International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics

238-243

Authors: İrşad BAYIRHAN, Kadir MERSİN, Aydın TOKUŞLU, Cem GAZİOĞLU

In addition to being one of the largest metropolises in the world, Istanbul is also one of the busiest routes of international maritime transport through the Strait of Istanbul (SoI). Currently, the average number of ships which passes through SoI is approximately 45,000. This number does not increase much due to the natural structure of SoI. So, larger ships with larger tonnages pass through SoI. In addition to the existing transit ship traffic in SoI, ship-based exhaust pollution caused by local maritime traffic adversely affects human health, comfort and the environment. In this study, the exhaust emissions generated by the ships of the local companies transporting in SoI were investigated. In addition, exhaust emissions from ships, one of the most important air pollutant emission sources such as motor vehicles, industrial processes and heating of residences in Istanbul, were calculated and presented. Ship exhaust gas emissions in SoI were calculated based on actual ship movements and ship machinery information using the bottom up method.

254-263

Authors: Mehmet Ersin Yücel, Cemil Yurtören

World Economy has been globalizing faster than ever as a result of the technological evolution. Increase of global trade brings the need of higher transportation capacity as bigger ships and port facilities. Port construction and expansion investments can be said to be supply to meet demand. Maritime safety is one of the factors affecting the zoning plan approval process in the port construction and extension investments. These factors mostly caused by the ship maneuver. One of the most widely used models is the Environmental Stress (ES) Model in risk assessment of navigation and ship manoeuvre. ES Model measures the risk occurring around the ship during the berthing / unberthing manoeuvres performed in the simulation environment with the ports and ships that are modeled similar to the port project. But, it is not certain which parameter of the port project will be revised such as ship tonnage and length of the ship, port form and size etc. The main benefit of this study is taking precaution with measuring risk by specifying the risk factors and their weights using both ES Model and fuzzy logic method. Thus, the development plan and project evaluation process, which is under the duty and responsibility of the Turkish Ministry of Transport, will be carried out in terms of safety with the method proposed in this study. Another important contribution of this study is its originality in terms of clarification of raw outputs of ES model reports by using fuzzy logic method in scientific literature. So, the revised port project will be realized by providing maritime safety. While port projects are approved by the Ministry of Transport within the scope of the legislation that determines the port planning process in question, the evaluation of Modeling Reports with fuzzy logic method will contribute to both fast and safe project design process.

268-276

Authors: Rukea Al-Hasn1, Younes Idriss, Othman Hammal

This research aims to evaluate the lands of Wadi Khirbet al-Malihah area in Al-Hasaka province (2016-2018) and determine the optimal land use. A geo-pedological soil survey was initiated, and 10 soil profiles representing the physiographic in the study area were collected for some chemical and physical properties analysis. The land evaluation was achieved using LAMIS (Land Management Information System) program under the GIS platform. The evaluation was done applying map-algebra on both crops' requirements with parametric conditions of lands and climate characteristics. The resulting evaluation showed according to the suggested scenario (limited irrigation water), crops with the lowest water requirements were selected: moderate suitable S2 by 41.52%, limit suitable S3 by 28.27% of the study area. Linear programming was used to produce the final optimal land use map according to three criteria: costs, gross margin and water requirements. The results show that there are diversity advantage and the land area of study that suit to be area cropping commodities are tested with an area of 41895 ha. Land use in the Wadi Khirbet alMalihah achieving profitability with the optimal combination of cropping wheat (29.579%), the lentils (22.257%) and Quinoa (9.283%).

