IMPACT : International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences

1-4

Authors: SURESH MEENA, R. P. GHASOLIA, JITENDRA SHARMA & MANOJ KUMAR MEENA

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is a seed spice which belongs to the family Apiaceae. Alternaria blight is an important disease of fennel caused by Alternaria alternata. The present investigations were carried out during Rabi 2013- 14 and 2014-15 at the Agronomy Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner to find out the effect of age of host and culture of Alternaria alternata on Alternaria blight of fennel. The maximum disease intensity (82.49 %) was recorded when plants inoculated at the age of 50 days followed by 70 days (81.11 %) while 10-day-old culture of the pathogen was found more aggressive in causing higher disease severity (83.81%) as compared to young culture i.e. 6-day-old culture (63.60 %).

17-22

Authors: PRIYANKA HINGANE, S.G.GUBBAWAR, ROHINI DARADE & A.T.REDE

The present Study was undertaken with an objective to prepare the standardized procedure of papaya milk shake with the sensory evaluation Milk shake was prepared from different proportions of cow milk and papaya pulp i.e. 95:05 (T1), 90:10 (T2), 85:15 (T3) and 80:20 (T4). The sensory score for overall acceptability of papaya milk shake blended with 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent papaya pulp based on 9 point hedonic scale were 6.24, 7.00, 8.60 and 6.84, respectively. The score for flavor, body and texture, colour and appearance based on 100 point numeric scale were 39.68, 32.16 and 18.72, respectively. It was observed that the papaya milk shake prepared from 85 parts of cow milk and 15 parts of papaya pulp was most acceptable and ranked between like very much to like extremely

33-38

Authors: NEETU TOMAR, RAJPAL TYAGI & C.L.JAIN

A series of several new chalcone analogues were synthesized and also evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against variety of bacterial and fungal strains. Among the synthesized chalcone derivatives 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c showed excellent antibacterial and antifungal activities while substituted quinolinyl chalcones showed significant antifungal activities. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, Mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis

45-56

Authors: ZAKARIA H. AIUBE, ALI H. SAMIR & ISRAA SH. A- R. AL- KADI

Many new 2,4,6-substituted pyrimidines namely 4(substituted)phenyl-6-(p-chlorophenyl or p-nitrophenyl)-2- oxo(1H)pyrimidines, 4(substituted)phenyl-6-(p-chlorophenyl or p-nitrophenyl)-2-imino(1H)pyrimidiens and 4(substituted)phenyl-6-(p-chlorophenyl or p-nitrophenyl)-2-thioxo(1H)-pyrimidines, with substituents pbenzenesulphonamido, p-uriedo, p(4',N-methylaminophenyl)azo were synthesized. All synthesised pyrimindines were characterized by its melting points FTIR, 1HNMR, and 13C NMR and Mass spectral analysis. Antimicrobial activities of all synthesised pyrimidines were examined against Gram-Ve (Serratia marcescens, pseucomonas aeroginosa), G+Ve bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes) and (candida albicans) fungi in comparism with Cephalexin, Amoxicillin, and Tetracycline, Lincomycin pharmaceutical antibioticis, Nystatine and Flucanazole antifungal treatments. Results showed good antibacterial effect, much better than antibiotics used in these studies, specially that pyrimidines containing imino and thioxo in postions-2. All synthesised pyrimidines showed very good inhibition effect against candida albicance fungi, specially that pyrimidines containing N-methylphenylazophenyl group at position-4.

69-76

Authors: DEJENETEREFE FILA, J.PAUL MANSINGH & WARKAW LEGESSE

An abnormal state of youth unemployment is one of the basic improvement issues confronting Ethiopia. The lacking job circumstance of youth has various financial, political and moral outcomes Unemployed young people are more likely to abuse illicit substances than employed young people. Youth unemployment also contributes for the prevalence of crime and violence in societies where employment opportunities are limited.. Unemployment is a distressing life occasion that makes individuals despondent. Youth unemployment likewise encourages the improvement of young people. Unemployment has driven many young women and girls into sex work in Africa. Like other towns of the country, Ambo town also displays and witnesses the problem of unemployment. The after effects of youth unemployment in this area till now was not well understood. In this stand, this study was conducted to examine the outcomes of Youth Unemployment in the study area. A sample of 140 respondents from three kebeles namely Kebele 01, 02 and 03 with high unemployment rate, was selected. The structured interview schedule was prepared to collect information on the consequences of youth unemployment. The study was supplemented by subjective information gathered through Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and Direct Observations. The most important consequences of unemployment as perceived by the youth were migration from rural to urban and urban to urban or increase in migrants. The other important consequences as perceived by the respondents were as follows: Moral failure of youth, Exposed to physical and sexual abuse, Exposed to mental and psychological depression or hopelessness, Lack of emotional attachment to the family, Drug addiction or expose to local drinks and illegal gambling and Fighting with each other or with group of relatives may attack others. Therefore, the experiences of localized efforts of connecting trained youth with private employers should be expanded to include more diversified skills of youth. In some way, it can be altered to be a plat form for job search or labor supply market.

