BULLETIN OF THE KALMYK SCIENTIFIC CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

6

Authors: Tamara G. Basangova

The multi-genre Kalmyk folklore has incorporated a complex system of symbols that refl ect the national distinctness and peculiarities of Kalmyk culture. In the present article, the author studies the image of the spider that has several denominations in the Kalmyk vocabulary: araaljin — the cross spider that lives in a house and the web it weaves is called araljna goelm — “spider’s web”. The spider acts as a cultural hero: by virtue of it or imitating its actions people learn the art of weaving which is often viewed as the very fi rst handicraft caused by the need for creation. The spider’s second name that arises in spells is uncle Mandzhi which implies people’s reverence for the spider. The image of the spider occurs in Kalmyk folklore texts (in spells, superstious beliefs, seventy two fables), in the pictorial system of Mongolian fairy tales and epic poems. The image of the spider is also refl ected in the artworks of the Kalmyks. For example, the Kalmyk silver jewellery is distinguished by an abstract ornament which is different from others. It is called araljnamoer zeg (spider footprints). Studies of the animal kingdom in Kalmyk folklore shall contribute to investigating the zoological code in the multi-genre Kalmyk folklore.

6

Authors: Yunus M. Murtuzaliev, Livana Ya. Taibova

In the 1930s national literatures began developing rapidly. Poets and writers of that time often turned to folklore. It infl uenced the formation of artistic structure and defi nition of the poetics of literary texts. One of those works is the poem “Ereller” by the Tabasaran writer Abumuslim Dzhafarov. The article analyzes the mythological stories and images that served the basis for the creation of the poem. The work is relevant because the creativity of one of the founders of Tabasaran literature A. Dzhafarov has never been subject of special studies. The present analysis and identifi cation of folklore stories in the works of this author will serve as the initial step for further studies of A. Dzhafarov’s works. The principle of analysis and conclusions made in the article will be useful for future researchers working in the fi elds of Dagestan literary criticism and folklore studies. The aim of the study is to identify mythological motifs, themes and images in the poem “Ereller” by A. Dzhafarov. The object of the research is Abumuslim Dzhafarov’s poem “Ereller”. The subject of this study is the analysis of the ideological and artistic, genre and compositional features and topical identity of the poem. The main research method is the historical and typological one.

7

Authors: Sharpudin B. Ahmadov, Daniyal S. Kidirniyazov

The article characterizes the unique high-rise monumental architectural structures of the 18th century — tower and crypt buildings on the territory of Chechnya that form a special complex of historic monuments and material artifacts of the Chechens. As compared to residential towers the military ones are the pinnacle of the ancient Chechens’ architecture and engineering. The Chechen military towers are especially distinguished by “mashikuls” — small protective balconies in the upper fl oor for successful defense — and large stylized depictions of crosses, snakes, animals and people carved in stone. Some of the tower complexes on the territory of Chechnya can be referred to as “castles” (Pakoch Castle in the valley of the Chanty-Argun river; Aldam-Gezi in the village of Kezenoy; a castle near Galanchozh). A substantial proportion of the architectural monuments in the mountainous areas of Chechnya are those of sepulchral nature – underground and semi-underground crypts as well as elevated ones (malkh-kash). At times the crypt constructions made up “towns of the dead” with houses of various shape and size — the local necropolises. Next to the “towns of the dead” Chechens used to build up sanctuaries — temples. There were two types of sanctuaries. In the 16th through the 18th centuries the pagan sanctuaries and Christian temples were replaced by Muslim mosques that were built of stone and retained features of the traditional architecture. During the period under consideration the Chechens’ settlements were located both in the mountains and on the plains. Living conditions on the plains were found more comfortable by the local population.