288-299

Authors: Ezgi Nur MENTEŞ, Şinasi KAYA, Ayşegül TANIK, Cem GAZİOĞLU

Flood risk, in the sense of damage that a ‘flood event’ can cause, was globally indexed and quantified to show the relationship between various natural and social factors. The Pressure and Release (PAR) model consisting of five key indexes, namely hazard, exposure, vulnerability, capacity soft countermeasures, and capacity hard countermeasures along with the entropy method was used to measure the uncertainty in information gathered. In this study, flood risk index was calculated for Yeşilırmak Basin of Turkey based on PAR. The basin is one of the coastal watersheds of Turkey experiencing frequent flood events. Damage data covering years from 2000 to 2015 have been obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for Turkey. Candidate data for hazard, vulnerability, countermeasures and exposure were collected in accordance with temporal and spatial scales, and the collected data were compiled on a watershed basis. When grouping the sub-indicators, AWDO (Asian Water Development Outlook) was used and selected from a group of parameters covering a wide range of characteristics such as economy, health, vegetation, population, river according to their global presence, and data consistency. As long-term data accessibility was highly limited under basin conditions, data was obtained from relatively more reliable global sources such as United Nations’ databases on which data has been collected annually. The correlation among the collected parameter values was calculated based on the amount of damage that had occurred, and data with high correlation was included in the index account. Parameters that were not screened were rather weighted by using the entropy method and their effect on flood damage were determined. The calculated flood risk index based on PAR model was named as Yeşilırmak Basin Flood Risk Index (Y-FRI). The resulting Y-FRI radar charts indicated that the most important variation occurred for the soft countermeasure index. In addition, the five main indices and the flood risk index was positively correlated with hazard, exposure and vulnerability indices, while negatively correlated with the countermeasures. This study showed that not only the hazard parameters directly contribute to flood formation, but also the vulnerability, exposure and countermeasure parameters that reflected the conditions of the region where the flood occurred have quantitatively influenced the flood damage.

163-171

Authors: Okan Yüceses, R. Cüneyt Erenoğlu

In the highway transportation network, the tunnel has an important place. Tunnels are used to provide safe, comfortable and economical transportation in areas where topography is not available. In addition to the facilities provided by the tunnels, there are various risks during and after the manufacturing phase. These risks need to be anticipated and manufacturing must be shaped to address these risks. Therefore, deformation analysis in tunnel projects has an important place. During and after manufacture, it is necessary to determine and follow the deformations. In this study, Ayvacık - Küçükkuyu highway in Çanakkale will be dealt as T1 Tunnel between km 10 + 700 - 12 + 400. Due to the fact that the region is located on the earthquake zone and because of this reason it has a mixed lithology, it is very important to follow the deformations. In this context, it is aimed to analyze the relationship and dimensions of deformation factors in the structure by using geodetic and geotechnical measurement methods. The relationship between these data and the load, pressure and tension values observed on horizontal and vertical movements will be examined during the manufacturing process. Moreover, due to the fact that the zone is located on the earthquake zone, earthquakes that occur in the region during the manufacturing process and the manufacturing effects of these earthquakes will be investigated. With this study, it is aimed to give guidance to manufacturing by predicting deformation and external effects that may occur and arise in engineering constructions. The required revisions should be made in the fortification systems in line with the predetermined parameters. In this way, it is aimed to ensure that the manufacturing process continues in the most economical and safest manner.

186-191

Authors: Akash Talapatra

An anion exchangeable resin sorbent originated from amine was used to capture and absorb CO2 from atmospheric air. The sorbent is capable to absorb CO2 gas in dry location, though it releases CO2 gas when it is exposed to water vapor or liquid water. The isotherm test on absorption provides the evidence that the sorbent can act effectively at the very low concentration of CO2. Its capacity of absorption in the form of carbonate ion is 0.86 mol/kg, which is identical to nearing of 21 litter of CO2 gas under 100 kPa and 25ºC. Langmuir equation detailed the absorption isotherm better at higher saturation. The kinetic desorption of CO2 spread over in a flat polypropylene sheet has been practiced by the well-developed models and experiments. After that, the desorption coefficient, kinetic desorption parameters and stimulated energy are estimated with that equation and model. Finally more experiments should be developed to find out the exact reaction mechanism on this method with accumulating new information.

206-212

Authors: Amil AGHAYEV, Rza MAHMUDOV

Because of ongoing global climate change on Earth, along with other natural disasters floods widespread and frequent occurrence of this process in the Kura River basin in Azerbaijan creates great threat for the local population, agriculture and economy of the country. The core objective of the study was the analysis of the flooding in 2010 based on hydrometeorological and satellite data. Assessment of the hydrometeorological parameters that could cause flooding and tendency in comparison of the water level with perennial norm in the Kura River were conducted. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) multispectral satellite images reflecting this event were used. The map of flooded areas was developed by the usage of different tools and modules of ArcGIS 10.2.1.

