Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies

5-18

Authors: Roman A. Orekhov

This article is devoted to the forecasting by the Egyptians of the important events of their history by means of the fi rst rising of Sirius. In particular, the author examines the papyrus 1116 B recto (The Prophecy of Neferti), a well-known literary work dated to the Middle Kingdom (1991–1785 BC), which is kept in the Hermitage Museum. Having experienced the infl uence of Egypt, ancient people used the rising of this star to predict the major social disasters, crop failure, pestilence and natural disasters. The greater part of the evidence is known from ancient times. However, the Egyptian civilization created the fi rst solar calendar based on the Sirius cycles. Therefore, it is evident that the Egyptians could have been the ones where these predictions could appear for the fi rst time. In particular, such a forecast was presented by a priest of the goddess Bastet Neferti to appeal to the king Snofru (2613–2589 ВC). However why, in that case the Middle Kingdom monument mentions the name of the king of more ancient era, the era of construction of the great pyramids?

35-49

Authors: Alexander A. Kleymenov, Alexander Y. Butovskiy

Some researchers noted that the key features of Scythian warfare were the use of the bow as the main armed element and a good command of the skills of “small war”. The leading role was assigned to the cavalry. However, some of the “Scythian” methods of warfare in 5th – 4th centuries BC were typical as well as for the Thracians. This fact can be explained by direct borrowings and similar development of the military and political institutions. The Macedonian king Philip II, performing his military reforms, focused his attention on the necessity of fi ghting against the Thracians. Due to this, the Macedonian army was able to counteract the enemy effectively, whose military art was similar to Scythian. This circumstance allowed Philip II to win the battle against Scythian king Ateas in 339 BC. The next Macedonian king Alexander at the period of military campaign of 335 BC was able to defeat the army of Getae in the battle on the banks of the Danube, who had adopted the Scythians’ military methods. This experience prepared the Macedonian army to the military actions against the nomads of Central Asia and contributed to the successful completion of the conquest of Bactria and Sogdiana campaign. It is stated that the Scythians’ victory over the Macedonian commander Zopyrion, unsuccessful campaign of the diadochos Lysimachus against Getae of Dromichaetes and the defeat of the Macedonian corps in the battle at the Polytimetos River cannot be regarded as an evidence of the total inability of the Macedonian army to confront the enemy, fi ghting in the Scythian tactics.

58-69

Authors: Elena V. Litovchenko

The article deals with the traditional public feasts of the Roman world during Late Antique period. The main goal is to determine the dynamics of their implementation and relevance in the Western Empire of the 5th century AD. The author focuses on studying popular non-Christian entertainments such as Lupercalia, consular and praetor games, and the ceremony of the Emperor’s entry into the city (adventus). The basic research problem is to identify the reasons for practice of holding traditional non-Christian mass arrangements preservation against the established Christianity in the fi fth century. The main sources were the works of 4th – 5th centuries AD Latin authors such as Salvianus, Macrobius, Flavius Merobaudes, Symmachus, Sidonius, papal correspondence and calendars. The usage of the methods of historicalphilological analysis (lexico-terminological and hermeneutic) let the author interpret the texts of Late Antique writers, taking into account the specifi city of sources. The author concludes that these entertainments, pagan, have not lost its attractiveness for representatives of various categories of the population not only during the 5th century AD, but also out of this period. The model of behavior of noblemen assuming the holding of public feasts for the confi rming of their high social status serves as one of the foundation of preservation the traditional arrangements practice. The second reason was to defi ne the tries of imperial administration to conform the Late Roman society habits to Church authoritative position. Finally, we have to take into account the attitude of the most Romans to spectacles as the means of severities distraction.