7

Authors: Andrei A. Kurapov

The article examines participation of the Buddhist clergy in social and political life of the Kalmyk uluses and interaction with the government of Russia and regional authorities after 1771. The exodus of a considerable part of Kalmyks to China determined creation of a new system of social and political contacts between the Russian government and Kalmyk secular and clerical elites, a new structure of interaction between Buddhist monastic complexes of the Kalmyk uluses. The measures implemented by the government for isolation of the Kalmyk Buddhist clergy from their coreligionists in China and Tibet and those of the regional authorities aimed at isolation of politically dangerous lamas to prevent further decampment are analyzed in the article. Specifi c changes in missionary activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Kalmyk uluses in the 1770–1780s are investigated. Defi ned are the main directions of restrictive policies imposed upon the Kalmyk Buddhist clergy by the Russian government at the same time striving to retain constructive bilateral contact in the context of the social and political crises in the Kalmyk uluses. Using a set of unpublished historical records (correspondence between Astrakhan governor N. Y. Arshenevskiy and Sobing-bagshi) formation of the new interaction system between the Kalmyk clerical elites and Astrakhan governors in the 80–90s of the 18th century has been described.

8

Authors: Svetlana G. Batyreva

The article provides an overview of Buddhist sculpture in the museum collection of the KIH of the RAS. The object of the study is the traditional art in the form of devotional articles. The author considers the sculptural images and reveals the structure, essence and ethnic peculiarities of works of Buddhist art created in Kalmykia. The collection of Buddhist sculpture compiled since the establishment of the KIH Museum (RAS) in 2000 for the districts of the republic should be subject to further studies that would combine methods of museology, ethnic culturology, etc. The pieces of art in the Buddhist collection of the KIH Museum (RAS) are part of the traditional culture of the Kalmyks. The religious sculptures gathered in the early 21st century make a section in the permanent exhibition of the Zaya Pandita Museum of Traditional Culture. Being the cultural heritage of the nomads in terms of the peculiar way they reproduced the Buddhist iconographic canon, the exhibit items represent the ethnic tradition that can be identifi ed in the artistic image.

8

Authors: Hamid H. Malkonduev

In terms of its folklore value, the Karachay-Balkar mythological fairy tale remained unstudied for a long time. The majority of scientists (A. I. Karaeva, A. Z. Holaev and F. A. Urusbieva) did not defi ne it as a distinct version of the genre and viewed as part of magic or anymalistic fairy tales system. Nevertheless, the KBIHR and KChIHR archival funds store extensive materials on the mentioned problem that formed the basis for the present work. The originality of poetics of the plot and composition of some texts are analyzed in the article, with special attention paid to mythological motifs. Such works as The Water and Fire, The Sun and the Moon, The Evening Star (Venus), Was There a Rainbow… and others reveal the complex of ancient views, religious concepts of the Karachay-Balkar people. The studied materials have shown that authors of mythological fairy tales were inclined to assign anthropomorphic features to the characters. This could be caused by their wish to make the explanation of the existing order of things more comprehensible. It was also revealed that those are the dialogues that play the key role in the development of the action and describe the characters in similar narrations.

8

Authors: Еlena A. Orlova

The article focuses on the other national, particularly Kalmyk component in I. I. Lazhechnikov’s historical novel “The Ice House” (1835). Ethnographic details of the Kalmyk national culture and everyday life presented in the novel are supposed to expand the image of historical and ethnographic aspects of life of different peoples in the multinational Russia and show the growing interest of the Russian romanticists in “other” nationalities, alien culture. The author of the article analyses characteristic features of the way Lazhechikov depicts facts of Kalmyk life that are ethnographic by nature and add to its specifi c historical colouring: national portrait details (the Kalmyk’s “mole eyes”); Kalmyk weapon (“a quiver of arrows”); a special form of offerings performed by Kalmyks to deities during Buddhist rituals (fi gures of dough and butter — “torma”); a means of transport (“Kalmyks riding camels”); types of Kalmyk traditional clothing (Kalmyk sheepskin coat, fur coat). The author of the article points out that references to the Kalmyks, elements of their culture and everyday life scattered through the text of the novel are rather informative and laconic, thus, indicating, on the one hand, the writer’s attempt to make his narrative historically verisimilar and, on the other hand, the emergence of ethnographic trends in the Russian literary process in the fi rst third of the 19th century. Particular attention is drawn to one of the main characters of the novel — Akulina Savvishna Podachkina whose prototype was a Kalmyk woman Evdokia Ivanovna Buzheninova, Anna Ioannovna’s court jester. The plot of the novel is based on the well-known historical fact of the “ice” wedding between the Kalmyk female court jester Buzheninova and a disgraced nobleman, the court appointed entertainer Golitsyn. The author of the article compares the historical prototype with the character in the novel, revealing Podachkina’s temper and role of in the plot of the story. The character sketch of the “lady’s maid” Podachkina remains mentally unidentifi ed, Lazhechnikov does not indicate the female character’s national identity, though the repeated references to the Kalmyk people and thorough study of scholarly works on the steppe people’s life show his good acquaintance with Kalmyk culture and everyday life. Lack of attention to the female character’s nationality is determined by the insuffi cient biographical information regarding the Kalmyk female court jester and the author’s position who deliberately ignores the fact and moves the emphasis from the historical truth to depiction of the moral climate of the age. The article touches upon the problem of historicism of the novel and the reasons of non-compliance with historical truth in the works of the romantic writer.

