International Journal of Anti-terrorism Studies

3-15

Authors: Andrey V. Mankov

The article analyzes historical Russian terrorism. The author explores the main sources of this phenomenon, some features of the genesis of revolutionary terrorism in the second half of the XIX century and the evolution of the organizational forms of terrorist activity in the early 20th century. The main attention is paid to the historical aspects of the largest Russian populist revolutionary-terrorist organizations (Ishutinians, «People's Massacre», «Land and Freedom», «Narodnaya Volya») and terrorist tactics of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SR). The most significant facts of their terrorist practices are given. It is noted that in its history, Russian terrorism has gone through several stages: stages of Narodniks, Narodnaya Volya stage, Socialist-Revolutionaries etc.

25-37

Authors: Aleksander Ksawery Olech

The high level of terrorist threat to the security of the Russian Federation, which has been persisting for decades, is a process of many aspects. The conducted internal policy, involvement in armed conflicts in Ukraine and in Syria, the unstable situation in the Caucasus and the undertaken international co-operation have a significant impact on the activation of terrorist groups in Russia. Already in 2012, before the series of attacks in the French Republic, the on-going conflict in the North Caucasus was described as the most brutal in Europe. Since 2007, Russia has started to cope with international terrorism. What is even worse, it has undergone evolution, permanently destabilizing the internal security of the state. The recent attacks have been associated with the emergence of extremist groups from the Middle East, such as Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, and their co-operation with rebels from the South and North Caucasus. International terrorist groups began their expansion into the whole territory of the Russian Federation, mobilizing the local government to undertake activities counteracting terrorism. Nowadays, the situation is slowly returning to normal, but new threats are still worth noting. The past experience and new threats of attacks urge us to re-analyse the current situation and define the goals of the anti-terrorist actions of the Russian Federation. This is also important in view of the consequences for other countries which are immediate neighbours of Russia, including possible terrorist consequences for Poland.

3-10

Authors: Rodolphe Droalin, Annick Valleau

The subject of article is hate speech regulation. This paper analyses Russian hate speech regulation and anti-extremism legislation in the context of international debates. The authors review the initiatives of international organizations to fight racism, and Russia’s position in this sphere of collaboration from the Cold War to the present day. Indeed, hate speech became an international security issue after World War II and the spread of human rights. Hate speech regulation is thought as a prophylactic tool to prevent hate crimes and racist violence. This article also compares Russian legislation with foreign, namely European and American, legislations to underline the individual path chosen by Russia in its fight against racism and nationalism, and the stumbling blocks of international anti-extremism cooperation. The authors observe that Russia follows its own path, followed by CIS countries, on regulating hate speech and extreme nationalism focusing on constitutional stability and public order, while Europe and USA have a more individualistic approach.

23-31

Authors: Annick Valleau, Rodolphe Droalin

This article examines the international community’s efforts in elaborating and enacting counterterrorism preventive measures to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism. Special emphasis is placed on the comprehensive approach to counterterrorism, which provides for the inclusive participation of non-state actors in the fight against violent extremism. The authors argue that the task of strengthening the preventive pillar of international cooperation is hampered by multiple tensions and divergent views that have, inter alia, hindered the adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism with its universal definition of terrorism. The authors also analyze the growing influence of the Russian Federation within the UN’s counterterrorism entities, as well as its position regarding the new participatory trend of international security policies. Russia’s national approach to counterterrorism involves the close collaboration between state and non-state actors with the purpose of fostering multiethnic and interreligious tolerance through counterterrorism propaganda and the promotion of patriotism. Accordingly, Russia strongly supports international initiatives to counter the ideology of terrorism through the regulation of the virtual space, while fervently upholding the principles of the sovereignty of States and non-interference in domestic affairs. The authors concluded that Russia’s perspective on counterterrorism openly clashes with the Western approach centered on the democratic community-based response to terrorism. Moreover, the human rights driven approach for military interventions in sovereign States, promoted by Western countries, is not compatible with the principles of sovereignty defended by Russia. In the light of the increasing leverage of Russia and of regional platforms, such as the Shanghai cooperation organization, within the counterterrorism branches of the UN, the authors suggest that the Russian vision of international counterterrorism policies grounded in values of State sovereignty could eventually prevail over the Western stance of democracy promotion through the prism of the Global War on Terror. The sources used in this paper include official UN documents such as resolutions, statements and press releases. Academic and NGO studies on counterterrorism, newspaper articles as well as declarations of the Russian government also complete the authors’ reflections.

