Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series

7

Authors: Luminita Ionescu

Accounting errors and fraud are common in most businesses, but there is a difference between fraud and misinterpretation of communication or accounting regulations. The role of management in preventing fraud becomes important in the last decades and the importance of auditing in curbing corruption is increasingly revealed. There is a strong connection between fraud and corruption, accelerated by electronic systems and modern platforms. The most recent developments tend to confirm that external auditing is curbing corruption, due to international accounting and auditing standards at national and regional levels. Thus, a better implementation of accounting standards and high quality of external control could prevent errors and fraud in accounting, and reduce corruption, as well. The aim of this paper is to present some particular aspects of errors and fraud in accounting, and how external audit could ensure accuracy and accountability in financial reporting.

10

Authors: Yuriy Holynskyy

In the structure of the financial system of each state, one of the most important places is given to the budget, which characterizes the degree of development of budget relations that arise between government bodies and economic entities in the process of distributing gross domestic product. The budget as an instrument of macroeconomic regulation has an impact on the development of social sectors, the functioning and modernization of national defense and law enforcement activities, the development of national economic sectors and the welfare of the society. At the same time, the implementation of budgeted activities of supporting the sectors of the national economy and other activities depends not only on their consideration in drawing up the budget, but also on the quality of its execution. In this paper author determine the possibilities of using the financial management principles in public sector during all stages of state budget execution.

12

Authors: Dumitru Raluca-Ana-Maria

Through its object of activity, an economic organization has the role to use efficiently the means of production that it possesses in terms of the full utilization of the production capacities, of a high quality of the products and of obtaining profit. Companies need in their human, material, financial, informational, human resources activities that they have at a certain moment in order to accomplish the mission and strategic objectives around which they rely on the whole activity.

6

Authors: Ionuț Cristian NUTA

This paper intends to briefly explain how the internal regulations concerning the Romanian public purchases have changed lately.

7

Authors: Agil VALIYEV

Today, culture is one of the main feeble factors of economic development. The leading role of culture in economic development should be argued as multiple: so, firstly, as domestic value, secondly, as a main factor of regional economic development advanced to raised gravity of different regions for residents, tourists and investors, thirdly, as major parameter of social development based on tolerance, creativity and knowledge. To the different international experiences, culture is the main part of economic development in our life. Cultural diversities are combined into a main reasonable economic development model. The article consist of explanations about the understanding of culture, cultural diplomacy and economics, approach on the conflicts between culture and economics, to find how is culture affecting the economic development, and the role of culture in economic development of Azerbaijan. The article can be considered as a useful resource for experts and researchers conducting research in this field. Keywords:

8

Authors: Elitsa PETROVA

This article presents a research on the influence of positive reinforcements on the motivation of civilian and military students in the training process and its relation with the rewards given from the superiors for getting better performance at the university. The study is conducted in a real educational environment. The subject of the study is the positive reinforcements and the end results in the training process. The object of the study are cadets in the last year of their education in the Military Science professional field, specialising in Organisation and Management of Military Units at a Tactical Level at the National Military University in Bulgaria. In the course of the theoretical research, there were studied the motivational theories of needs, socially acquired knowledge, behavioural, cognitive, psychoanalytic and biological motivational theories.

12

Authors: Ioan I. GÂF-DEAC1, Cristina Monica VALECA2, Elena GURGU3, Adrian BĂRBULESCU4

The paper shows that, at the present moment, intangible assets are considered “goods” and, as such, the practice of classical accounting considers intellectual capital in the same category of “goods assimilated/similar to those visible/tangible”. From the research it results that the professional literature on measuring knowledge assets/intellectual capital, both in Romania and worldwide, is not large enough and does not provide finite significant, “strong” aggregates regarding the semantic classifications, of content and quality, of the issues in the field. The book titled New Economy between Knowledge and Risk (Ioan I. Gâf-Deac) presents the original systematization and classification of some models and methodologies for measuring knowledge assets, and intellectual capital in socio-economic sciences, and, as such, in this present article, we have resorted to the applied extension of formalizing the measurement of intangible assets in the areas of natural resources’ operation and exploitation.

18

Authors: Antonia DELISTAVROU1, Hristo Katrandjiev2 and Irene TILIKIDOU3

The paper presents a segmentation on the basis of the overall ethical consumption concept for the first time in Greece. Four segments were identified: Ethical Consumers (18.09%), Boycotters (20.48%), Ecological Consumers (27.86%) and Conventional Consumers (33.57%). The Ethical Consumers’ segment consists of well educated citizens, who adopt all ethical behaviours more frequently. These consumers were found to be more confident they can control politics, less materialists, most attracted by postmaterialist goals, as well as less sceptical towards ethical products and less indifferent about ethical consumption issues. This segment may be considered as attractive enough to be targeted by business and non-profit organisations.