8

Authors: Tatyana I. Khorkhordina, Andrei V. Popov

The article discusses the history of collecting, preservation and use of the documentary heritage of South Korea. It also analyses the historical experience of collecting sources since ancient times. It is underlined that in Korea special attention has traditionally been granted to history and archives since the establishment of the History Department in the 10th century. The paper describes the main stages in the formation of the archival heritage of Korea. It deals with the notion of the so called “silllok” — the sources for the “chonsa” dynastic records — that turned out to be short everyday notes and weather chronicles. It is emphasized that seven hand-written South Korean historic masterpieces were included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Programme. The history of the creation of different national archives, manuscript departments and libraries as well as the main trends in their activities are being analyzed; the article also features the composition of the archives and the contents of their documentary funds. A network of the contemporary archives of the Republic of Korea is presented. The article accentuates that it is necessary to study and use the South Korean experience in electronic document management in present-day practice, including the system of electronic document turnover at state organizations which is connected with the electronic archives and the verifi cation system of historic electronic signatures.

9

Authors: Vlada V. Baranova

The aim of the study is to analyze the internal migration from the Republic of Kalmykia to other regions of the Russian Federation, mostly to Moscow. The ethnographic study draws upon interviews and the author’s observations made in rural districts of the Republic of Kalmykia in 2006-2015. Kalmykia is one of the regions that get depopulated as a result of the migratory exchange with other subjects, while the mortality rate – especially in rural areas – is high. However, the real extent of temporary labor mobility is underestimated in the present-day literature and the actual number of non-permanent migrants is signifi cantly higher whereas most of them are not refl ected in the offi cial statistics. The paper argues that there is no border between different types of temporary, permanent and circular mobility for our respondents. In terms of inter-ethnic aspects, the migration changes the traditional norms. People involved into the migration develop a hybrid identity of belonging to different communities. Nevertheless, temporariness can affect the various choices of migrants and their families including the trends to use practices of shadow economy because of the offi cial Moscow policy with its bureaucratic barriers aimed at preventing mass migration into the city and the fact the owners avoid helping both internal and external migrant workers with registration in their apartments. The “internal migrants” are regarded as “alien migrants” in public discourse and this leads to a separation and marginalization of internal non-Russian ethnic migrant workers in the city which reduces potential benefi ts of the mobility. Like international labor migrants, internal migrants want to maintain or improve their living standards, however, temporary migration implies harsh and uncomfortable living and working conditions. The study of migration processes in the local context helps understand different aspects of internal mobility and the infl uence of migrants’ social life on local communities.