3-12

Authors: Yuri F. Katorin, Elena S. Yumasheva, Marina A. Reshetnikova

For the creation on the present effective safety system should be in detail studied the history of conducting the most successful acts of sabotage. This article gives an example of successful conducting in 1943 the year of diversion with Senior Lieutenant Luigi Ferraro from the group “G”, which entered into the composition of the 10-th flotilla MAS of Italian fleet, in the Turkish port Aleksandretta, in this case for masking the operation diplomatic cover was used. There are described the equipment of Italian underwater saboteurs, the tactics of their actions and the procedure of preparation, the results of diversions are analyzed.

19-29

Authors: Andrey V. Mankov

The subject of article is revolutionary terrorism. The paper analyzes the terrorist activities of the Socialist-Revolutionaries (SRs), which is actively used methods of political violence in the early XX century. In 1905 – 1907 years revolutionary terrorism gradually gone beyond the capital of the empire and spread in the provinces, cities and districts of the huge state. The scale of terrorism in the Russian Empire of that time is undoubtedly impressive. The arena of the most cruel "revolutionary terrorist war" was practically the whole territory of a huge state – from Poland and the Baltic to the Volga region and Eastern Siberia .Terrorist acts continue to be an integral part of Russian reality.The article examines the process of emergence of revolutionary terrorism Socialist-Revolutionary Party. The SRs raised terrorism to an unattainable heights in the hierarchy of tactical methods of confrontation with the tsarist regime. Terrorist activity has ensured the party a great reputation and quite high popularity among the radical circles of Russian society. Thanks to the efforts of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, terrorism has become a nation-wide and national one. The author offers new views on the genesis of the terrorist tactics of the studied parties. The article presents the facts from the revolutionary practices of terrorism SR Combat Organization, its regional and local terrorist organizations.

4-9

Authors: Yuri F. Katorin

This article makes it possible to obtain at least minimum idea about the explosion, describes the basic phases of the process of its flow, damaging effect and methods of the activation of explosive devices, and also the tactics of application by their terrorists. Are led some tell-tale signs of the act of terror, which is prepared with the aid of the explosion, rules of behavior with entry into the zone of action of explosive device. The main source for writing this article become the official documents regulating the activities of law enforcement agencies to provide security during a particularly hazardous work and the prevention of terrorist acts, as well as the latest achievements in the field of technical means neutralizing the explosive devices.

21-29

Authors: Maxim G. Ivonin, Nicholas W. Mitiukov

On the basis of the law of conservation of momentum there was developed a model that allows to evaluate the uneven velocity of striking element of the improvised explosive device. In conclusion, it is noted that to engage targets at the greatest possible distance the striking element should have the maximum possible energy of motion, i.e., the best packaging is packaging in 1 row. To increase the compactness there can be placed submunitions in two rows with a minimum distance, if target is close and easily smitten.

47-53

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev

The infantry fighting vehicle BMP-2M "Berezhok" is one of the latest developments of russian military-industrial complex. The vehicle was first presented in 2006. The main difference between the BMP-2M "Berezhok" from other modifications of the BMP-2 is the increase in firepower more than 3 times. In conclusion it should be noted that despite the increase in firepower on the new BMP-2 Berezhok compared to other options, the era of these cars was just leaving. To replace the BMP-2 has already come BMP-3 with more powerful weaponry and performance characteristics of the chassis.