International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics

238-243

Authors: İrşad BAYIRHAN, Kadir MERSİN, Aydın TOKUŞLU, Cem GAZİOĞLU

In addition to being one of the largest metropolises in the world, Istanbul is also one of the busiest routes of international maritime transport through the Strait of Istanbul (SoI). Currently, the average number of ships which passes through SoI is approximately 45,000. This number does not increase much due to the natural structure of SoI. So, larger ships with larger tonnages pass through SoI. In addition to the existing transit ship traffic in SoI, ship-based exhaust pollution caused by local maritime traffic adversely affects human health, comfort and the environment. In this study, the exhaust emissions generated by the ships of the local companies transporting in SoI were investigated. In addition, exhaust emissions from ships, one of the most important air pollutant emission sources such as motor vehicles, industrial processes and heating of residences in Istanbul, were calculated and presented. Ship exhaust gas emissions in SoI were calculated based on actual ship movements and ship machinery information using the bottom up method.

254-263

Authors: Mehmet Ersin Yücel, Cemil Yurtören

World Economy has been globalizing faster than ever as a result of the technological evolution. Increase of global trade brings the need of higher transportation capacity as bigger ships and port facilities. Port construction and expansion investments can be said to be supply to meet demand. Maritime safety is one of the factors affecting the zoning plan approval process in the port construction and extension investments. These factors mostly caused by the ship maneuver. One of the most widely used models is the Environmental Stress (ES) Model in risk assessment of navigation and ship manoeuvre. ES Model measures the risk occurring around the ship during the berthing / unberthing manoeuvres performed in the simulation environment with the ports and ships that are modeled similar to the port project. But, it is not certain which parameter of the port project will be revised such as ship tonnage and length of the ship, port form and size etc. The main benefit of this study is taking precaution with measuring risk by specifying the risk factors and their weights using both ES Model and fuzzy logic method. Thus, the development plan and project evaluation process, which is under the duty and responsibility of the Turkish Ministry of Transport, will be carried out in terms of safety with the method proposed in this study. Another important contribution of this study is its originality in terms of clarification of raw outputs of ES model reports by using fuzzy logic method in scientific literature. So, the revised port project will be realized by providing maritime safety. While port projects are approved by the Ministry of Transport within the scope of the legislation that determines the port planning process in question, the evaluation of Modeling Reports with fuzzy logic method will contribute to both fast and safe project design process.

268-276

Authors: Rukea Al-Hasn1, Younes Idriss, Othman Hammal

This research aims to evaluate the lands of Wadi Khirbet al-Malihah area in Al-Hasaka province (2016-2018) and determine the optimal land use. A geo-pedological soil survey was initiated, and 10 soil profiles representing the physiographic in the study area were collected for some chemical and physical properties analysis. The land evaluation was achieved using LAMIS (Land Management Information System) program under the GIS platform. The evaluation was done applying map-algebra on both crops' requirements with parametric conditions of lands and climate characteristics. The resulting evaluation showed according to the suggested scenario (limited irrigation water), crops with the lowest water requirements were selected: moderate suitable S2 by 41.52%, limit suitable S3 by 28.27% of the study area. Linear programming was used to produce the final optimal land use map according to three criteria: costs, gross margin and water requirements. The results show that there are diversity advantage and the land area of study that suit to be area cropping commodities are tested with an area of 41895 ha. Land use in the Wadi Khirbet alMalihah achieving profitability with the optimal combination of cropping wheat (29.579%), the lentils (22.257%) and Quinoa (9.283%).

288-299

Authors: Ezgi Nur MENTEŞ, Şinasi KAYA, Ayşegül TANIK, Cem GAZİOĞLU

Flood risk, in the sense of damage that a ‘flood event’ can cause, was globally indexed and quantified to show the relationship between various natural and social factors. The Pressure and Release (PAR) model consisting of five key indexes, namely hazard, exposure, vulnerability, capacity soft countermeasures, and capacity hard countermeasures along with the entropy method was used to measure the uncertainty in information gathered. In this study, flood risk index was calculated for Yeşilırmak Basin of Turkey based on PAR. The basin is one of the coastal watersheds of Turkey experiencing frequent flood events. Damage data covering years from 2000 to 2015 have been obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for Turkey. Candidate data for hazard, vulnerability, countermeasures and exposure were collected in accordance with temporal and spatial scales, and the collected data were compiled on a watershed basis. When grouping the sub-indicators, AWDO (Asian Water Development Outlook) was used and selected from a group of parameters covering a wide range of characteristics such as economy, health, vegetation, population, river according to their global presence, and data consistency. As long-term data accessibility was highly limited under basin conditions, data was obtained from relatively more reliable global sources such as United Nations’ databases on which data has been collected annually. The correlation among the collected parameter values was calculated based on the amount of damage that had occurred, and data with high correlation was included in the index account. Parameters that were not screened were rather weighted by using the entropy method and their effect on flood damage were determined. The calculated flood risk index based on PAR model was named as Yeşilırmak Basin Flood Risk Index (Y-FRI). The resulting Y-FRI radar charts indicated that the most important variation occurred for the soft countermeasure index. In addition, the five main indices and the flood risk index was positively correlated with hazard, exposure and vulnerability indices, while negatively correlated with the countermeasures. This study showed that not only the hazard parameters directly contribute to flood formation, but also the vulnerability, exposure and countermeasure parameters that reflected the conditions of the region where the flood occurred have quantitatively influenced the flood damage.