Juridical Tribune - Tribuna Juridica

614 - 623

Authors: Associate professor Maria João MIMOSO; Assistant professor Maria do Rosário ANJOS; André ALMEIDA

The Community impact on private international law (PIL) began to be felt in the late 1990s. A phenomenon that would become a visible reality through an exponential increase in legal texts of community origin on issues related to PIL. Such was anchored in the concern to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market and the need to regulate private relationships that went beyond the limits of each state, enhanced by the freedom of movement (people, goods, services and capital), one of the cornerstones of European Union. This study aims to reflect on the creation of the International Law European Private and its impact on state PIL. A literature review will be conducted in order to understand the evolution of this reality after the Treaties of Amsterdam and Lisbon. We will use a deductive and speculative reasoning anchored the views expressed by the doctrine, law and jurisprudence. We will try to demonstrate the disuse of the classic PIL (of state origin) in relation to the community PIL.

645 - 656

Authors: Professor Raluca DIMITRIU

Is the intervention of the state in regulating collective labour relations a useful and beneficial tool, or rather a discouraging one? This is a long time concern of the doctrine, of the law-makers and of the practice of European industrial relations. And, on the background of different traditions and goals, the options are most diverse. Almost everywhere, the economic crisis and the digitalisation have altered the ratio of what the legislator has assumed and what is left to the social partners to regulate. Sometimes, the state has withdrawn to a certain extent from the process. Freed from constraints, the social partners have become more responsible than in the previous decade for the concrete way of negotiating and regulating collective relations. In other cases, the legislator felt the need to intervene more forcefully to offset the fragility of social dialogue. The paper aims to present some of the European options in the field and to place the experience of the Romanian law in context.

669 - 680

Authors: Assistant professor Mehmet HATIPOĞLU

Environmental administrative sanctions are a means of precautions aiming for the protection of the environment, reduction of environmental damages, nonrepeation of acts causing the damage of the environment. The mentioned actions of the administration shall be concluded in accordance with principles of rule of law, legality, legal certainty. It is important to a great extent to demonstrate the legality of the sanctions and measures when applied subsequently for judicial remedy, during which in the process of application of such sanctions, documentation of the contaminative activities and reveal of activities transparently with its justification had been realized. In the Environment Law numbered 2872, the procedures and principles are determined, which must be obeyed by the officer in charge assigned by the central or provincial organization of the Ministry or by the competent authority of state institutions and organizations authorized by the Ministry for the environmental supervision for detection of violations, which require the impose of administrative sanctions. It is important to consider some factors for the establishment of the process to be applied against any environmental violation by the administrative institutions that have duties and powers in the field of protection of the environment, such as the investigations to be carried out in order to clearly reveal the source of the polluting activity, the means that can be used in determining the violation, the conditions to regard real or legal persons to be responsible for polluting activity, which abolishes the hesitations relevant to the source of pollution. When the decisions of the Council of State are examined, in some of the decisions it is noteworthy that the problems related to the determination of the violation are mentioned and some of the sanctions established by the administration according to the procedure stated in the legislation are cancelled. In this study, a discussion will be made on the decisions of the Council of State and the reasons of the administration and an emphasis will be given to the problems in implementation and legislation. Recommendations will be put forward for the procedures and principles to be more specific in accordance with the principle of legality and to strengthen the lawfulness of the sanctions, which are followed in the areas where inspection may be carried out by the environmental inspection teams and where sea, land, air and other environmental damages may arise.

690 - 696

Authors: Associate professor Charlotte ENE

This paper focuses on the main international legal documents providing guidance recommendations and principles on corporate social responsibility (CSR), considered it as a sustainability tool. A special attention is paid to the provisions of European Union regarding corporate disclosure of non-financial information and transparency. The nonfinancial information report has to include consultation rights, health and safety environment, social dialogue, fulfilment of the obligation of non-discrimination etc. Despite the fact that it is not necessary a comprehensive report on CSR matters, the outcome would consist in demonstration that the disclosure of information on policies, outcomes and risks will enable companies and their stakeholders to develop a very good strategy of corporate governance policy.

705 - 711

Authors: Associate professor Monica GHEORGHE

The study aims to analyze a consequence of the annulment of the dismissal decision by the court, for reasons of lackluster or unlawfulness. According to art. 80 of the Labor Code, in the event of the finding of illegality and/or inadequacy of the dismissal decision, the court orders the cancellation of the unilateral act of dismissal. An effect of the annulment of the dismissal decision is the employer's obligation - in all cases - to compensate the employee equal to the indexed, increased and updated salaries and the other rights that the employee would have been entitled to if he had not been dismissed. In relation to the imperative wording of the legal text, atypical assumptions are considered in which the award of damages should be nuanced in relation to the factual situation that led to the termination of employment relations. There are also issues related to the content of the claims and their amount.

