IMPACT : International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences

1-8

Authors: RUCHI GALUNDIA

Planning a family is a very important aspect for couples in India. It can result in great happiness and also great disappointment. Being knowledgeable and informed about their fertility can assist couples to plan their family together. Women often know childbirth as their personality stabilizer. Also, women consider her as complete only if she is fertile and have children. She knows her biological, psychological and social success in function to her ability to breed children largely and feel adequate. Having a baby is always a joyful experience for almost every couple. But if a couple is not able to conceive even after all the efforts, it affects them socially as well psychologically. A couple’s relationship often suffers because of fertility problems and many report that the loss of spontaneity linked to intercourse timed to facilitate conception can have a considerable negative impact on desire and sexual function. Despite infertility being a relatively common problem, people affected by it often believe it to be rare and find themselves feeling isolated from family and friends. Infertility is a medical condition with psychological consequences rather than as a socially constructed reality. More studies now place infertility within larger social contexts and social scientific frameworks although clinical emphases persist. Present research paper focuses on the various dimensions/aspects of infertility & its implications on the couples

25-32

Authors: PAMPI PAUL & MUKESH KUMAR

In the present time climate change became a one of the biggest developmental as well as environmental challenge. Agriculture which is the backbone of Indian economy is one of the vital sources of greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. Out of many GHGs three main GHGs such as methane (CH4), carbon di-oxide (CO2) and Nitrous oxide (N2O) used to emit from the different agricultural practices. In this context, well proved climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices can be played major role in reducing as well as in mitigation of GHGs from farming practices. CSA aims to sustainable improvement of agricultural productivity and enhance food security, increase farmers’ resilience and adaptation to climate change. In other hand gender relations are very dynamic; they vary across the time and place. In India, Agriculture remains the mainstay of livelihood from the beginning and it has been developed over the different five year plans (FYPs) with gender perspective. In social context, use of climate smart agricultural practices are also depends on particular institutional and behavioural change; various studies reflect that gender-based context and constraints must be addressed to increase agricultural productivity, improve food and nutrition security, also to make farming climate resilient. There are some key issues such as gender has effect on adoption of climate smart agricultural practices, perception and attitude towards climate smart agricultural practices also varies based on gender etc. In this perspective gender responsive climate smart agricultural policy only can make the path suitable for further development of farming and to make it climate and gender resilient.

43-54

Authors: SUBHANIL GUHA

The present study was almost solely based on the primary data collected from a field visit at Padmapuram village of Araku valley, Andhra Pradesh which is basically known for tribal agglomeration. The local inhabitants are mainly dependent upon agriculture, mining and tourism. The household survey specially emphasised upon some of the sociocultural parameters, e.g., demography, health, education, economy, household condition etc. which are at least to some extent distinct compare to the other non-tribal villages. The village reflects a satisfactory condition compare to the national average in terms of the aforesaid parameters. But, there is obvious some serious lacking regarding health, water, electricity and education particularly in female population. Tourism industry can enhance the economic condition in the near future.

65-74

Authors: BOURNINE- HARCHAOUI CHAFIA, ADJOUD -SADADOU DJAMILA, KADI-BENNANE SALIHA & MEZAOUR NAJET

Very little work has been done on the mycorrhizal state of the black poplar in Algeria. Therefore, the purpose of our investigation is to make an inventory of the mycorrhizal procession of the black poplar in the region of Kabylia (Algeria). We were interested in seeing the influence of age, position of trees compared to a river and the influence of soil factors on the relative rates of the two types of mycorrhizae. Root samples were collected from four trees of different ages in March 2015. The trees were in different positions in relation to a watercourse. A quantification of the different types of mycorrhizae was performed by means of the method suggested by Giovanetti and Mosse (1980). Physicochemical analyzes were performed on the soils collected around the trees. The results show some morphotypic wealth in ectomycorrhizal and some diversity of mycorrhizal structures. The quantification revealed that endomycorrhizal colonization was superior to ectomycorrhizal colonization, whatever the age of the trees and their position in relation to the watercourse. The youngest tree showed the highest rate in AM. Indeed, we noted negative correlations between the age variable and colonization by AMs. These results are essentially due to the physicochemical factors of the soil.

81-86

Authors: ROSHNI VIJAYAN

The major cause of climate change has been ascribed to the increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO2), cholorofurocarbons (CFCs) due to the uncontrolled activities like burning of fossil fuels, increased use of refrigerants and enhanced agriculture related practices. There is no doubt that climate is changing. The main reason for climate change is the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to several natural and anthropogenic activities. The level of greenhouse gases has already increased considerably over the period particularly after industrial era (1850). Agriculture is an economic activity that is highly dependent on climate in order to produce the food and fiber necessary to sustain human life. The agriculture in India is highly sensitive to variations of weather and climate. The history of Indian agriculture reflects a series of adaptation. Soil, water, terrain, climate, technological developments and market factors provide constraints and opportunity for agricultural productions. Climate change has already been a reality for Indian farmers. These changes over time represent stimuli that affect the success of farming activities negatively and that prompt adjustments to altered circumstances. Since the inceptions of ‘sustainable agriculture’ in Rio Summit in 1992, a diverse range of approaches are put forward by researchers, state organization, nongovernmental development bodies, private organization in India but guided by the basic principle of sustainability. Sustainable agriculture must be economically viable, socially responsible and conserve land, water, genetic and other resources for future generation.

93-98

Authors: JITENDRAKUMAR T. TANDEL, KIRTANKUMAR V. TANDEL, GAURAVKUMAR M. TANDEL & PATEL M. R

For overall development of aquaculture, it is necessary to study socio-economic profile of shrimp farmers and to understand the nature of shrimp farming practices followed and also farmer’s perceptions about the aquaculture. The present study was carried out in valsad district of Gujarat state, India during July 2015 to November 2015. The detailed study was carried out on 38 shrimp farms with respect to the culture practices, pond preparation, stocking, feeding management, production and marketing. For the socio-economic component of the study, 108 shrimp farmers from coastal villages of Valsad including Kosamba, Bhadeli, Hingraj, Malvan, Untadi, Bhagal, Nani-bhagal, Kakwadi, Nanidanti, Motidanti were randomly chosen and data was collected by pre-tested questionnaire. Meetings of various shrimp farmers and fishermen were organized nearby motidanti village to assess the impacts of shrimp farming. The present survey study revealed that shrimp farming has contributed significantly in employment generation and infrastructure development of the coastal community and overall development of the coastal areas. This case study also revealed that aquaculture is risky business but farmers still consider it as a profitable venture with high status.