75-87

Authors: Tatiana L. Aleksandrova

The article reviews the early years of the Empress Athenais-Eudocia (5th century AD) and dwells on the questions of her origin, social status, education and ascension to the throne. The author suggests that AD 401 is the terminus post quem for the birth of Athenais (she could be born around AD 405); the social status of her family was suffi ciently high and she had some relations at the court. Most likely, her birthplace was Athens; the suggestions about her connections with Antioch and Alexandria do not have reliable grounds. She could belong to the same circle as that of Synesius of Cyrene (her uncle Asclepiodotus might be the addressee of one of Synesius՚ letters). The people, who were loyal to the Christian State and willingly converting to Christianity, but rather liberal towards its doctrine, can be described as “Christian Hellenists”. After her father’s death Athenais came to Constantinople, where the Christian Hellenists arranged her marriage with Theodosius II. The role, attributed to the emperor’s sister Pulcheria in the arrangement of this matrimony, is greatly exaggerated and associated with subsequent historical forgery that took place during the reign of Pulcheria. This marriage was based on the proximity of the intellectual interests the bride and the groom shared, because Theodosius II was a kind of a late-antique scholar. The author suggests that the most signifi cant impact on Eudocia had Theodosius II himself; it could be seen in her conversion to Christianity and in transmitting his own ideas. The name “Eudocia” (“Grace” or “Benevolence”) received by Athenais at the baptism might have sounded as the program of the reign of Theodosius II.

105-148

Authors: Nikolay I. Vinokurov, Leonid Y. Ponomarev

The article analyzes the cult complexes excavated in the central part of the Saltovo-Mayaki settlement situated on the territory of the ancient fortifi ed settlement of Artezian (the North Kerch Peninsula). There are two cult complexes located close to each other. The cult objects included in their structure are represented by several ritual burials in the neglected ancient well, as well as in pits and mines in places for the extraction of stone from antique buildings. In two of them, there was a shared sacrifi ce of men and dogs, in two others – offerings of a goat, a human, a bull and a horse. In one case, there was a ritual action without a human offering. A cow or a calf was sacrifi ced. Such complexes have been previously found in many settlements of Saltovo-Mayaki culture, including those situated on the Kerch Peninsula. For the most part, they seem to have been associated with the agricultural and cattle breeding cult of fertility.

174-188

Authors: Sergey G. Botalov, Ayhan Bayoglu, Denis N. Maslyuzhenko

In 2013 two interesting fi nds were discovered on the territory of the Kurgan Region. A stone plate with runic inscriptions and tamga-like signs were discovered on the bank of the Alabuga River. A bronze plate (tablet) with fi ve lines of graphic signs, estimated as the Brahmi script, was found on the left bank of the Iset River near Shadrinsk. Based on the accompanying material and the conclusion of professional linguists, these fi ndings can be associated with the early Middle Ages (the 5th to 8th centuries) and represent samples of the written traditions of the Western Turkish Кhaganate. It is believed that the broad interpretation of the given artifacts explains to some extend the complexity of a formation process of written traditions in a barbaric society of civilization province in the Central Asia. It is of importance to note that such situation was quite common for nomadic confederations during early nation-building. Facts of multilingualism among Attila’s Hunnic nobles and courtiers (Priscus of Panium) so as multilingualism and multiculturalism in Khazar society (Ahmad ibn Rustah, Abu Sa’id Gardezi) are well known. Such situation is believed to take place among a polyethnic population of the Western Turkish Khaganate. As long as the dynastic leaders were Turks-Apins, polyethnic tribes (Sogdians, Ferghans, Bactrians etc.) populated South Kazakhstan and Central Asian cities, nomadic confederations of Ural- Kazakhstan steppes comprised the Hunnic-Bolgar population (Dulo, Nushibi). Certainly, such polyethnicity caused a search process of both a common speaking language and some generally understood written tradition. Most likely the tradition of the runic scripture became the most rational in this case, as geometric runic characters turned out to be the best to be depicted on any material (wood, stone, birchbark, fabric, leather) due to their simplicity. They virtually represent combinations of straight, slanting and curve lines. Such symbols are easy to remember and reproduce. All ancient writing systems, including Biblical and Phoenician, were created to be simple and convenient. This may explain a wide spreading of the runic scripture across Eurasia, and not exclusively among Turkic peoples. It appears that the runic scripture had a diffi cult process of establishment due to subsequent universalization of existing cocurrent written traditions in the Central Asia macroregion. In this regard given artifacts refl ect to some extend existed written traditions of the Ural-Kazakhstan population during the late Antiquity and early Middle Ages.