9

Authors: Maxim N. Latu, Alina A. Levit

The article focuses on the analysis of the principles of technical terms systemic organization within the terminology. Despite the general acceptance that systemacy is important in understanding the nature of the terminology lexicon, it has not been studied in detail and is usually mentioned in research papers when generalizations about structural or semantic regularities of technical terms belonging to a certain terminology are revealed. The hypothesis is that the peculiarities of systemacy as one of the key and defi ning characteristics of technical terms may be studied by means of modeling the terminology system using principles of semantic network construction. Consequently, the authors claim that the semantic network may reveal the adjacent technical terms as well as their overall number for each separate technical term in a terminological system and study the degree of systemacy and character of their systemic interaction. These constitute the objectives of the study. The examples are drawn from the actively developing terminology of nanotechnology sphere to illustrate and support the fi ndings. A terminological network may be considered a type of a semantic network the vertices of which represent technical terms and arcs express the semantic relations between them. The suggested approach to terminological network construction presumes the division of the semantic relations as well as the classifi cation of vertices into defi ned types that refl ect the natural stratifi cation of technical terms into categories in accordance with the specifi city of their referents that makes it different from some earlier proposed methods. Thus, the terminology network allows a somewhat different perspective and more detailed study of the systemacy of technical terms within a given language for special purposes because it helps to identify the features of their organization and position of each technical term in relation to the adjacent technical terms. It may also shed light on the semantic relations that a given technical term sets up with the adjacent terms as well as those that are typical for certain categories of technical terms. The degree of adjacency is defi ned by means of division of the adjacent terms into the fi rst order (that appear in the defi nition of the given technical term) and the second order (the conceptual relationship with which becomes clear in specialized texts). The analyzed fragment illustrates that nanopowder is related to technical terms of certain categories. Technical terms of the second order predominate. The technical terms of the fi rst order (representing a generic concept, characteristics and constituent parts) establish AKO, At and PO semantic relations with the given technical term. Among the types of vertices predominate Copyright © 2016 by the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities of the Russian Academy of Sciences Published in the Russian Federation Bulletin of the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities of the Russian Academy of Sciences Has been issued since 2008 ISSN: 2075-7794; E-ISSN: 2410-7670 Vol. 24, Is. 2, pp. 116–124, 2016 DOI 10.22162/2075-7794-2016-24-2-116-124 Journal homepage: http://kigiran.com/pubs/vestnik 117 LINGUISTICS Одной из основополагающих особенно- стей терминологической лексики является системность. Квалифицируя определенную сферу научного или профессионального знания, термин как единица специализиро- ванной лексики всегда входит в состав кон- кретной терминологии, участвуя вместе с другими составляющими в ее становлении и развитии. Эти положения уже давно стали аксиомами в терминоведении. Новые понятия так или иначе вводят- ся на основе уже существующего знания в данной области, являются результатом ис- следований и разработок с опорой на сло- жившийся понятийный и терминологиче- ский аппарат. При выделении нового поня- тия конкретной науки создаваемая языковая единица для его обозначения встраивается в состав терминологической системы. При этом в процессе номинации учитывается фактор системности специализированной лексики, который репрезентируется во вну- тренней форме термина. В составе любого подъязыка для специ- альных целей представлены лексемы с си- стемными терминоэлементами (в роли ко- торых выступают другие термины данной сферы науки). Нередко таковыми являются языковые единицы, вербализующие родо- вые понятия, представленные в структуре определяемого многокомпонентного тер- мина, являющегося по отношению к нему видовым. Несколько менее очевидно системность и преемственность научного знания прояв- ляются в использовании продуктивных для данного подъязыка терминоэлементов (ко- торые частотны, но не являются отдельны- ми терминами), становлении продуктивных сфер заимствования терминоэлементов, ха- рактерных моделях номинации, эксплицит- ных (фактических) терминологических оп- позициях (где противопоставление видовых понятий представлено во внутренней форме специальных лексем) [Лату 2015]. Весьма часто системный характер тер- минов упоминается при рассмотрении структурного своеобразия единиц конкрет- ного подъязыка [Борлыкова 2009; Закае- ва 2011; Клепиковская 2016; и др.], а так- же при описании влияния специфических особенностей сферы научного знания на отличительные черты терминологического состава (как, например, это было проде- монстрировано в диссертационном иссле- довании А. В. Раздуева, рассматривавшего подъязык нанотехнологий [Раздуев 2013]), исторического характера формирования подъязыков [Бачаева 2009, Лиджиев 2011 и др.]. Системность терминологической лекси- ки находит отражение в языке не только в сфере фиксации, но и в сфере функциони- рования, в дискурсе. Так, данные единцы остаются опорными элементами научного текста [Wessels 2010]. При этом очевидным является тот факт, что в дискурсе конкрет- ной науки используется именно терминоло- гия, называющая ее понятия. Плотность ис- пользования данных единиц специализиро- ванной лексики и терминологичность текста могут различаться, но напрямую указывают на понятийную соотнесенность и близость используемых единиц специализированной лексики. Данный факт прослеживается и в дефиниции термина, где границы понятия могут очерчиваться посредством смежной специализированной лексики данной науч- ной сферы. Принцип системности терминов от- мечался в работах А. А. Реформатского, Г. О. Винокура, В. М. Лейчика, С. В. Гри- нев-Гриневича, Г. П. Щедровицкого и мно- гих других. Но, как замечают Л. М. Алек- сеева и Д. В. Василенко, он понимается неоднозначно и является слабоизученной проблемой терминоведения [Алексеева, Ва- силенко 2015]. Несмотря на общепризнанность значи- мости системности как одного из ключевых фактов в осмыслении терминологической лексики, отдельно в исследованиях этому принципу внимание не уделяется. Упоми- нание системности в работах носит, как the category of process and the technical terms that refer to it are linked to nanopowder by R and Obj semantic relations. The article discusses why nanopowder does not establish some semantic relations with the technical terms of certain vertices types.