83-88

Authors: V SHILPAKALA & T MURALI KRISHNA

A Screening trial with 21 castor genotypes against leafhoppers (Empoascaflavescens), and castor shoot and capsule borer, (Conogethespunctiferalis), was carried out in Dryland farm of Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati, and Andhra Pradesh during kharif, 2013. Of the twenty one genotypes screened, the cultivars M-574 (2.97), 48-1 (2.89) and PCH-294 (2.80) recorded lower incidence of leaf hopper whereas high incidence was recorded in DPC-9 (7.41) followed by DCH-111(6.43). The capsule damage caused by shoot and capsule borer in all the accessions was significant and the damage ranged from 13 to 47.29 per cent. The highest percent capsule damage was recorded in DPC-9 (47.29), PCS-262 (32.78) and PCS-171 (30.79). The least incidence was found in GCH-4 (13.17), PCH-288 (14.47) 48-1 (16.78), PCH-111 (17.37) and PCH-254 (17.39). The remaining cultivars showed the damage per cent of 20-30. The entries with triple bloom, loose spike, and non-spiny capsules were found to be resistant to leaf hopper and capsule borer when compared to the entries with zero and single bloom, compact spike and bold, spiny capsules

97-100

Authors: P. SUNEETA, K. ERAIVAN ARUTKANI AIYANATHAN & S. NAKKEERAN

The incidence of collar rot of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook caused by Sclerotium rolfsii was recorded for the first time in Ooty (Nilgiri dist.) and Yercaud (Salem dist.), Tamil Nadu, India during 2013-2014. The symptomatology of the disease was studied in detail and the pathogen was isolated from the infected root bits of Gerbera using Potato Dextrose Agar medium. Pathogenicity was proven by inserting 5 sclerotia into the collar region of the host Gerbera (variety Bellwater white). The pathogen was studied for its phenotypic characters and finally confirmed as Sclerotium rolfsii.

105-114

Authors: B. BHASKAR, S. KHAYUM AHAMMED, B.H. CHAITANYA, V. ABDUL RASHEED & T.N.V.K.V.PRASAD

Nanotechnology is an emerging field in the area of plant disease management. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been heavily studied as antimicrobial materials. Silver nanoparticles synthesized by the means of physical, chemical and biological ways but bio synthesis is the most eco-friendly approach. In bio synthesis of silver nanoparticles, the use of fungi gives good mono dispersity and dimensions. The synthesized silver nanoperticles are characterized by different techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy for confirmation of AgNPs synthesis, Particle size Analyzer for Hydrodynamic diameter of AgNPs, Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for identifying the molecules over AgNPs and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies to know the surface morphology and size of AgNPs. Application of nano-sized silver particles as antimicrobial agents has become more common as technological advances make their production more economical. Since silver displays multiple modes of inhibitory action to microorganisms, it is used for controlling various plant pathogens in a relatively safer way compared to synthetic fungicides.

123-128

Authors: D. V. SINGH & ANUPAM MISHRA

Watershed Development Programme is based on community approach with bottom-up planning from the perspective of watershed people. A study conducted with 196 watershed people from six watersheds covering four blocks of Nabarangpur and Kandhamal district in Odisha revealed that poor developments were observed on technological, economic, social, infrastructural, farm activities and income indicating that the project had not contributed significantly for the livelihood improvement of the tribal people. Socio-economic variables such as extension contact, house type, occupation, annual income, family type, family size and educational background of the respondents had significantly influenced various aspects of developments. The project officials have to priorities the needs of the tribal people and formulating feasible programmes and increase their occupational competency with remunerative enterprise, resource generation, productive time management, better coordination and team work as well as promotion of farm mechanization ensuring and team work as well as promotion of farm mechanization ensuring increase in production and income for the upliftment of tribal people in watershed area

141-150

Authors: V. PHANI DEEPTHI

In any micro propagation program, somaclonal variation is not desirable as it defeats the primary objective of clonal propagation. Obvious, chromosome breakages or aberrant number of chromosomes are found even in conventional sucker-grown plants. However, these defects get magnified in plants grown in vitro and more incidences are observed with increase in ploidy level. Hence, restricting the number of sub-culture cycles to 5-7 is considered safe. Although, somaclonal variation produces agronomically inferior off types in banana, it can be used to advantage as a source of new variation in Musa spp. by proper methods of detection, evaluation and improvement of useful variants obtained in banana with higher resistance to yellow sigatoka disease wilt, with dwarfism, heavier bunch, shorter growing cycle and tolerance to low temperature or low light. The current status of biotechnology is very close to making a significant contribution to the breeding of new cultivars. Tissue culture and in vitro mutagenesis techniques are being developed for induction of heritable variations with a high potential for banana breeding. This paper reviews the advantages and limitations of somaclonal variation in bananas available at present, as well as the main results of most the past investigations carried out on the topic.