117-124

Authors: TAKASHI KAMADA, WEI-TENG WONG, CHIN-SOON PHAN & CHARLES SANTHANARAJU VAIRAPPAN

Two new compounds, (13Z,16E)-fuscol (1) and (13E,16Z)-fuscol (2), along with five known and related metabolites fuscol (3), 18-methoxyloba-8,10,13(15),16(17)-tetraene (4), isofuscol (5), 17,18-epoxyloba- 8,10,13(15)-trien-l6-ol (6) and loba-8,10,13(15)-triene-16,17,18-triol (7) were isolated from the methanolic extract of Bornean soft coral Sinularia flexibilis (Dinawan Island). Meanwhile, one new compound, (3E,5E)-2- methyl-6-[(2'R*,4a'S*,8a'R*)-4a'-methyl-8'-methylene-trans-perhydronaphthalen-2'-yl]hepta-3,5-dien-2- methoxy (8) together with a known compound, (3E,5E)-2-methyl-6-[(2'R*,4a'S*,8a'R*)-4a'-methyl-8'- methylene-trans-perhydronaphthalen-2'-yl]hepta-3,5-dien-2-ol (9) were isolated from the methanolic extract of another populations of Bornean S. flexibilis from Banggi Island. The structures of these three new molecules were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods (NMR, HR-ESI-MS and IR). In addition, their anti-bacterial activity was evaluated

143-146

Authors: NIDHI, F.L. SHARMA & SUNITA KUMARI

The present study was conducted in Badgaon and Girwa tehsils of Udaipur district of Rajasthan. Four villages from each selected tehsil were taken and 12 respondents were selected randomly from each selected village for the study. Data were collected through prestructured interview schedule. It was found that technical guidance should be provided regarding assessment of ETL, training on IPM technologies should be imparted, more number of demonstrations on IPM should be organized on farmers’ field & trichoderma etc. should be made available at local market were important suggestions were given by the farmers in the study area.

177-182

Authors: MURALIDHARAN.B, S. SARAVANAN, V.M. PRASAD, P.W. RAMTEKE & JOY DAWSON

Present study was carried out the effect of different sources of organic manures along with various levels of inorganic fertilizers on yield and economics improvement of indeterminate tomato (Solanum lycopersicum.L.) hy. GS - 600. It is one of the commercial high value crops in our country. Tomato crop requires a balanced fertilizer management without which growth and development of the crop will be impaired leading to substantial reduction not only in yield but also in the market appeal of the produce namely the yield and economics of the indeterminate tomato. Hence, the study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and economics of indeterminate tomato plants. From the study, it was found that yield and economics attributes of indeterminate tomato were significantly influenced by different treatment combinations. Among over all other treatment combinations, application of 50% RDF + 12 t FYM Ha-1 was superior in increasing the yield T7 (147.61 t/ha) characters and economics of maximum benefit: cost ratio was recorded in T7 with (3.65:1) indeterminate tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L.) hy.GS - 600.

201-206

Authors: RIMJHIM SHEEL, MONI ANAND & KUMARI NISHA

Rapid industrialization increases pollutants on earth, like heavy metals which causes number of disease in plants and animals. Several water ferns are capable of accumulating heavy metals, one of which is Azolla species. Azolla species are useful in the detoxification of industrial effluent. Roots of Azolla plant absorb Heavy Metals like Zn and Pb from water. Hence, Azolla species can be used for phytoremediation. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of heavy metal on the growth and development of water fern Azolla. Plants were grown in nutrient medium for 1 month containing heavy metals Zn 10% and Pb 10% separately. These Heavy metals transfer from root to the shoot which results in reducing the concentration of essential nutrients such as K+, Na+ and Mg++ in plants and inhibits normal growth. Result of the experiment also shows that the high concentration of Zinc is more effective in retarding the growth of Azolla sps. Then Lead.

217-224

Authors: AMTUL WARIS & R. MAHENDRA KUMAR

Evaluating the effectiveness of training programs is very important as it aids in identifying the extent of learning that has taken place and also provides insight on how to improve it. The Model Training Courses are organized to improve the professional competence, upgrade the knowledge and develop technical skills of subject matter specialists/extension workers. It also provides an opportunity for experience sharing, problem solving and interaction between experts and subject matter specialists. The present analysis pertains to the evaluation of the effectiveness of Model Training Course on System of Rice Intensification organized by the Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad. In the present study, the first two levels of the Kirkpatrick's Four-Level Training Evaluation Model were used. This model helps in objectively analyzing the effectiveness and impact of the training in order to improve it in the future. The reaction criterion indicated that majority of the participants were very highly satisfied with all the aspects of the program, i.e., the course content, methodology of conducting the training program, field visits, practical sessions, board and lodging facilities and other logistic arrangements in connection with the program. Learning measures the trainees' skills and knowledge which they were able to absorb at the time of training. In the pre-evaluation test 39% of the participants were in the low score category and only 13% were in the high score category. Whereas, in the post evaluation stage it was observed that only 4% were in low and majority were in medium 61% and high score category 35%. It can be concluded that training has resulted in substantial gain in knowledge about SRI method of rice cultivation

1-6

Authors: SANDEEP

This paper briefly discusses the Need, Advantage and Problems of Library Automation of Polytechnic college libraries in Haryana. It emphasis that today’s library could not survive without Automation. Library automation is the application of automatic and semiautomatic data processing machines (computers) to perform traditional library housekeeping activities such as acquisition, circulation, cataloguing, reference services and serials control.

15-20

Authors: VASUNDHARA PATIL & DILEEPRAJ PATIL

Sir John Salmond’s defined Law as :'Law is the body of principles recognised and applied by the State in the administration of justice'. It is the general belief that laws are for administering justice. However there is one lesser know aspect of real estate laws which helps the theives against the real owner.The adverse posssesion of any immovable property is an example of injustice meted to real owner as against the illegal person claiming the property as his own, after a particular prescibed time and further he can oust the real owner and become the owner with help of courts. If the object of the laws is to give justice, how can such laws be continued to be used, knowing very well it will benefit the unauthorised occupiers and prevent the title of the authorised person for his own property.The Relevance of this provision of law in the present context is being discussed in this paper. Is it just enough to say that all the laws should be made to adminsiter justice equally to one and all or is it also necessary to implement it.

29-36

Authors: SIMON ROP K, KOSGEI ARUSEI J & ELIUD KIREGER

The public views on resource use in relation to conservation by communities adjacent to South Nandi Forest were obtained through interviews and questionnaires. Sixty questionnaires were distributed to 5 of 9 villages surrounding the forest over a period of 3 months. A design and implementation of different activities (community forest management, institutional strengthening programmes, monitoring and livelihood programmes) to sensitize the population in accordance with community based associations was done. 88.3% of the population benefits readily available fuel wood while practicing agroforestry, 91.7% food crops, 68.3% apiculture and 51.7% livestock. Comparative market survey with the past showed 100% income increase. It was generally observed the community involvement in the conservation of natural resources is a success at South Nandi Forest ecosystem with high level of population awareness as shown by formation of community forest associations (CFA’s) and water users associations (WRUA’s). The forest provides the communities with food such as mushrooms, honey and meat, fuel wood, building materials such as poles, and creepers for tying, wood for carving and traditional medicine.