719 - 733

Authors: Assistant professor Sónia De CARVALHO

The development of the internal market, based on the principle of freedom to provide services, as stated in article 56 TFEU, rendered common the posting of workers to another EU Member State. The risk of leading to social dumping in the host Member State, resulting from the less favourable working conditions of the sending Member State, justified Directive 96/71/EC. Collective bargaining, which has always taken on a prominent place in the posting of workers framework provided for in Directive 96/71/EC, is clearly reinforced by Directive (EU) 2018/957 that amended Directive 96/71/EC. The caselaw of the CJEU, however, has revealed that in some cases the enforcement of the host Member State working conditions, in view of the lack of harmonization of labour law in the Member States in relation to minimum protection mandatory rules, can paradoxically constitute a restriction on the freedom to provide services. The analysis of the amendments introduced by the Directive (EU) 2018/957 will demonstrate that, despite creating a favourable legislative framework for fair competitive conditions between national undertakings and the undertakings that post workers, may compromise the delicate balance between the protection of workers and the freedom to provide services.

741 - 747

Authors: Assistant professor Andreea STOICAN

Law no. 85/2014 on the insolvency prevention and insolvency procedures, envisaged as of its entry into force as a true “Insolvency Code”, is the main tool for setting up a collective procedure for covering the debtor’s liability, as well as an opportunity to redress the activity of a company in financial distress. The recent amendments brought by the law-maker through the entry onto force, on October 02, 2018, of the Emergency Ordinance no. 88/2018 for amending and supplementing normative acts in the field of insolvency and other normative acts, although brought with the intention of improving the exiting procedure to date as a result of the practices found during the four years since the Insolvency Law has been implemented, succeeded, although probably unintentionally, to create a potential bias towards one of the main creditors encountered in the procedure, namely, the State. This paper therefore, considering the extremely short timespan since the entry into force of the Emergency Ordinance no. 88/2018, proposes by no manner of means to make no criticism on the new regulation, which might even prove effective on the long run as a result of the observation of the practice and concrete implementation of the provisions therein, but only to raise an alarm on some aspects which, at first sight, seem to create certain differences between the creditors by favouring, at least theoretically, a certain creditor.

766 - 771

Authors: Associate professor Ioana-Nely MILITARU

The paper contains, first of all, aspects of the convergence report drawn up by the European Commission and the European Central Bank on the level of readiness of a Member State to join the euro area when there is an express request for it. The second part refers to several proposals for actions that Romania thinks should follow in order to adopt the euro, starting with the Convergence Report of the European Commission and the European Central Bank of May 2018.

779 - 788

Authors: Assistant professor Yusuf Sertaç SERTER

As of July 9, 2018, Turkey abandoned the parliamentary system and has adopted a sui generis kind of presidential system of government. The said new governmental system provides the President, the Executive Organ of the Turkish State, with the authority to issue presidential decrees on matters relating to executive function, and such authority that is conferred directly by the Constitution “is neither dependent on a prior parliamentary mandate nor subject to any subsequent approval”2. On the other hand, the principle of legality3, an important constitutional principle relating to “the rule of law” states that the Legislative power is “original/primary”, and that, as a rule, the Executive Organ possesses a secundum legem authority. As such, the prospective effects of the presidential decrees on the constitutional principle of legality will be reviewed in this study based on various discussions made by Turkish public law academics.

801 - 810

Authors: Assistant professor Ezgi Başak DEMİRAYAK

The cheque, which has been replaced by money order and credit card in many countries, still remains as an important payment instrument in Turkey. Several sanctions are imposed for the use of bounced cheque in all legal systems in order to increase the credibility of cheque. In the early years of the Turkish Republic, there were no special sanctions imposed for the use of bounced cheque. Such lack of legal sanction for drawing bounced cheque led to an increase in the number of bounced cheque. The said abuse gave cause for certain sanctions on drawing bounced cheque. Considering bounced cheque fraud within the framework of Turkish Criminal Code did not however constitute a proper legal solution for post-dated cheque in particular. As such, Turkish lawmaker had the sole opportunity to define a new crime named “drawing bounced cheque” including imprisonment in the relevant code regulating cheque related issues. But the increase in the number of bounced cheque due to the economic crisis in the nineties made it necessary to find out a new solution. Accordingly, the Turkish lawmaker abandoned imprisonment and carried out a new regulation based on the acquis communautaire that led to the employment of the principle stated as “economic punishment for economic crime”. Since 2016, the QR-code cheque is also employed in order to prevent drawing of bounced cheque. This study aims to review the aforementioned measures with regard to bounced cheque and analyze the impacts of the QRcode cheque.

823 - 834

Authors: PhD. Tuğçe ORAL

Sports organizations constitute the biggest events of the world and are usually widely followed. The main financial source of many athletes or sports organizations is the sponsorship, which enables the sponsor to reach customers. In this paper, I begin by defining the sponsorship, sponsorship contracts and sport sponsorship contracts. Then, I will discuss the legal nature of them. Secondly, I will analyze the parties of this contract. In addition, I will deal with the objects of sport sponsorship contracts, namely the aims of promotion, image transfer and increase engagement with its target audience and to reach a larger target market for the sponsor; and provide funding and promotion for the sponsored party. Finally, I will discuss the rights and obligations of this contracts and in conclusion I will examine whether it is possible for the parties to claim damages for non-pecuniary loss in the case of a violation of personality rights.