15-21

Authors: Emmanuel MENEGBO

The objective of this research was spatial characterization of the biological and physico chemistry of the surface water, sediment and dredge spoil samples from the Dredging activity at Obama creek in Bayelsa State. A total of nine (9) samples were collected, four (4) from surface water and the other four (4) from sediment samples from dredging station, 200m upstream/downstream and 500m- 800m, away from the reference location and one (1) sample of dredge spoil. GPS receivers was used to capture coordinates of monitoring stations. ArcGIS 10.2 used for processing of locational data. Surface water outcomes at the four stations with pH of 6.22 to 7.38. Conductivity values are from 62.0 to 78.0μS/cm and other sample parameters as shown in the table of results. The Heavy metals are Cd, Pb, and Cr, and had values from 0.011 to 0.026mg/l, 0.119-0.128mg/l, and 0.064 to 0.092mg/l respectively. Ni recorded values are from 0.061 to 0.072mg/l while Zn values are from 0.194 to 0.232mg/l. Total and Faecal Coliform ranged from <2.00 to 30.0MPN/100ml and <2.00 to 23.0MPN/100ml respectively. Sediment and Dredge Spoil at five stations of pH values are from 5.40 to 6.97. Conductivity values are 170 to 306μS/cm while Salinity values ranged from 0.048- 0.086ppt. Heavy metals and other results are as shown in result tables. Based on the laboratory analyses results, impact on the biological characteristics and physico chemistry of the environment is minimal. Monitoring the pollution of Water (inland Rivers, lakes and streams) will ensure sustainable environmental development. This study shows once again that environmental data should be combined with location data to formulate decisions in terms of physical planning for sustainable resource management.

33-49

Authors: Taha GORJI, Aylin YILDIRIM, Elif SERTEL & Aysegül TANIK

Soil salinization is one of the severe land-degradation problems due to its adverse effects on land productivity. Each year several hectares of lands are degraded due to primary or secondary soil salinization, and as a result, it is becoming a major economic and environmental concern in different countries. Spatio-temporal mapping of soil salinity is therefore important to support decisionmaking procedures for lessening adverse effects of land degradation due to the salinization. In that sense, satellite-based technologies provide cost effective, fast, qualitative and quantitative spatial information on saline soils. The main objective of this work is to highlight the recent remote sensing (RS) data and methods to assess soil salinity that is a worldwide problem. In addition, this study indicates potential linkages between salt-affected land and the prevailing climatic conditions of the case study areas being examined. Web of science engine is used for selecting relevant articles. "Soil salinity" is used as the main keyword for finding "articles" that are published from January 1, 2007 up to April 30, 2018. Then, 3 keywords; "remote sensing", "satellite" and "aerial" were used to filter the articles. After that, 100 case studies from 27 different countries were selected. Remote sensing based researches were further overviewed regarding to their location, spatial extent, climate regime, remotely sensed data type, mapping methods, sensing approaches together with the reason of salinity for each case study. In addition, soil salinity mapping methods were examined to present the development of different RS based methods with time. Studies are shown on the Köppen-Geiger climate classification map. Analysis of the map illustrates that 63% of the selected case study areas belong to arid and semi-arid regions. This finding corresponds to soil characteristics of arid regions that are more susceptible to salinization due to extreme temperature, high evaporation rates and low precipitation.

57-66

Authors: Hakan Kaya

The Sea of Marmara is located on a continental crust. The Sea of Marmara, which is a remnant of the Sarmasien period of the Miocene Sea, is an inland sea (Okay, 2007). It opens to the Black Sea with the Bosphorus and the Aegean Sea with the Dardanelles. Its surface area is 11 111 km2 (Gazioğlu, et al., 2002) and its average depth ranges from -200 to -500 m (Doğanay, 1997). At the end of the third time, and at the beginning of the fourth time, there were crumbs and crashes arising from the earth crust movements in and around, where this sea lies today (İzbırak, 1996). In the Marmara Sea, the oldest sediments were deposited as a result of the transformation of the Marmara Sea from a lacustrine environment to a marine environment with the Mediterranean Tyrenian transgression at the end of Middle Pleistocene. When the sea level in the Sea of Marmara is at the same or higher than the present day, water passage from the Black Sea has occurred. At the beginning of Late Pleistocene, as a result of a sudden drop in world sea level, the water passage from the Marmara Sea to the Mediterranean was cut and the marine sedimentation environment was replaced by lacustrine sedimentation. At the beginning of Late Pleistocene (between 64.000-59.000 BC), Mediterranean waters entered the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea with the sudden rise of sea level (Algan, et al., 2011 ). After the transgression, the gulfs and islands in the Sea of Marmara were formed.

76-82

Authors: Rafiu Jimoh, Vivian Chuma, Adeniji Moradeyo, Ogungbade Olubukola, S.O.Sedara, Afonja Yusuf & A.A.Jimoh Chief in Editor

An appraisal of Waste disposal for environmental assessment and management in Lagos Mainland of Lagos state using the GIS has been carried out. GIS has been a veritable tool for analyzing, storing, querying, capturing, displaying and managing of Geographic information or data. This paper addressed the usefulness of Geographic information system applications in Waste disposal distribution and in management. The coordinates of the existing waste dump were collected through field survey and a Garmin 78Sc hand held Global positioning system (GPS) receiver was used in the coordinate acquisition. The result of the field observations and analysis showed that the GIS can be used to efficiently monitor waste disposal location, Scheduling of Waste-Bin and this can invariably be used for proper planning in environmental sanitation, assessment and management holistically. This study shows that the use of Geographic Information system cannot be overemphasized in the spatial mapping of solid waste disposal for environmental management and sanitation assessment.