9

Authors: Daliana Tascovici, Robert Gabriel DRAGOMIR

The present paper aims at presenting the actual situation as concern the values the students are taught about during their university courses on one hand and the necessity of the labour market on the other hand. At first, we referred to the values within the European dimension of education, as they were established by the European Commission for every state. Here we made special reference to the plan of the educational contents, as it has to contain elements of proximity and coincidence. Secondly, we talked about the new paradigms met with the educational policies. Here we stress the importance not only of knowledge, but also of competences and values the students will achieve. In order to fulfil this task, the usage of the TIC and of the educational resources opened for every type of educational contexts should be intensified. Here we also mentioned the series of activities which help the learning of the common language for a European citizenship and the defining of the new educations, adapted to the dimension of education, the European Commission and the Council of Europe propose. The next treated aspect was to establish the defining of the problem mentioned at the beginning. Here we reach the following objectives: to describe the nature of the problem, to establish the scale of the problem, to identify the affected categories, to establish the causes of the problem, to argue the need for intervention, to estimate the risks and the uncertainty of the problem discussed and also to present the healing activities. In order to get real information, we used the following methods: questionnaires (were disseminated to two different categories of respondents: students who want to get a job on one hand and employers on the other hand) and observations. The activities supposed data collecting, processing, analyzing and interpretation. In the end we draw the conclusions.

10

Authors: Radu Bucea-Manea-Țoniș, Rocsana Tonis (Bucea-Manea)

The article presents a survey applied on a representative sample of Romanian SMEs. The article represents a case study and focus on technical elements that allow collecting data from Romanian SMEs managers and save it in a MySql database. The Back-End component is developed with the newest Spring Boot MVC.

15

Authors: Iulian Warter, Liviu Warter

During the last decades, the corporate world has witnessed a significant rise in the number of cross border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). In cross border M&As, not only different corporate cultures collide, but also different professional and national cultures. The purpose of Cultural Due Diligence (CDD) is to get a coherent image of the intercultural challenges of the M&A in order to be aware of the intercultural risks and opportunities. This article aims to reveal the perception of managers involved in the pre-M&A stage on the soft risks factors that need to be investigated during CDD. This study proposes an appraisal of the most important intercultural issues that need to be considered in M&A. Our contribution to the intercultural aspects of M&A literature consists in improving the current understanding of Cultural Due Diligence content.

30

Authors: Sanghamitra Kanjilal Bhaduri

The paper has presented an empirical picture of inequalities, both within and outside the labour market for women, from gender relations emerging within the framework of overlapping social stratification in rural India. Analysis is based on secondary data, where the emphasis is not only on measurement of quantitative variables, but also on the interactions between various qualitative, socio-economic and socio-cultural variables. Main finding of the present study is that the participation of women in labour force varies across economic classes, social groups, religions, regions and the rural urban divide. Factors determining labour supply decisions of women are different from those of men. Interconnectedness of female employment with other social parameters which are outside the realm of the standard labour market analysis gets highlighted in the study.

17-28

Authors: Alexandru GRIBINCEA

The financial risk characterises the variability of net profit, subject to the financial structure of the insurance. The capital of the insurance company has two elements (the equity and the borrowed one) that differ fundamentally in the cost they generate. If the company uses loans, it will bear systematically the related financial expenses, too. Through its size and cost, indebtedness leads to the variation and changes the size of financial risk. Resorting to the debt is justified through the high remuneration of equity in relation to borrowed capital, thus increasing the financial return.

37-45

Authors: Nicolae ŢÂU

Expanding economic relations and creating an international business environment, international business and the internationalization of the commercial transactions across national borders have become a prerequisite for companies, regardless of the activity they carry. Thus, internationalization is seen as a set of strategic methods, techniques and tools necessary to the companies to function abroad. As the effects of – fiscal and monetary – policies on the global demand and supply are unpredictable in time and space, it appears the requirement to substantiate, develop and put into practice a stabilizing strategy. Besides the indexes showing the evolution of the demand and supply, the market can offer economic agents other analysis and decision parameters as well, such as: economic and financial instruments for influencing the behaviour of the business environment.Obviously, the results depend also on how the authorities (legislative and executive, central and local) work for a friendly business environment. There are two mechanisms that can be used for this purpose: fiscal policy (measures to enhance or reduce taxes, dues and public spending) initiated by the Government and approved by Parliament; monetary policy (setting the interest rate and the money supply, respectively of the money stock for a specified period of time) emitted and monitored (supervised) by the National Bank.

59-71

Authors: Janina Mirela Gabroveanu (Vladoi), Alexandru Stefanescu

Starting from the premise that sustainable development is an overall objective of EU Member States,that can be achieved through international cooperation that aims at economic growth, social development and environmental protection, the European Commission analyzed the socio-economic and investment context of the member states, identified risks and opportunities and made some recommendations. This paper presents the best practices of the European funding system to improve the accountability of business or institutional operators accessing European funds and the measures taken by some Member States for good governance. We emphasize the need to know the socio-economic and investment context by all stakeholders and initiate concrete measures of action to ensure real and sustainable economic growth by identifying feasible and lasting solutions; what is the role of business or institutional operators at local and regional level and how it could ensure good governance at local and regional level by applying for grants.