback riding trips are discussed, which at this time were the most solemn. The scope of trips, the most characteristic of the court culture of the period is defi ned. The study focuses at on the most solemn horse ceremonies: the visits of the Queen as well as on the pilgrimage family trips. Among them, the paper examines the obligatory annual visits to the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius. The author analyzes the signifi cance of other trips for the formation of sacred space in the Russian court culture, in particular, “shestviya na oslyati” (The donkey walk) and the visit of “vodokreshchenniya” (Epiphany). In conclusion, we consider the specifi city of ritual choice of the suit of animals according to the understanding in Russian culture the relationship of light and Holiness. Summing up the results of the work, according to which in Moscovia of the late middle ages the horse was a range of the means that intensively formed the sacral space.

135-145

Authors: Alexander Yu. Butovskiy

One of the most complicated and less studied aspects of the Civil war in Russia is its peasant component. The Black Repartition marked the long-term fi ght of Russian peasants for their own land and resulted such events, which can be called only as a peasant war. This war is insuffi ciently studied, despite the fact that the main participants of the events of the Civil war in Russia were the peasants. This article deals with the history of some Crimean self-defense groups during the period of the «Second Crimean Regional Government» (November 1918 – April 1919). This is so-called «partisan detachments», organized by the initiative of Tauric Branch of the Russian Union of landowners. Under the situation of destruction of the world order of the Russian Empire self-defense groups of the Union was one of the few non-governmental structures trying to save southern rural territories occupied by Germany (Ukraine and the Crimea) from the chaos of peasant war. Based on previously unused materials of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea and some other sources, the author estimates the functioning of these groups as a phenomenon in the history of the security service of the Crimean Regional Government and the Armed Forces of South Russia.

159-169

Authors: Marina N. Potemkina, Artem E. Lybetskiy

Humanitarian issues associated with the personal data identifi cation and the burial sites clarifi cation of captured war prisoners, play an important role to maintain a favorable environment of international relations. The article is focused on the problem of the presence of foreign war prisoners in Chelyabinsk District in 1943–1947. Although there is a large number of national and world scientifi c researches on military captivity issues, the data on the South- Ural Region have not been introduced into the scientifi c circulation. The source base includes the materials from the Russian State Military Archive, State Archive of the Russian Federation, published materials on the history of military captivity and memoirs of eyewitnesses. The authors analyzed the quantitative and qualitative number of war prisoners and civilian internees, their living conditions, medical care, their morbidity and mortality rates as well as described the process of repatriation. The number of foreign war prisoners and internees who were in the camps of Chelyabinsk District amounted to 101 000. The Germans, the Romanians, the Hungarians and the Austrians represented their main part. The study revealed that the Soviet authorities tried hard to accomplish the international requirements concerning the maintenance of war prisoners and the regional specifi cs did not play a signifi cant role in it. The regional specifi cs concerning the maintenance of war prisoners was provided by the remoteness of Chelyabinsk District from the war and the large industrial enterprises.

179-195

Authors: L.G. Khusnutdinova

The adaptive processes of migrants are quite complex and are caused by a variety of economic, social, cultural, educational factors, and problems. An important condition for the successful adaptation of migrants is their legalization, i.e. migration registration and statutory permits (work permits or patents). To legalize their stay in Russia, a migrant receives certain rights, which contribute to his or her integration into Russian society. Knowledge of the Russian language makes it possible to get information about employment regulations in Russia, increases the chances of obtaining legal work, reduces dependence on fellow countrymen in employment and advancement, enhances contact with the local population, ensures the implementation of the rights of migrants to vocational training, medical care and so on. Based on the results of opinion polls, as well as our own fi eld materials collected in 2014–2015, this article examines the integration and adaptation of migrants in the Republic of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, Perm Territory, Samara and Orenburg regions – a complex ethnic and confessional composition of the population of the Russian regions. The offi cial governmental body designed to solve the problems of adaptation of migrants, is the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation. The regional and territorial management of the FMS carries out practical solutions to these problems in the region. Within the framework of the state migration policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025, the Federal Migration Service and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Passport and visa service” developed and implemented a project on opening a center of social adaptation of migrant workers. The studied regions experienced positive gains in implementing national policies at the level of the subject of federation and the whole of the Ural-Volga region. The active and successful activity of the municipal and regional authorities led to the integration of migrants into the local community. Of course, the Ural-Volga region has a positive image, which is based primarily on socio-economic, cultural, sports and other achievements as well as on good governance at the local level. This experience needs to be studied and spread to other regions of Russia.