41-48

Authors: EHSAN A. YAHIA, SUZAN ATTEYA & NAGAT ELMORSY

Breast cancer is one of the highest malignant tumours which affect females in both developed and developing countries, referring to the recent statistics of the WHO and Cancer Research UK Institute. The role of breast cancer nurse starts from the first level of risk assessment up to follow up care of survivors. Aim of the study: to evaluate suggested nursing protocol on breast cancer screening practice. Methods: Total number of 30 female subjects was recruited for the aim of piloting the tailored nursing protocol. Quasi experimental research design was utilized to achieve the aim of the study. Conclusion: The study concluded that implementing the designed nursing protocol enhance life style and breast cancer screening practices among the studied subjects.

58-72

Authors: ADESINA. K. ADIO

In this research paper, the Natural Decomposition Method (NDM) is implemented for solving the linear and nonlinear Klein Gordon equations. The method which is based on the Natural Transform Method (NTM) and the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) is use to obtain exact solutions of three modelling problems from Mathematical Physics. The results obtained are in agreement with existing solutions obtained by other methods and demonstrate the simplicity and efficiency of the NDM. KEYWORDS: Adomian Decomposition Method, Klein Gordon Equations, Natural Transform, Sumudu Transform, Laplace Transform

95-100

Authors: R.P.DIWAKAR & VIBHA YADAV

“Mastitis” is an inflammation of parenchyma of mammary gland which is characterized by physical, chemical and microbiological changes in milk and pathological changes in glandular tissue (Radostits et al., 1994). Mastitis is occurring in most of the animals but major economic importance in cattles and buffaloes due to its effect on quality and quantity of milk in high yielder animals. To avoid the economic losses, it is important to identify the disease in early stage. Unlike the clinical form, in subclinical form there is neither visual detection of abnormalities in milk nor in mammary gland. So, routine diagnostic screening tests for early detection of mastitis are necessary to treat it and to avoid economic losses (Galdhar and Roy. 2003).

107-112

Authors: DONBOKLANG SYIEMLIEH, S. SARAVANAN, MURALIDHARAN. B & V.M PRASAD

The present investigation entitled “Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Flower Yield of Petunia (Petunia x hybrida) cv. Purple Prince” was carried out during 2015– 2016 at research field of Department of Horticulture, Allahabad School of Agriculture, SHIATS, Allahabad. The experiment included thirteen treatments and three replications. Treatment details were T0 (Control), T1 (GA3 @100ppm), T2 (GA3@150ppm), T3 (GA3@200ppm), T4 (GA3@300ppm), T5 (CCC@250ppm), T6 (CCC@500ppm), T7 (CCC@700ppm), T8 (CCC@800ppm) and T9 (NAA@30ppm), T10 (NAA@40ppm), T11 (NAA@50ppm), T12 (NAA60@1250ppm). It was concluded that application of GA3 @300 ppm in treatment T4 was found to be superior on plant height(23.00cm), plant spread(48.63cm), number of branches(13.30), number of leaves(570.50) and application of T8 NAA@60ppm was found to be minimum on no. of days for first flower bud emerge(51.47days), and treatment T8 CCC@800ppm fresh weight of flower(4.3g), diameter of flower(6.70cm) and treatment T1 GA3@100ppm was found to be superior on number of flowers per plant(54.47), yield of flowers per plant(126.63 g), yield of flowers per plot(1115.33 g) and yield of flowers per hectare(7.56 t) was observed as compared with control.

119-124

Authors: NAVAL RAGHUWANSHI, R. S. RAGHUWANSHI & SHEELA RAGHUWANSHI

An attempt has been made to identify the variables those having significant correlation with soybean yield. The values of partial regression coefficients (b-values) were worked out and it is observed that soybean yield was negatively and significantly influenced by irrigated oilseed area in Bareli tehsil in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh. The multiple R² (Coefficient of determination) value had been found 49.99 per cent at district level to imply all variables put together only 49.99 per cent of total had been rendered explicable. The multiple R² value at district level indication that some other variables like rainfall during crop season, fertilizer consumption etc also had substantial effect on the yield of soybean. Studies further indicate that 0.174 to 7.79 per cent variation in yield contributed by all three variables included in the study in regards to tehsils. Thus, on the basis of above finding it can be concluded that none of the studied variables emerged undisputedly as the most important factor in determine yield variation because none of these had influence on soybean yield at district level.

131-138

Authors: JAGRITI KAUR GARCHA & HARMINDER KAUR SAINI

Tunics inspired from Anasazi ceramic patterns were prepared through printing on the basis of consumer preferences using standard body measurements of 36” size. Developed tunic designs were evaluated by sample of 30 respondents on the basis of design, fabric type, silhouette and overall appearance. It was found that tunic design A1 was given first rank on the basis of all the parameters. Majority of the respondents rated the prepared tunics as very good. The largest percentage of the respondents, consider the quoted price of tunics as adequate. Highest profit margin was possible in case of design L1 i.e. 29.1 per cent, followed by design A1 with profit margin of 25.9 per cent.

143-156

Authors: ANOOP SINGH, BRAJESH SHARMA, NAVEEN GAURAV & NEETA SINGH

As the word Environment gained its eloquence, in 1972 from the well focused United Nations Conference on the Human Environment which became the periphery of interrelating day to day human activities & its effect on Environment. Further the momentum has been attained in 1992, from the U.N Conference on Environment & Development named as Earth Summit which resulted in farming action plan to achieve Sustainable Development & so emerged the most relevant tool to assess a potential project for environmental impacts known as “EIA”. EIA envisages the future environmental impacts arising from upcoming project or a development activity providing suitable options & feasible measures for reduction of adverse impacts, making project friendly to lives of number of local habitants & hence maintaining sustainable livelihoods. Hence EIA is the best perceived tool for achieving the sustainability, i.e. desired balance between needs of today keeping in mind the demands of future generations. The approach sustainable development was introduced into the global scenario in the 1980s as a sphere corelating economic development, the natural environment and people. This paper reviews the various analytical tools available to determine environmental impacts & there applications & respective comparison with EIA. The objectives of study to a large extent has been based on mapping & analysis of relevant flows of material, energy, environmental impacts & CO2 generation per tonne of clinker & cement in Jaypee Sidhi Cement Plant, Sidhi (M.P.) –India, A unit of Jaiprakash Associates through Life Cycle Assessment tool. LCA methods is used for compiling & examining the inputs & outputs of energy, raw material, environmental impacts & emissions directly attributable to the manufacture & functioning of a production of product from “Cradle to Grave”. Production of cement involves the consumption of large quantities of raw materials, energy & pyro- processing. Also cement production is one of the largest contributors to global Co2 emissions. Environmental impacts are taken in study as per national ambient air quality standards, 2009 of MoFF & CC. LCA methods are more precisely defined in ISO standards 14040 & 14044. Major thrust on following sections have been given in the study is goal & scope definition, inventory analysis, impacts assessment & interpretation. Potential impacts are also evaluated using the software & help of International Reference Life Cycle Data System Method recommended by European Commission in this study. Cost based analyses of above different segments were too taken in account in this research paper.