202-215

Authors: Gennady N. Garustovich

The author refers to the consideration of the barrows of Turkic-speaking nomads of the second half of the 1st millennium AD in the steppe zone of the Volga-Ural and Western Kazakhstan. There are only few such monuments in the region, and they are characterized by various features of the funeral ritual. They were obviously left by representatives of various ethnic groups of the medieval nomads, small in numbers, which occupied the steppe Ural-Caspian corridor for a short time. The reasons of low population density of these regions are still not well understood (possible military-political or ecological and climatic reasons are only assumed). Kurgan Donguz due to its characteristics resembles to the monuments of the late Western Turkic khanate, Atpa burial mounds reveals similarities with the Kimaks. In other cemeteries (Tamar- Utkul, Yaman, et al.) things reminding ancient nomadic Khazars and Bulgarians were found. However, the author states ethnic interpretations only in the preliminary way, because of the small number of the studied objects, fragmented artifacts discovered by archaeologists and the lack of a representative source base. Unifying features of the funeral rites, so-called “equestrian accessories” (stirrups and so forth), weapons items (arrowheads, parts of the composite bow, etc.), the headset typesetting belts are considered. The era of “desolation” of East European steppes (to the east of the Trans-Volga) is completed in 9th – 10th centuries, when there among the whole territory a signifi cant number of tribal alliance monuments Pechenegs appears, followed by Oguz and Kipchak (but the realities of this process occurred at the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD).

228-236

Authors: Alexander I. Chepel᾿

After the signing of the Treaty of Stolbovo Russia and Sweden sought to cooperate in the military-political and economic spheres. However, the tension in the international relations remained and the countries were forced to pay close attention to the situation on the common border. The fact, that in favor of Sweden Russia had given the part of the Russian North-West Territories together with the population, was the reason for the continuing tension. This forced measure only increased mutual suspicion. For the reliable protection of the borders by the military force Sweden and Russia did not have enough resources, so the two countries made reconnaissance. The Intelligence activities played a signifi cant role in organizing the defense of the border. Reliable information from abroad contributed to timely respond to the danger. In the 17th century the espionage was considered as an important way of getting information. Everyone who arrived from abroad was suspected in espionage. Kinship, religious and business contacts of the border population were used to collect the information. In the new conditions there was no need to create overseas «spy network» because it had already existed. Then the border authorities chose spies among those who had relatives, friends, and business partners on the other side of the border. Agents, who were in familiar environment, had less fear of being exposed. Russia tried to regain the lost territories during the Russian-Swedish War of 1656-1658, but failed. The violation of «eternal peace» by Russia strengthened the suspicion of Sweden. The Swedish government started to toughen the control of transboundary population contacts, trying to limit the breach in security.

248-259

Authors: Alexander V. Trifonov, Viktor I. Usanov

The authors defi ne the historical and social aspects of the activity of Church institutions in Tyumen. The problems, arising at the organization and work of charitable societies with church participation in the city of Tyumen, are designated; the active role of priests in clerical, educational and charitable work with the population is emphasized by the authors. The aim of the investigation presented is to describe the process of the infl uence of church on the local society. The authors believe the charitable activity of the orthodox church in Tyumen was suffi ciently extensive in the 19th – 20th centuries, including school teaching, preaching, working in hospitals and prisons, etc. The article describes the active infl uence of Orthodox Church in Tyumen in establishment of some charitable organizations to help poor people, orphans and widows, especially in the sphere of education, in order to raise living and culture standards for the local population.