206-212

Authors: Aleksey V. Petrov, Nikolay N. Solov’ev

The author considers the metaphorical understanding of a course of life that is presented in A.S. Pushkin’s poems «The cart of life» and “Carriage” by P. A. Vyazemskiy. The metaphorical substitution of the life journey becomes a ride in the “cart” of Pushkin and “the carriage” of Vyazemskiy. Vyazemskiy’s “carriage” acts as the ideological “successor” of Pushkin’s “cart”. At the same time, Vyazemskiy interprets his own metaphor for life’s journey wider than Pushkin does. This extension is achieved by the poet through the specifi city and increase the space path of life by introduction such elements as creativity, friends and others. This article traces the creative dialogue between two poets, allows us to identify innovations contributed by Vyazemskiy to the interpretation of this metaphor.

222-235

Authors: Elena A. Smirnova

The creative work of the stage director Vladimir Magar in Sevastopol, who had been the head of the Sevastopol Russian drama theatre named after A.V. Lunacharsky for fourteen years, hasn’t been studied yet. The study continues the series of publications about him analyzing the poetics of his performances over the period. The subject of the research is the poetics of some his productions conventionally united with a common theme. The study of his directorial manner may be indicative for identifying the patterns specifi c to regional theatrical life and may restore some episodes of the history of Russian theatre, which were out of the context of research. In the article his longtime “sentimental comedies” ‘‘The Companien in Life’’ (1997), ‘‘Dear Pamela’’(2003), as well as the current repertoire ‘‘Darling’’ (2012) are analyzed. The author defi nes the existence of such modes of organization performance, as the mounting construction of the steps (or elements thereof), contrast and connection of gaming way of existence of the living actor and the role. The complexity of the Director's methodology demonstrates the high professional level of performances staged at the Sevastopol theatre named after A.V. Lunacharsky. The role of scenographic solutions, plastic, music and other components of dramatic action is examined in the article too. The paper is based on using of the comparativehistorical method, personal audience experience of the author, the analysis of different literary sources, devoted to the performance. Magar’s principles of creation which are studied in the paper kept specifi c professional standards of the theatre and facilitated the regional development of the Russian theatrical art.

245-251

Authors: Hussain Mostafavi Gero, Sakina Saremi Gero

The author examines the theme of love – the elixir of life in a romantic Persian and Russian poetry, comparing the poetry of Anna Akhmatova and the Iranian poetess Simin Behbahani. He analyses the love poetry of both poetesses, revealing the different stages of love. Some poems praise the fi rst stage of love – opening soul secrets and mysteries of the beloved. Another cycle of poems refl ects the second stage of love – its growth in the hearts of lovers. The third cycle of poems glorifying the “peak” of love, and the fourth is dedicated to its attenuation. Both poetesses began with romantic poetry and, eventually, began to write serious social lyrics.