1-8

Authors: L.C. DE, RAJ KUMAR, N. SAILO & D.R. SINGH

Oncidiumconsists of 750 species of sympodial epiphytic orchids from America, Mexico and Argentina. Hybridization of Oncidiumorchids with Brassia orchids, Miltonia orchids and Odontoglossum orchids resulting in an Oncidium orchid that has some warmth toleranceand beautiful flowers. Hybrids and some commercial species are used for cut flowers, hanging baskets and potted plants. The present investigation was carried out with 8 hybrids of Oncidium orchids which were grown with recommended package of practices under greenhouse condition. Observations were taken on 60 morphological characteristics which could be used in future for crop improvement programme for developing new Oncidium hybrids.

17-24

Authors: L. NETAJIT SINGH & Y. SANTOSH SINGH

The present investigation was carried out to fit the trend in production and productivity of Rice crop data in Manipur state by using different statistical model (e. i. linear, nonlinear and time series model). The most suitable model was selected on the basis of adjusted R2, significant regression coefficient, root mean square error, mean absolute error, normality (Shapiro-Wilk test) and randomness of residual’s (Run test) distribution. Among the fitted models, time series e. i. ARIMA (2,1,1) and Gompertz models were found to be the best fitted trend equation for Rice production and productivity trend of Manipur State. The percentage growth rate during 6th to 11th five year plan and overall period during (1980-81 to 2013-14) show the increasing growth rate in production and productivity. Rice production and productivity has increase at the rate 2.090 per cent and 1.905 per cent per annum, respectively during the years (1980-81 to 2013-14).

31-44

Authors: GNANCADJA A. S. LEOPOLD, GISÈLE Y. HODE, ELEGBEDE A. FÉLIX, FATON M OSCAR EULOGE, AHANHANZO CORNEILLE, EDORH A. PATRICK & AKOEGNINOU AKPOVI

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is major cereal crop year and is consumed in various forms. DESPITE extensive use ict, ict output is affected by the disease with a yield reduction caused by the attack of fungal and bacterial pathogens. The present study was conducted with the main aim have to make a survey on some diseases affecting rice seeds in a producing area of rice in Benin and the secondary aim for assessment as to the pathogenicity of some fungi on some varieties grown rice in Benin. Disease diagnosis consisted of the isolation and identification of pathogens. Were produced from inoculated isolates tests tarnish grains under controlled conditions. The isolation from the file Managed samples and diagnostic tests Was Performed APPROBATION seven kinds of rice diseases caused by The Following pathogens: Curvilaria lunata, Helmintosporium oryzae oryzae Nigrospora, verticiloides Fusarium, Alternaria oryzae bacteria and nematodes. Among thesis pathogens, Curvilaria lunata, Helminithosporium oryzae, are to be Revealed The Most aggressive disease.

57-68

Authors: GLORIA S. SANTOS

The Post Baccalaureate in Teacher Education Program of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines which is also offered in its Bataan Branch is a one-year degree course enabling non-education graduates to take the Licensure Examination for Teachers after its completion, thus giving them the option to shift to the teaching profession. Prior to the conferment of the degree, students are required to pass all the requirements of the curriculum including the Practice Teaching on their last term. Their undergraduate course is considered their major or specialization. Since the subject of the study was second coursers who were either employed or self-employed, and majority was married, they were often heard to complain of stress particularly when they were already engaged in Practice Teaching. The investigation was conceived to find out what were the stressors of the 36 respondents who were enrolled in the program during the Second Semester of School Year (SY) 2010-2011 and SY 2011-2012 respectively and what actually caused their stress so that Teacher Training Institutions can provide the future enrollees of the same program with learning environment and interventions that will provide their students with better learning experiences. The descriptive research method was utilized by the researcher to present the phenomenon. The direction of the research was taken from the works of Clemant (1999), Corcoran (1989), Hemmings and Hockley (2002); Hunter Boykin and Thompson (1993); Piggie and Marso (1998);Schwab (1989); Wadlington, Slaton Partride (1998) and Mee (2009) who examined stress among teacher candidates during the field experience and found it to be a significant issue. There was an agreement on the cited works of these scholars that stress levels were generally high during student teaching. However, in the seven-year study conducted by Piggie and Marso (1998) they found out that teacher candidate’s anxiety decreases as they progress through the teacher preparation program. This was supported by Fives, Ham man, and Olivares (2007) who maintained that the teacher candidates, who experienced high guidance through the levels of support from the education institutions, demonstrated lower levels of burn out at the end of their practicum than candidates with low guidance. Therefore, the study was conducted to find out if similar findings can be drawn from the questionnaire-checklist treated both qualitatively and quantitatively.

79-88

Authors: C. S. ANGELIN, C. SUSILA & S. KANCHANA

Preterm birth is defined as childbirth occurring at less than 37 completed weeks or 259 days of gestation. Preterm birth is a global problem and evidently more than 60 % of preterm births occur in Africa and South Asia. In India preterm births is rising and presently around 21 % of babies were born preterm. Neonatal intensive care unit stimuli may interfere with brain development in premature infants and contribute to developmental delays. Statement of the Problem: A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Sensory Nursing Interventions on Feeding Progression among Preterm Infants in Selected Setting, Nagercoil, K. K District. A Quantitative Research Approach- Quasi experimental research design was adopted. The study was conducted on 125 each on study and control group. The investigator provided Sensory Nursing Intervention care on study group preterm infants along with routine hospital and control group was obtaining routine hospital care. Both the group were assessed with Preterm Infant Breast feeding Behaviour scale. The study concludes that the mean feeding progression of the control group was 6.1± 1.5 on pretest to post test assessment was also improved as 17.0± 1.7 without sensory nursing intervention. The mean feeding progression of pretest to posttest assessment of the study group was 5.3±1.1 and improvement after sensory nursing intervention was 19.8± 0.6.

101-110

Authors: SNEHAGHAI & NALEENI RAMAWAT

Rapid Urbanization and growing consumer’s concern for food safety, health and environment in recent times has resulted in a new tide in consumption of organic foods especially Organic Tea. Many recent researches have studied about the awareness and consumption pattern of Organic Foods and concluded that it is significantly higher in developed countries than developing ones. In countries like India, where organic food markets are still in the nascent phase of its growth, the level of awareness and acceptance is relatively low. The present study aims at analyzing factors effecting consumer awareness levels and buying perception regarding Organic Tea with the help of an Exploratory study using a structured survey of 200 respondents in Delhi-NCR through pre-tested Questionnaires using convenience sampling. This paper attempts to investigate the demand status of Organic Tulsi Tea as people residing in urban areas like Delhi-NCR as they are more conscious about their health and lifestyle and maximum of them are working professionals. The Consumers in Metro cities have a good purchasing power to pay premium prices for organic products so they prefer to include organic teas & supplements for a healthy lifestyle.