131-134

Authors: Aydan YAMAN, Hacı Murat YILMAZ & Süleyman Sefa BİLGİLİOĞLU

Photogrammetry is a map production technique or science applied by measurements made from terrestrial images with terrestrial cameras or more commonly used images taken with airborne cameras. With the development of technology, digital photogrammetry has been widely adopted in almost all areas of mapping. Especially digital orthophotos and digital elevation models, which are photogrammetric products, are being intensively utilized by the private sector due to their easy interpretability. Digital photogrammetry is also a good method to automatically collect digital elevation models. Digital elevation model production is an important process in photogrammetry. A digital elevation model is an important product by itself as well as plays an important role in creating products such as orthophoto. The geometrical accuracy of digital elevation model used in geomatics applications is of even greater importance. In this study, three different digital elevation models were produced using digital aerial photographs of 7 cm, 15 cm and 25 cm ground sample distance taken in 2011 of Aksaray University campus area. Then, by using the heights measured by GPS and read the same heights from the digital elevation model, root mean square errors of ground control points, check points and tie points were calculated and compared with recommended standards. When the results are examined, it is seen that the values were close to and below the recommended values. Therefore, it can be seen that the digital elevation models produced with the aerial photographs taken at 7, 15 and 25 cm ground sample distances can be used for studies that do not require.

139-142

Authors: Muhammed Enes ATİK, Abdullah Harun İNCEKARA, Batuhan SARITÜRK, Ozan ÖZTÜRK, Zaide DURAN & Dursun Zafer ŞEKER

Object recognition is important in many practical applications of computer vision. Traditional 2D methods are negatively affected by illumination, shadowing and viewpoint. 3D methods have the potential to solve these problems, because 3D models include geometric properties of the objects. In this paper, 3D local feature based algorithms were used for 3D object recognition. The local feature was keypoint. This study aimed to research facilities of keypoints for 3D object recognition. Keypoint is feature of object that is detected by detector algorithms according to certain mathematical base. A recognition system was designed. For this purpose, a database that includes 3D model of objects was created. The algorithms were improved in MATLAB. The keypoints on the 3D models were detected using keypoint detectors. These keypoints were described by keypoints descriptors. The descriptor algorithms detect geometrical relation between each point of point cloud and create a histogram. In the third step, the keypoints in different point clouds are matched using the feature histograms obtained. Statistical methods are used to compare generated histograms. Thus, the two closest similar points between the different point clouds are matched. It is expected that the models with the most corresponding points belong to the same object. Euclidean distance between corresponding keypoints in the two point cloud is calculated. It has been accepted that the points are shorter than 10 mm. The positional accuracy of the matched points has been examined. Iterative Closest Point (ICP) was applied to the matching point clouds for this purpose. As a result, the graphics were generated that showed correct matching ratio and root mean square error. As a result, there are different approaches about 3D object recognition in literature. This study aimed to compare different keypoint detector and descriptor algorithms. Intrinsic Shape Signature (ISS) is keypoint detector algorithms. Point Feature Histograms (PFH) and Fast Point Feature Histograms (FPFH) are keypoint descriptor algorithms. The results of this study will provide guidance for future studies.

148-152

Authors: Aytaj BADALOVA, Khosiyat ISMATOVA & Sona GULIYEVA

The study of floods by remote sensing data and GIS technology is necessary for the rapid detection of floods in the populated areas, provision of an early evacuation of the population and implementing correct response measures. This paper has been dedicated to studying the methodology of flood mapping by GIS technology on the basis of processing the taken by Earth observation satellite “AZERSKY/SPOT-6” for the period of 2014-2016. Flood-prone areas at river Kura, Khrami and Debed were identified using software package ENVI 5.2 and ArcGIS version 10.4.1. The initial images have been received in the project «Promotion of Earth remote surveillance services for the sake of sustainable development of Azerbaijan» of Azercosmos OJSCo. This research has been carried out on the basis of software and methodological support of «Processing of the aerospace information» sector of «Aerospace Monitoring» within «Aerospace Monitoring of the Environment» department of National Aviation Academy.