262-268

Authors: Aleksandra D. Bondareva

The article focuses on the analysis of syntactic units as a part of the texts of the inventory books of Middle Russian and North Russian monasteries of the 16th – 19th centuries. Structural and semantic features of the texts are determined by a number of factors: pragmatics (as a set of extralinguistic conditions for the generation of text), ontological properties of the described objects, specifi city of the process of the speech and minding. The inventory book is one of the genres of business writing, the purpose of which was the inventory of movable and immovable monastic property. The annotated work is based on the material of fragments of the descriptive books that fi x and describe the icons. To solve a specifi c communicative problem, taking into account the peculiarities of the described extra-linguistic situation, certain logical-syntactic structures are selected and superimposed on each other. Analysing the semantic structure of the texts allows us to allot the elements of existential relations and characteristization relations within a single sentence in it. Thus, in the examples studied, two logical-syntactic types are contaminated within the framework of one sentence, due to their deep semantic connection. The consequence of this is a high degree of informational content of these syntactic units. The contamination of the two types of proposals in the majority of the documents examined is a constant characteristic of the reference books. The linguistic means of expressing one or another of the structural components of a sentence varies depending on the place and time of document creation, but the semantic structure of syntactic units remains unchanged. Since the reference to such logical-syntactic types of sentences as being and characterizations is the only way to verbalize the synchronous signs of a static object, we consider it possible to consider this feature as one of the components of the genre specifi city of the inventory books.

278-285

Authors: Alexander A. Shteba

The article deals with the problem of the place of potenial semes in words’ meaning. It is shown that such semes as ‘emotion’ and ‘emotional valency’ are parts of the intensional dimension of semantics. It leads to the phenomena of the loss and\or change of emotional valency or the transformation of emotively neutral words to connotative lexical units. The process which is responsible for such transformations is a reactive nature of emotions when a stressful situation objectifi es a hidden emotional potential of a word. It is also proposed to name this way of changing an emotional component of semantics as the emotive ionization of a word.

294-306

Authors: Ramil’ R. Vergazov

The article is devoted to the nomination “gynocide” emerged in feministic literature of the 1970s. The author examines the origin of a lexeme and the nature of its use in the scientifi c and art sphere. The authorship of the term belongs to the American feminist Andrea Dworkin. Combining the millennia-old Chinese tradition of foot binding and the prosecution of witches in medieval Europe, Dworkin implies the underlying crime of Patriarchal culture against women in the invented lexeme. She characterizes the studied cultural practices as an expression of the fear of the feminine nature and the desire to establish control over it in order to ensure the dominance of masculinity in the culture. Dworkin’s occasionalism came both in modern scientifi c vocabulary and in modern artistic culture. The primary subject of the article is the work of the contemporary Danish fi lm screenwriter and director L. von Trier. The analysis of the image system of the fi lm “Antichrist” in conjunction with the analysis of functioning the concept “gynocide” in it as well as other analysis of movie texts by L. von Trier allows us to refute the common opinion about anti-feminism of his work. The author of the article concludes that the cinema of Lars von Trier reveals the deep drama of the women’s position in the culture. The analysis is carried out on the material of the series “Depression Trilogy” which includes the fi lms “Antichrist” (2009), “Melancholia” (2011), “Nymphomaniac” (2013). The paper has been written in an interdisciplinary way: the gender anthropology is combined with a lexical analysis of genesis and the analysis of cinematic text.

323-338

Authors: Ekaterina Yu. Endoltseva

The article deals with the problem of coexistence of traditional beliefs and monotheistic religions on the territory of the Caucasus in medieval period. The author takes as an example the motif of bull’s head. In the facing of some Christian churches of the South Caucasus (mostly in Armenia and Georgia) in medieval period the representations of bull’s heads appeared. To understand their meaning it is supposed to fi nd the same images in the non-Christian context of the same period (archaeological fi ndings, burial complexes, burial mounds etc.). Then the appearance of this motif during earlier historical periods is traced. Finally, by means of ethnographic witnesses deriving from the most archaic societies (mountainous Dagestan, Svanetia), a hypothesis is proposed that the images of bull’s head could be used as apotropeia both in the Christian and as in secular milieu. When the image of bull’s head is represented near the sacrifi cial vessel, it could be interpreted in Christian sense as an illusion to the idea of sacrifi ce and redemption.