119-126

Authors: RAVINDRAGOUDA PATIL, G. JEYASEKARAN & S. A. SHANMUGAM

The present study was undertaken to isolate, determine the inhibitory profile against shrimp test pathogens and identify the actinomycete isolates with prominent activity. A total of 47 Actinomycetes were isolated from 45 samples which included seawater, marine sediment and swab samples of submerged substrates from the Mangrove swamp area located along the coast of Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India. High number of actinomycetes were isolated from the mangrove sediment samples (26) followed by swabs (12) and seawater (9). 34 (72%) actinomycetes exhibited antagonism to the shrimp test pathogens, Vibrio alginolytics, V. harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus to varying degrees. 12 isolates exhibited prominent inhibitory activity against the shrimp test pathogens. The isolate A10 displayed maximum inhibitory activity, with ≥ 20 mm, zone of growth inhibition against all the three shrimp test pathogens. In the color series, high number of antagonistic actinomycetes belonged to gray color series (21) followed by white color series (7) and violet color series (1). The antagonistic actinomycete isolate A10 exhibited prominent inhibitory activity against all the shrimp test pathogens and hence was subjected to standard chemotaxonomic and light microscopy investigations and was identified to be belonging to the genus Streptomyces spp. The results of the present study indicate that, Mangrove swamp areas are one of the good sources of inhibitory marine actinomycetes. Also, because these isolates displayed antagonism against the shrimp pathogens, they could be used as bio-control agents in shrimp aquaculture systems for preventing the outbreak of shrimp diseases caused by bacterial shrimp pathogens such as Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus. Also, novel, anti-microbial compounds can be extracted from these inhibitory marine actinomycetes for controlling shrimp diseases caused by the antibiotic resistant shrimp bacterial pathogens

133-148

Authors: FIRAFIS HAILE

This study investigated the factors affecting women farmers agricultural extension services consisting of production related information in improving the production capacity of farmers in Dendi district. Required data were collected from three kebele’s of Dendi district from 120 randomly selected households (60 participants and 60 nonparticipants female headed), 10 in-depth interviews with key informants and eight focus group discussions. The data were entered in SPSS software and organized in tables and figures and further described and analyzed following descriptive statistics, bivariate correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis procedure chi-square test, independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result of the regression model revealed that marital status, age of farmers access to market, access to credit and contacts with agricultural extension agent’s increases women’s’ participation to agricultural extension service, Age, educational level, family member less than 64 years old, use of improved seed, and knowledge and attitude on agricultural extension Service (AEAS) for income were found significantly influencing the index of all respondents’ and male headed farmers’ diet diversification function. On the other hand, farming experience was found significantly influencing the index of female headed farmers’ participation on rural women’s to agricultural extension service. Therefore, it was recommended that women in agricultural extension service programmes be sustained and encouraged by Dendi woreda agricultural office.

155-164

Authors: FOUAD SH. HASHIM & BURAAK K. KAHDUM

This research deals with the study of the structural and some optical properties of as-deposited CdS and CdS:Li thin films, grown on ultrasonically cleaned glass substrates at 300K by sol-gel spin-coating technique with the spin speed and spin time of 1000 rpm and 10 seconds, annealed to annealing temperatures 623K during 150min in digital furnace. XRD analysis revels that the films crystallize in polycrystalline hexagonal structure. The average crystallite size of CdS:0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mol% Li thin films calculated from the most intense peaks are equal to 8.666nm, 9.341nm, 9.933nm, and 11.112nm, respectively. The optical transmittance values of CdS film reaches to 91.8% inter VIS(longer than 500 ) and NIR regions, then decrease to 89.3% for 0.15 mol% Li, which is important for its applications as window layers in solar cells. The values of optical energy gap of CdS and Li doping by 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mol% were equal to 3.08 eV, and 2.97, 2.93, 2.89 eV respectively. Dielectric constant and loos had been investigated in this work.

175-180

Authors: RITA SHARMA & KULDIP DWIVEDI

Simarouba Glauca is an agro climatic plant having wide range of economical importance and new generation biofuel source, but it has a very small population in India. In order to increase its number it is necessary to propagate this plant through in vitro regeneration methods. Woody plants generally contains high amount of secondary metabolites and phenolic substances which inhibits the regeneration. Frequent sub culturing and incubation in dark are the simplest methods to reduce the browning effect up to some extent, but use of HgCl2 showed higher rate of survival of the explants. Various concentrations of Mercuric Chloride have been used in this study. Pre- treatment of 2.5% Ascorbic acid along with the 0.1% HgCl2 treatment for 2-3 minutes gave the effective results.

189-204

Authors: KAVITA DEHALWAR & JAGDISH SINGH

The present study thus focuses on water management strategy carried out in the Indian city of Bhopal whose, surging topography is spotted with a big quantity of large number lentic water bodies. Presently, the city is at risk, and requires urgent implementation of an integrated urban water management system. To understand the existing scenario of the water management system carried out by both government and other responsible bodies, quantitative analysis has been sought based on survey mode of data collection carried out on 5000 residents residing in the Kolar Road and Old Bhopal of the capital city. The role of various stakeholders in water management in Bhopal is satisfactory in certain areas but adequate improvement in needed– such as, lack of awareness among residents in prevention of water wastage, lack of initiatives adapted by NGOs and civil agencies to educate the residents in managing water and thereby preventing its wastage. There is need to strengthen its technological innovation. Also, private partnerships should be encouraged, along with more stringent government laws. Private water suppliers need to act more responsibly while distributing water. More effective participation of the NGOs in educating the masses of water management practices thereby developing the present loopholes is recommended.

1-12

Authors: AMARESH DAS & S. S. ZAMBARE

An investigation was carried out with an objective to assess the seasonal variation in the salinity / sodicity development in soils of five talukas of Navsari district (Gujarat) as influenced by varying quality of irrigation water sources in this district. Fifty seven numbers of irrigated soil samples under varying crops from five talukas i.e. Jalalpor, Navsari, Gandevi, Chikhli and Vansda of Navsari district were collected from 10/12 randomly selected villages of each talukas during pre- (May) and post-monsoon (October-November) seasons of 2010. Soil pH, EC, exchangeable cations, Organic Carbon, available N, P2O5 and K2O were determined from these samples. ESP of these irrigated soils was computed. The overall results of Navsari district revealed that during pre-monsoon season about 23 per cent irrigated soils belonged to slightly saline (EC 1.0 to 2.0 dS m-1) to highly saline (EC >3.0 dS m-1) class and rest (77%) came under normal class while, in post monsoon season percentage under normal class increased to about 88 per cent and the rest 12 per cent soils belonged to slightly to highly saline class. With regard to ESP, about 40 and 12 per cent soils depicted high ESP (>15) in pre and post-monsoon period, respectively.

