IMPACT : International Journal of Research in Engineering & Technology

9-20

Authors: AKSHATA JAIN N, UDAYASHANKARA T. H & LOKESH K. S

Heavy metal pollution in soil has become concerned environmental problem in KGF. Thus an extensive survey has been conducted to determine and map the concentration and distribution status of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, NI, Pb, Zn, Fe, As, CN, Mn) in the soil samples collected from KGF. A total of 10 soil samples were collected and analyzed for major heavy metals. The presences of heavy metals which are the indicators of pollution in the soil were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Though many varieties are there to represent the soil contamination, a simple direct method is adopted in showing the distribution pattern of heavy metals in soil. The result obtained from the ICP and its direct distribution pattern showed excess presence of heavy metals which exceeded the tolerance limit given by WHO. All the heavy metals were widely spread and showed their presence in soil is mainly because of mining and mine dumplings at the study site. The single pollution factor index (SPFI) analyzed showed the average SPFI values of all the heavy metals (As, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn) except Iron and Chromium were much higher than 1 indicating excess pollution and were in the decreasing order of Arsenic > Copper> Nickel> Lead> Zinc> Manganese> Chromium> Iron. The Nemerow pollution indices of heavy metals (PIN) also varied significantly for the soils of different Stations. Copper, Nickel, Arsenic, lead and Zinc are majority indicators of heavy pollution level having PIN values as 225.22, 35.87, 21.31, 8.29, 5.47 respectively followed by Magnesium, Chromium and Iron with Nemerow pollution indices as 1.67, 1.12 and 0.148 showing light pollution and clean level respectively. All the heavy metals in soil except Iron do not remain a safe level for human being consumption.

27-42

Authors: N. Kamatchi & D. Saravanan

ABSTRACT In this paper, flexible open shop scheduling problem using modified discrete firefly algorithm(MFOSSP-DFA) is studied in the case of optimizing different contradictory objectives consisting of (i) make span (ii) maximal machine workload (iii) total workload (iv) machine idle time (v) total tardiness. The main constraints of this scheduling problem are that each operation has to be processed without preemptive by exactly only one machine at one stage (i.e) no ordering constraints on operations. It is very difficult to adopt the situations where the undertakings making up an occupation can be performed in any request. Despite the fact that it is unrealistic to convey out more than one task at any particular time. It is non polynomial- hard problem. So its complexity is more. Because of its high complexity many researchers found difficult to solve using classical optimization methods. In this study, firefly algorithm is embraced to take care of the issue in which the machine task and operation arrangement are handled by constructing a correct conversion of the continuous functions as attractiveness, distance and movement into new discrete functions. Benchmark problems are used to evaluate and study the performance of the firefly algorithm. The final result shows that the firefly algorithm produced better results than other author’s algorithm