269-281

Authors: Svetlana Yu. Belorussova

During 1842–1843 Nagaybak Cossacks with their families were resettled into three districts of the Orenburg province, and formed three different groups, each of them had its own way. The Northern group of Nagaybak Cossacks of 500 people settled in Troitsk District in Нагайбаки-бакалы: страницы этноистории 281 Verhneuvelskaya (Varlamovo), Klyuchevskiy-2 (Lyagushino), Popovо, Bolotovo and Krasnokamenka villages. During this relocation Nagaybaks represented an ethnic community, which, however, was infl uenced by the Russian population. The Northern group was not subjected to the signifi cant infl uence of the missionaries of both religions. Nowadays it is formally considered orthodox: the population demonstrates an indifferent attitude towards religion and rituals both Muslim and Orthodox. Nagaybaks of this group named themselves «Bakals» after the name of Bakalinskaya village, where they had come from. In the course of time different ways Bakals named themselves took place including «Nagaybaks», «Kryashens», «Russian», «Chermyshs» and others. Frequent changes and renovation of self-awareness and self-designation resulted in the fact that today many people can’t safely say about their ethnicity. The Northern Nagaybaks demonstrate the increasing interest to their ethnicity and culture, which is caused by, among other things, the compatriots’ success of Nagaybak District. Due to the personal and group strategy, the ethnicity of the Northern group today is relevant and dynamic. Having gone through several changes of their identity, today the Northern group is in a state of ethnic drift.

294-303

Authors: Vladislav V. Medvedev

The work of K.V. Ivanov «Narspi» is an artistic, but suffi ciently reliable ethnographic source about the life of Chuvash village of the late 19th – early 20th century. The poem has been reprinted many times. There are 31 copies of this work reissue in the funds of the « Chuvash Republic State archive of print», 9 of which were published in the Chuvash language in Moscow, Cheboksary and Kazan in 1919, 1930, 1935, 1947, 1959, 1967, 1976, 1993 and 1994. 2078 lines, collected in 14 chapters, create a story about the Chuvash culture and traditions. Referring to the various aspects of the life of the Chuvash, the peculiarities of farming or national representations, colorful examples and original descriptions are met. Researchers have repeatedly addressed and still address to this work, revealing new stylistic constructs, focusing attention on actual stories of today, but considering the poem only in terms of literature, but the text «Narspi» is fi lled with materials of ethnographic and folklore character as well. The author of the article for his part considers domesticated space created by the rural world. For the fi rst time settlements, houses, farm buildings and objects, shared by villagers, referred in the poem will be analyzed. The article mentions the structure of settlement and its street plan, the estate complex with residential and farm buildings, the internal organization of domestic space. The author’s style, narrating about Narspi and Setnera’s relationship and the Chuvash community as a whole, allows the reader to immerse himself in the village life of past centuries, thanks to the numerous ethnographic sketches, fi lling the content of the poem.

319-336

Authors: Tatiana E. Abramzon

This article is the result of a study investigating the philosophy of happiness in poetry, social and political essays and in “The Letters of a Russian Traveller” by N.M. Karamzin. The research concentrates on the main stages in the development of Karamzin’s concept of happiness and its peculiarities connected with genre specifi cities of literary works. Karamzin formulated the basic ideas of the concept of happiness under the infl uence of masonic philosophy and preromantic poetry while living in Moscow in the 1780s. Earthly happiness is considered as a shadow of true celestial bliss. After breaking up with masons and going abroad Karamzin in “The Letters of a Russian Traveller” (1791–1792) offers readers a variety of viewpoints on happiness. These points of view cannot be arranged in a strict system: the author narrates a story in a manner which makes it absolutely open for a reader’s perception, i.e. profound philosophic reasoning is counterbalanced with author’s irony and naïve stories of everyday life about happiness. In his philosophic and journalistic essay “About the Happiest Time in Life” (1803) Karamzin strenuously argues with ancient and contemporary philosophers over happiness, proving that it cannot exist on the earth and catching philosophers in a deception. Karamzin’s philosophy of happiness is based on a synthesis of ancient and European conceptions of the Age of the Enlightenment. The main tenet underpinning his philosophy is the concept of ethic origin, yet true happiness and bliss are left for heaven.