21-28

Authors: PREETI YADAV, SHASHI SETH, KIRANCHUGH3, S.N.CHUGH & P.K.SEHGAL

Objective To study endogenous sex hormones serum levels and their effects in Indian men and women having Type 2 Diabetes Research Design and Methods For the analyses, (n=200) subjects including (n=94) males and (n=106) females, out of which 100 diagnosed cases and 100 age and sex matched healthy controls were studied. Only diagnosed cases of diabetes type 2 (50 men and 50 women) aged 45–75 years undergoing glucose profile testing in outdoor clinics in the hospital PGIMS, Rohtak (2011- 2013) were included following a detailed protocol. Patients with acute complications like coma and acidosis, pregnant women, postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy, use of steroids since past six months, type 1 diabetes were excluded. Early morning fasting samples were collected and serum analysed for testosterone, estrogen, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c. Serum testosterone levels [normal= males 20-39 years: 241–827 ng/dL, 40-89 years: 141-703 ng/dL; Adult Females:>19 years:<77ng/dL] were measured using direct chemiluminescent technology on ADVIA Centaur autoanalyser. Serum estrogen (normal in males- 10-36 pg/ml, females-Premenopausal:13-191 pg/ml, Postmenopausal:11- 65 pg/ml) and HbA1c levels (normal=4-5.6% in normal people, <6.5% -target for control in diabetics) were measured on Autoanalyser via Immunoassay Kits. The results were analysed and compared. Results Overall analysis showed that diabetic men had low testosterone values (287.50±61.09) ng/dL as compared to controls (409.38 ±113.23) ng/dL (p<0.001) and raised HbA1c, whereas diabetic women had raised testosterone (52.35 ± 41.09) ng/dL values (p<0.001) and raised HbA1c as compared to controls (25.00±16.99) ng/dL (p<0.001). Diabetic Women had mean estradiol levels (47.00 ±53.36) pg/ml lower as compared to control females (69.31±57.51) pg/ml, (p <0.05), also they negatively correlated with HbA1c. Men showed no significant difference in estradiol levels in diseased and controls and showed no correlation between estradiol and HbA1c levels. Conclusion In North India -Diabetes type 2 is associated with Low Testosterone levels in Males, low estradiol and HighTestosterone levels in Females, which in turn is associated with poor glycemic control in Diabetes type 2. Such associations suggest possible clinical applications of sex hormone biomarkers in potentially adding prospective risk information. More prospective studies are needed to better define risk levels

33-42

Authors: HUDA SHAWKY MAHMUD, SOHEIR ABD ELHAMID DABASH, ELHAM MOHAMED AHMED, RAGIA MOHAMED KAMEL & SAFAA SALAH ISMAIL

Admission of low birth weight (LBW) neonates in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) causes their deprivation of tactile and sensory stimulation. The exciting benefits of Oil massage therapy (OMT) encourage the researcher to conduct it as an essential and integrated part of the daily nursing care for the medically stable neonates therefore, the study aimed to investigate the effect of oil massage therapy on anthropometric parameters and behavioral state of stable LBW neonates. Oil massage therapy (OMT) is a natural way for the caregivers to improve neonatal health, anthropometric parameters, and sleep patterns. A quasi- experimental design was selected for this study, a purposive sample composed of sixty LBW neonates their weight less than 2500 grams selected from the NICU of El Manial University Hospital - Cairo University- Egypt. LBW neonates in the control group received routine nursing care, while LBW neonates in the intervention group received OMT for one session, 15 minute per day for 10 consecutive days, in addition to routine care. Anthropometric parameters, behavioral state, and hospital stay were compared between the two groups. The intervention group gained significantly more total mean weight gain (254.70± 29.16g) compared with the control group (110.20± 50.98g) after the study period. Neonatal OMT might be used as an effective, natural, and safe non-medical intervention for increasing anthropometric parameters and improving behavioral state of LBW neonates

51-58

Authors: GEETANJLI DHAWAN

Chemical industry today is dependent on fossil raw material like coal, oil and natural gas although they are depleting and irreplaceable. By 2040, they would become so expensive that bio feed stocks will be an economically competitive alternative. The limitation in today scenario for transition to a more bio based production system is hampered by a variety of obstacles including the cost and technology to transform bio based raw material into product with industrial application profile. Compared to coal, oil and natural gas, terrestrial biomass is considerably more complex constituting sugar hydroxyl and amino acid, lipid and biopolymer such as cellulose, hemi cellulose, chitin, starch, lignin and protein. Among these, the most important class of organic compounds in terms of volume produce i.e. carbohydrates are worked out in the present study as they represent roughly 75% of annually renewable biomass of about 200 billion tonnes but only a minor fraction (4%) is used by man, the rest decay and recycle along natural pathways. Thus, carbohydrates are the industrially and economically viable organic chemical that would replace those derived from petrochemical sources and would constitute the major bio feed stocks aside from there traditional use for food, lumber, paper and heat.

63-74

Authors: EZEKIEL A. A.

The study assessed the effects of irrigation system on maize production in the study area. Multistage sampling was used to select the respondents for this study. The data for this research work was collected through administration of a wellstructured questionnaire. Descriptive statistic was used to describe the socio economic characteristics of the respondents while multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis for the study. The mean age was 52 years, most of them were married, most of them had formal education, with an average of 10 years of experience in primary occupation while more of male engaged in irrigated maize production in the study area. The mean farm size under cultivation was 11.5 hectares while the mean farm size under maize production was found to be 6.21hectares. Most of them engaged in surface irrigation system. The fact that irrigation provides the means for maximize production with multiple cropping was the most widely identified benefits associated with irrigation system while insufficient water resources was the most widely identified problems associated with utilization of irrigation system. The total cost of N31305.71 was spent on all the production inputs while the total was found to be N181113.57. Based on the finding, it was concluded that maize production under irrigation system is highly profitable despite some constraints such as poor access to water resources. More effort should be made by all stakeholders in agriculture and water resources management through adequate water management practices so as to allow for year round availability of water for irrigation purposes to increase yield especially during the dry season

83-88

Authors: DAWN C.P AMBROSE & RAVINDRA NAIK

Banana centre core, a biological waste in banana plantations could be effectively utilized as a source of food material by converting them into flour which could be used as a food product in bakery preparations and soup mix. In this study, an attempt was made to develop a process for the value addition of banana central core, by drying and powdering. Cleaned and sliced banana centre core was dried in a cabinet dryer at 50, 60 & 70°C temperature. The dried samples were ground to flour in a pulveriser. The drying characteristics and the quality of the dried material and flour obtained were analysed. The sample dried at 60°C temperature, was found to be better in terms of colour and quality of the flour

99-108

Authors: N. KRISHNAPRABU, C. SWAMINATHAN, V. SWAMINATHAN, K. BALAKRISHNAN & K. BASKAR

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2015 - 2016 at Dry land Agricultural Research Station, TNAU, Chettinad, Tamil Nadu. There were 45 combinations comprising of different cropping system, nutrient management and stress management practices with 2 replications. Results indicated that Pigeon pea + foxtail millet + Groundnut (1:2:1) + 100% RDF for base crop + foliar spray of 2% DAP +1% KCl + foliar spray of PPFM @500 ml ha-1 were significantly higher proline content in pigeon pea (52.85 and 64.85 mg g-1 FW), small millets (12.05 and 12.65 mg g-1 FW) and peanut (3.15, 3.45 mg g-1 FW) for both pre flowering and flowering stage of the crops.