9

Authors: Bayrta B. Nuskhaeva

The article deals with a type of families — the single parent family — the number of which has been increasing dramatically in recent decades. Statistical data signify that there is regional disparity in terms of the proportion of single parent families within the common structure of family units. The incomplete family rate in the Republic of Kalmykia is the highest one among the regions of the Southern Federal District. Broken down by districts and the republic at large, analyses of data on the basic factors that cause single parenting have been conducted. A single parent family appears as a result of family disruption (divorce, death of the spouse) or births of children to an offi cially unmarried woman. The statistical data analysis testifi es of an increase in the number of divorces and illegitimate births. The 1989, 2002 and 2010 Censuses results denote a growth in the number of incomplete families: the share increased from 12,9 % to 31,8 % of the total number of families. Calculations of the relative share of single parent families in the districts of the republic help single out territories with high indices (over 30 %) and those with lower ones (below 25 %) within the common structure of family units. Analysis of statistical data on divorce allowed to identify districts with the highest growth of divorce rates during 1995 through 2013 (Ketchenerovsky, Maloderbetovsky and Yustninsky Districts). Analysis of data on illegitimate births allowed to conclude that the relative share of children born to offi cially unmarried women has decreased. The trend is also common for most of the districts, with the only exception being Priyutnensky District where there is a high rate of illegitimate births. Besides, there has been an inverse trend in the district during the past decade — the share of children born to offi cially unmarried women increased from 25,6 % to 42,8 % of the total numbers of births in 2000 and 2012 respectively.

10

Authors: Anna V. Mazarchuk

The article summarizes results achieved by scholars representing different generations and linguistic traditions in studies of Mongolian sentence information structure. The notion of information structure was introduced by M. A. K. Halliday on the grounds of V. Mathesius’s theory of “the actual division of the sentence” (or “thematic-rhematic articulation of the sentence”), but the former developed his own view on this issue. The principal distinction between these two theories is that M. Halliday treats such entities as givenness, focus, topic, etc. as matters of individual cognitive process, whereas V. Mathesius considers them to depend mainly on context and “consituation”. Currently, M. A. K. Halliday’s information structure theory is deemed to be more consistent and, therefore, referred to more frequently. Nevertheless, back in the 1980s when fi rst articles on Mongolian sentence information structure started to appear the views of the Prague Linguistic Circle were more widely accepted among Soviet specialists in Mongolian studies, and the pioneer works on information structure of a Mongolian sentence were written in the mould of structuralism. The fi rst papers written on the subject belonged to Moscow and Leningrad scholars Z. K. Kas’yanenko (1973), M. N. Orlovskaya (1984), Z. V. Shevernina (1984), and the American linguist L. B. Hammar (Indiana University Bloomington) who had presented her Ph. D. thesis under the title “Syntactic and Pragmatic Options in Mongolian: a Study of Bol and N” (1983). Those works by the afore-mentioned linguists mostly concerned word order in a Mongolian sentence from the perspective of the “actual division”, and special particles, which are viewed in modern linguistics as topic, focus, verifi cation, and emphasis markers. A couple of decades later, Mongolian scholars attempted to describe their native language in terms of the latest trends of the world linguistics and their works – those by M. Bazarragcha, Z. Guliranz, G. Jambalsuren, B. Purev-Ochir – have become a valuable source of examples, showing various types of structures, such as thetic sentences, sentences with preposition of rheme and so on. Lately several works on intonation in the contemporary Mongolian language have been published. However, unfortunately, one can hardly fi nd any comprehensive study of the relation between information structure and intonation in modern Mongolian. This subject is likely to be a fruitful fi eld for further research.