348-356

Authors: Elena V. Pozhidaeva, Natalia A. Koz’ko

The article analyses basic concepts of any linguistic culture. The authors consider that gastronomic and Bacchic conceptospheres are axiologically signifi cant for national mentality characteristic. Linguistic culture of food and drink is regarded as a part of the national linguistic culture that can infl uence the formation and development of ethnoculture. Linguistic cognitive and linguistic cultural approaches to data analysis and observation of culture of food and drink in different spheres allow to consider it as the key factor of the national culture understanding as a whole, they become a means of the national picture of the world reconstruction. Within these approaches the authors concede linguistic cultural or conceptual fi elds to be the most important. Linguistic cultural fi eld combines linguistic and extralinguistic (cultural) information. The notion “conceptual fi eld” is one of the key notions in cultural linguistics. The aim of linguistic culture of food and drink description within the given paradigm is not only to put every linguistic form in line with its cognitive analog, its conceptual or cognitive structure, but also to set tactics of name forming and processes of coagulation. The peculiarity of the proposed method involves its focus on linguistic congnitive-discursive paradigm that is engaged in scientifi c relations with cultural linguistics, cognitive linguistics, social linguistics, semiotics and lexical semantics. Thus, interdisciplinary nature of food and drink culture studies is determined, on the one hand, by the character of the object itself (the connection between the material and the ideal, between the language and the consciousness in food and drink culture), on the other hand, by the modern stage of the humanities development: by their active convergence, synthesis and interaction of research areas.

369-378

Authors: Mokhirukh M. Khoshimkhujayeva

Anthroponyms are an important means of refl ection of worldview, mentality, national culture and history of a nation. Moreover, anthroponyms as a result of secondary nomination, function as a rich motivational base for other names, transferring at the same time connotative value to these names. Therefore, the study of personal names as a part of other names, in particular, as part of phytonyms sheds light on many insuffi ciently studied issues of both phytonyms and anthroponyms. The aim of this article is to determine the national specifi c features of anthroponyms as a part of phytonyms in English, Russian and Uzbek languages. To attain this goal, phytonyms with anthroponyms sourced from ancient and biblical legends, myths, literary works and typical names closely associated with British, Russian, Uzbek folklore and life are analyzed from nominative and motivational viewpoint in comparative aspect. The analysis is done by dividing phytonyms with anthroponyms into special motivational groups (1. Anthroponyms – the names of religious fi gures; 2. Anthroponyms – the names of mythological characters; 3. Anthroponyms – the most common names). By carrying out the analysis, unique features of anthroponyms transferred into plant names are clearly identifi ed in the compared languages. The way culture and history of every nation is refl ected in the language by anthroponym transformation into phytonym is also shown .

391-408

Authors: Liliya I. Sattarova

A medieval minbar is preserved in the Alaaddin Mosque in Konya (the former mosque of Anatolian Seljuk capital), which is a rare example of Muslim wooden pulpit of the pre-Mongol period. The ornamental decorations and carving techniques of the minbar have become a subject of the art criticism analysis for the fi rst time; they indicate the ways and forms of penetration to Anatolia the techniques and motives of Islamic art of east regions. The Konya Minbar is one of the few surviving monuments of Seljuk art of the 12th century in Asia Minor. There are some patterns from the architectural decor on its surface formed in various territories of Dar-ul-Islam in the 11th century. A number of monuments shows that the pulpit was a kind of anthology of both motives and methods of interpretation, to which wooden and stone carvers in Anatolia in Seljuk and post-Seljuk period were addressed. The article contains a description of the minbar’s condition, characterizes carving techniques used to create the decorated surfaces of the pulpit, and deals with peculiarities of its ornamental decoration.

419-434

Authors: Dmitriy I. Gorshkov

This article analyses the portrait by Louis-Léopold Boilly or so-called “Portrait of Michel Duroc, grand maréchal du Palais imperial” from the State Hermitage collection (St.- Petersburg, Russia). The question of changing of an old legend of this source due to many controversies (shown emblems and badges of rank of Duroc’s status) is considered. The real name of Armand Charles Louis Le Lièvre de La Grange, which was lost during long process, is established. The author also takes into consideration some questions about new relations between high offi cers of the First Empire. A.-C.-L. Le Lièvre de La Grange is to be taken as an example. Key words: L.-L. Boilly, M. Duroc, iconography, uniformology, historiography and source study, A.-C.-L. Le Lièvre de La Grange, French Army (1804–1815).