117-124

Authors: NARCISA T. MORALLO

Clean air is essential for being healthy. Data from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources’ Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB) revealed the Total Suspended Particles (TSP) in Metro Manila during the first quarter of 2015 reached 130 micrograms per normal cubic meter (ug/Ncm). The maximum safe level is 90 ug/Ncm. Since 80% of pollution load is contributed by vehicles, the study determined the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) during the smoke emission testing of motorcycles in Dumaguete City, Philippines. Random sampling and simple average formula were utilized in the study. Using the smoke test results from January to February 2015, it was found out that the average amount of CO is 1.45 ug/cm which is very low compared to DENR standard exposure value of 35 ug/cm for one hour and 10 ug/cm for 8-hour exposure. Also, the average amount of HC is 600.26 ppm as hexane which is low compared to DENR’s maximum set value of 4500 ppm to 6500 ppm as hexane. Current findings indicate that the amount of CO of motorcycle emissions are insignificant while HC are low as compared to the standard value

135-146

Authors: SHAIMAA HASSSAN MEKAWY& MAGDA AMIN EL-MOLA

Patient handoff between nurses at shift change has been a crucial process in clinical nursing practice, allowing nurses to exchange necessary patient information to ensure continuity of care and promote patient safety. The aim of the current study was to assess the relation between nursing handoff quality and the continuity of care, in intensive care unit at private Hospital. Descriptive correlational design was utilized to achieve the aim of the study. Data were collected from July to November 2015. The researcher developed the following two tools to collect the data, Nurses handoff checklist & continuity of care checklist. Convenience sample of all available (21) nursing staff. Results revealed that, the majority of observed practices of all handoff procedure were very inadequate, while less than half of them demonstrated adequate practices in all continuity of care. Regarding relationship between quality of nursing handoff and continuity of care, there was negative insignificant correlation between total nursing handoff practice and total continuity of care (p0.28).The study recommended that, the hospital should be: utilize standardized handoff tool prefer to be fully integrated with current hospital electronic health record to ensure completeness and integrity of documentation; set strict policy and procedure to control nurses' negligence to handoff; institute regular training about documentation including handoff; strict monitoring staff compliance to standardized handoff after training.

159-170

Authors: KHALIL IBRAHIM AL-SAMARRAI, BAHIA M. BEN GHAWAR, HANEEN ABDULRRAZIQ ALFIRJANI, FATMA NASR ARAHOUMA& AKRAAM NAJEEB SAQAR

Production of oil and gas is usually accompanied by the production of water. This produced water consists of formation water, or flood water previously injected into the formation. As exploited reservoirs mature, the quantity of water produced increases. Consequently, the management of produced water requires a structured and integral approach of technologies and strategies. To assist building strategies for enhancing oil production, two successful supplementary methods are in use at this time: water injection and steam injection. So, the need for hydraulic properties as well as petrophysical characteristics of the oil reservoir is a must for evaluating the locations of the injection system. An attempt in this work is made to study hydraulic and petrophysical properties of Hawaz reservoir of the O-Oil Field located in south eastern part of the concession NC-115 of Murzuq Basin in Sharara Oil Field in south western of Libya. The approach uses geophysical well logs of five selected oil wells in the study area. These logs include, resistivity, gamma ray, sonic, neutron and density. With the aids of simple spreadsheets, reservoir properties such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and storage coefficient were calculated.

175-180

Authors: JAYSHREE A. KHUSPURE & S. K. RAY

The mineralogical and chemical properties of a profile in Nimone series of Ahmadnagar district in Maharashtra was studied. Soil reaction was strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 8.5) and electrical conductivity ranged from 0.10 to 0.53 dSm-1. The organic carbon content was low to moderate and it decreased with depth whereas calcium carbonate increased with depth. Among the exchangeable cations, calcium is the dominant one followed by magnesium, sodium and potassium with increase in ESP with depth. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the fine clay fractions are mostly composed of smectite with small amounts of vermiculite, chlorite, and feldspar whereas mica and kaoline content in fine clays are in traces.

191-196

Authors: JITENDRA SHARMA, SHAILESH GODIKA, RAM PHOOL GHASOLIA, SHASHI KANT GOYAL & SURESH MEENA

Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.), Czern & Coss] is the second important oilseed crop of India. Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, is a major disease of mustard. The present research work aimed to study the inoculation techniques, morphological and cultural characters of S. sclerotiorum. Isolations were made and culture was purified by adopting hyphal tip method from Sclerotinia rot infected plants. Small mycelia tufts and black semi spherical to round or irregular shape sclerotia observed in the culture growth and which measured 2-10 mm × 13-15 mm in size. Highest per cent disease incidence (82.00 %) was observed in seed + soil inoculation technique followed by soil inoculation (70.00%). Among liquid media tested, maximum dry mycelia weight 75.10 mg and excellent sclerotial formation was recorded on Potato Dextrose broth. It was followed by Richard’s medium resulted 68.60 mg dry mycelia weight and good sclerotia formation.

1-8

Authors: NAVEEN GAURAV, A. P. SINGH, ABHISHEKH SRIVASTAVA, ASHA SINGH & HIRA SINGH GARIYA

Withania somnifera is a member of family Solanaceae is one of the most important and effective Ayurvedic and medicinal herb in different region of India. It is widely and preferlly used in the curing of many diseases and disorders like inflammatory conditions, rheumatism, different types of tumor which also responsible to cause cancer, tuberculosis or in reproductive system to become young again or to decrease the sterility, cure nervous system related diseases and it is very important and beneficial to improve the vitality. The world wide interest in Ashwagandha and the large demand for its dry roots give a great opportunity to propagate this plant on commercial scale. Now present price for its roots is very attractive, Ashwagandha crop provides most economically returns in compare to other traditional crop plants. In India Ashwagandha is commercially propagated as rain fed crop plant in Rajasthan mainly in Kota district and Bhanpura, Manasa, Neemuch, Jawad tehsils of Mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh and Kur-nool, Prakasam, Anantapur, Mahabubnagar and Warangal districts of Andhra Pradesh. Cultivation has been occurred at few areas in Karnataka

21-28

Authors: NISHANT GUNJAN & APARNA BHARTI

During the last few decades, there has been an increasing consciousness and concern that the environment in which we live has deteriorated very fast. We are witnessing a steady decline in the quality and/or quantity of basic life supporting resources like air, water, soil and living organisms. Sustainable development has emerged out of the fears of the depleting natural resources and a subsequent slowing or even closing down of much of the economic activities and production systems. It is the result of rapacious misuse of earth’s precious and limited resource base by those few who had a control over production systems. The emergence of the idea of sustainability also strikes at the indispensability of eco-friendly technological transformation towards energy saving devices, alternate and non-conventional systems for providing comfort to citizens without bringing down their quality of life. The dominant patterns of production and consumption are altering climate, degrading the environment, depleting resources, and causing a massive extinction of species. To meet the demands of increasing population, technology has come forward. This paper focuses on the key areas of sustainable developments and technological contributions towards it.

41-46

Authors: JAAFAR M. MOUSA, SADEER M. MAJEED & ODAY.M. ABED AL-HUSSEIN

The attractive properties of graphene and its composites have led to the study of numerous applications such as transistors, biosensors, energy storage devices, nano-electro-mechanical systems and others; the past decade has witnessed the rapid growth of carbon nanotechnology. More research in the area will help the development of next generation graphene based composites and hybrid materials. In this study, samples composite materials used for manufacturing by hand layout technique which casted into cylindrical pellets. The matrix materials of these composites are: epoxy resin, reinforced with graphene particles which are added in three percentages (1, 3, and 6) % wt to the matrix. Additionally there are pellet without reinforced with graphene particles, then measured Shor-D hardness, diametrical compressive strength and thermal conductivity for all the samples, its found from the results there is improvement in mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of the samples that reinforced with graphene specially at 6%wt.

53-60

Authors: AYOADE ADENIKE REBECCA & ADEWOLE WILLIAMS ADEKUNLE

Inadequate water sanitation information utilization has resulted in increased occurrence of water borne diseases among rural households in recent times in Nigeria. Stakeholders in water and sanitation sectors introduced a set of recommended practices via information dissemination to people with the aim of reducing the incidence of diseases. The study therefore examined the level of water sanitation information utilization among rural households in Oyo state. A sequential multistage sampling technique was used in selecting two hundred and thirty (230) respondents for the study. Structured interview schedule was used to collect relevant data. Data were subjected to a mixed method data analysis: both descriptive (mean, frequency count, percentages, weighted mean score and standard deviation) and inferential statistical analysis (Chi-square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC)). The inferential statistical tools were used to test the hypotheses of the study. The findings of the study revealed a mean age of 41.2 years and the mean household size was 6, while average farm size was 2.3 acres. Rain water collection (89.1%) and protected dug well (87.8%) were the common sources of water supply in the study area. Sound health (99.6%) was the most widely mentioned benefit of the water sanitation practices. The use of covered containers (WMS =3.6) ranked first as the most utilized water sanitation information and Financial constraint (WMS = 2.2) ranked first as the major constraint to the utilization of water sanitation information. The PPMC results conducted at 5% level of significance showed that age, household size, educational status and annual income had significant relationships with level of information utilization. The Chi-square test conducted at 5% level of significance revealed significant relationships between sources of water supply (personal tap, public tap, borehole, protected dug well, rain water collection) and level of information utilization. The study concluded that the various water sanitation information were moderately utilized and recommended the provision of more water and sanitation facilities by the government, developmental institutions and Non- governmental Organisations to the rural households.

67-72

Authors: KAMLESH KUMAR DADSENA, GUNJAN KALYANI, RAHUL SINGH & BAIKUNTHA

The problem of pollution which has been caused by the constant utilization of man-made polymers has drawn substantial attention related to the growth and production of biodegradable polymer. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is known to be intracellular addition in some bacteria. PHA has the parallel structural properties of many conventional plastics, but it can be produced from renewable resources which gets biodegraded easily. The present work is an attempt that PHAs can be substitutes to conventional plastics. A research investigation was felt in order to explore the indigenous bacterial culture from PHA production. Four Streptomyces species e.g. Streptomyces diastaticus, Streptomyces cyaneus, Streptomyces microflavus and Streptomyces achromogens adopted effectively in harsh environment state e.g. pH. The culture medium is used as liquid or gel is designed to support the growth of microorganisms. There are different types of media for growing different types of cells. It was revealed in light of present investigation that there is limitless demarcation for the use of biodegradable polymer which can be allied to various sectors.

91-98

Authors: MOHAMMADNEZAMI & SAFARRAHMANI

Warmness generated inside tooth all through medical dentistry can motive thermally triggered damage to tough and soft additives of the enamel (tooth, dentin and pulp). Geometrical characteristics of immature teeth are one-of-a-kind from those of mature tooth. The purpose of this experimental and theoretical look at was to research thermal adjustments in immature everlasting enamel during the usage of mild-curing units. This research investigates fuzzy Measure-Choquet Model investigation about heat transfer phenomenon in human teeth. Common polymerization light sources are used as the main heat source; Overall, thermal stimulation for 30 seconds with a low-intensity increased the temperature from 28°C to 38°C in IIT (intact immature tooth) and PIT (cavity-prepared immature tooth). When an excessive-intensity LED LCU became used, tooth temperature extended from 28°C to 48°C. The outcomes of the experimental tests and mathematical modeling illustrated that using LED LCU on immature teeth did not have any unfavorable impact on the pulp temperature. Sensitivity evaluation showed that versions of heat conductivity may have an effect on warmness switch in immature teeth; therefore, similarly researches are required to decide thermal conductivity of immature tooth.

107-116

Authors: M. SAJANI LAVANYA, D. MADHUSUDHANA RAO & VB SUBRAHMANYESWARA RAO SEETMRAJU

In this paper we introduce the concepts of a right weakly regular Ternary Γ-semiring and a fully prime right Ternary Γ-semiring

125-136

Authors: ADEL H. OMRAN ALKHAYATT, GHOFRAN MOHAMMED HUSSEIN AL-HADDAD

In this study, pure and Fluorine (5,10 and 15 wt%) doped CdS thin films were prepared on glass substrate by solgel spin coating method dried at temperature 250 °C for 15 min. and annealed at temperature 450 °C for 2h. Structural properties, surface morphology of CdS and CdS: F thin films have been investigated with respect to the doping process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results point to that the structure of all prepared thin films are polycrystalline in nature and has a Hexagonal (Wurtzite) phase, CdS and CdO cubic phases was found related to annealing temperature and air ambient. The average grain size of CdS film was53.4 nm and increases as fluorine dopant concentration increase with maximum value of 97.3 nm for CdS:F (15wt%) so the pure and doped films have nanocrystalline structure. The introducing of fluorine does not affect the structural properties of the films. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image for CdS and CdS:F thin films shows that smooth, uniform morphology and plated regularly. The stoichiometry of CdS:F prepared films confirmed by the energy dispersion x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) specta. Consequences of atomic force microscope (AFM) images for CdS and Cds:F thin films displayed smooth surface texture.

141-148

Authors: SAMBHAJI D. SHINDE & GAIKWAD V. P.

Water is an essential natural resource for sustaining life and environment. The available water resources are under pressure due to increasing demands and the time is not far when water, which we have always thought to be available in abundance and free gift of nature, will become a scarce commodity. Conservation and preservation of water resources is urgently required to be done. In many part of India, water supply to communities evidently provides a shortfall in demand. Rainwater harvesting systems can provide water at or near the point where water is needed or used. The systems can be both owner and utility operated and managed. Rainwater collected using existing structures (i.e., rooftops, parking lots, playgrounds, parks, ponds, flood plains, etc.), has few negative environmental impacts compared to other technologies for water resources development. Rainwater is relatively clean and the quality is usually acceptable for many purposes with little or even no treatment. The physical and chemical properties of rainwater are usually superior to sources of groundwater that may have been subjected to contamination. The present study was intends to measure the rooftop rainwater harvesting potential using GIS technique. The GIS analysis employed in this study was essential for a systematic evaluation of roof rainwater harvesting in the selected Nidhal village in Man tehsil of Satara district. With the application of GIS it was possible to estimate the total amount of water harvestable at the household level. It is very tedious work to assess the catchments available for roof top rainwater harvesting, here the roof surfaces are the catchments and with respect to that GIS technique is employed to calculate the area of various types of roofs in the study area for the measurement of its potential and planning for the area under study.