BULLETIN OF THE KALMYK SCIENTIFIC CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

3

Authors: S. Umgaev

The article is devoted to basic gender stereotypes and gender representations of martial arts by sportsmen and people engaged in sports activities in the city of Elista, Republic of Kalmykia. Specifi cally, they were asked whether martial arts were considered as masculine or feminine kinds of activity (or both) and to what extent. It is concluded that martial arts are seen principally as a masculine activity, but at the same time they aren’t viewed as non-recommended for women.

4

Authors: B. Bicheev

The translation of the Tibetan text of «the Sutra of Golden light» in the Oirat language was made by Zaya Pandita. During the century since the translation of the text into the Oirat language in the middle of the XVIIth century, the sutra existed only in manuscript form. In the middle of the XVIIIth century, it was fi rst published by the xylographic method in the Dzungar khanate, and then by the initiative of the Volga Kalmyks. The appearance of printed texts did not affect the number of handwritten forms of the sutras. Today, more than thirty of its handwritten copies are stored in scientifi c and private collections in Mongolia, China and Russia. In the beginning of the XXIth century facsimile of the Oirat translations of the Sutra was published by Mongolian and Chinese researchers. The text of «the Sutra of Golden light» was translated into Russian and into modern Kalmyk language. The interest to the monument is raised by both scholars and ordinary believers.

4

Authors: M. Goryaev, A. Komandzhaev

The article deals with the policy of the Russian state on the governance of Kalmyks in the fi rst half of the XIXth century. After the departure of the most part of the Kalmyk people to the territory of Qing China, the status of its statehood was undergoing great changes. The system of the governance of Kalmyk people was clearly worked out and put into operation during the reforms of the governors of the Russian Empire, Catherine II, Paul I and Alexander I. The administrative guardianship was established over the Kalmyk people with a number of legislative acts for long time, till 1917.

4

Authors: Ochirov U.B.

Историография истории правоохрани- тельных и судебных органов Калмыкии ХХ века является одной из наиболее слабо из- ученных тем современной региональной историографии. Об этом свидетельствует простейший анализ библиографии: для пе- ресчета книг, посвященных истории како- го-либо правоохранительного и судебного органа Калмыкии в различные периоды ХХ века, хватит пальцев одной руки [Верность 1986; Во имя безопасности 2005; Они были солдатами 2015; Судебная 2007]. Все пере- численные книги можно классифицировать как сборники очерков; в некоторых случаях к очеркам могут быть добавлены различные материалы и справки. Ни одно из указанных изданий не является научно-исторической монографией, но может содержать в себе некоторые аналитические или историче- ские справки. С другой стороны, учитывая фрагментарность, а по ряду направлений истории правоохранительных органов даже полное отсутствие литературы, вышепере- численные работы, являющиеся «первыми ласточками» по указанной теме, следует в силу этого признать весьма значимыми.

4

Authors: E. Kekeev, E. Burataev

The article considers the results of the excavations of barrow groups in Vostochnyi Manych–1967. The excavations were carried out by Prof. U.E. Erdniev and Prof. I.V. Sinitsin in 1967 in the construction zone of Chograiskoe reservoir. Earlier the findings of the excavations of the burial grounds Lola I and II, Arkhara and Vostochnyi Manych (1965, 1966) have been studied and the results of the research have been published. 30 barrows and 255 burials were studied in 1967. The barrows are located on the southern (right) bank of the river which is subject to fl ooding. The proportion of burials of the Bronze Age is predominant in the barrow group and make 83.5 % (213 out of 255 burials). The archeological findings from the 1967 excavations are stored in the National Museum of the Republic of Kalmykia named after N. N. Palmov. The article provides a list of the findings stored in the Museum. The results of the excavations were highlighted in the series of the articles "Archaeological sites of the Southern Yergeni" (1982). The prolonged interval had a negative impact on the evaluation of the work carried out. The solution to this problem is to collect all the materials together, to create a common database of all the projects undertaken in Kalmykia which will allow not only to preserve the heritage, but also to reconsider the results of the work undertaken.

5

Authors: B. Bicheev

Prajnaparamita sutras are considered to be the fundamental texts of Mahayana Buddhism, the most honored of them are the nine makhavajpurjya sutras (long in content). At the fi nal stage of Prajnaparamita texts formation there appear Sutras, representing the summary of the doctrine of Prajnaparamita. These sutras were translated into Tibetan and known as the seventeen «maternal» and «fi lial» scriptures. Prajnaparamita translations of sutras from Tibetan into the Oirat language were made by Zaya Pandita in the middle of the XVIIth century. The most important in its functional signifi cance and prevalence are the three texts: «the Suvarnaprabhasa Sutra» («the Sutra of Golden light»), «the Vajracchedika Sutra» («the Diamond Sutra») and «the Hridaya Sutra» (« the Heart Sutra»).

5

Authors: V. Mushaev, S. Abdullaev

The article is devoted to the relationship between the two universities, in the fi eld of joint (modern) scientifi c research. The work begins with historical and theoretical study of aspects of the current state of social development, which highlighted two main trends: on the one hand, directions of development of higher education today has a global connotation cooperation, exchange of ideas and scientists; on the other hand, the process of individualization of life in general, and individualization of education in particular. It is stressed that education was a critical stimulant to the development of society and the most important sphere of human activity, both on local level and international scale. And in this respect, the network model is optimal. At the present stage, a comparative study of the Turkic-Mongolian relations, roots in Altaic theory, is experiencing a rebirth. The reason for this and the change of scientifi c paradigms, and the participation in research of a new generation of scientists, and the creation a common educational space in the framework of the Eurasian community.

5

Authors: G. Korneev

Zaya Pandita Namkhai Jamtsu’s translated works are distin guished by high degree of accuracy in the translation of grammar peculiarities of the written Tibetan language into the Oirat language. The article considers the peculiarities of functioning of the two semantically close adjectival interrogative pronouns ali and aliba as Tibetan equivalents of the interrogative pronouns gang and its forms: gang rnams и gang yang in the Oirat translation of the Tibetan sutra „King of Aspiration Prayers‟. The article observes the principle of the translator’s selecting the Oirat equivalents to every Tibetan words and reveals the difference between the pronouns ali and aliba. The fi rst of them has an interrogative function, while the second expresses generalization, imprecision and uncertainty.

5

Authors: O. Kravchuk, A. Tashninova

The article provides characteristics of soil and vegetation conditions of the state nature reserve «Chernye Zemli» as a modern habitat of the saiga population in Kalmykia. The author reveals the main reasons for the fall in saiga antelope populations over the last decade which are connected with a complex of factors: reduced protection, a high level of the wolf population, increased fi re risk. One of the fundamental conditions is the change in the composition of grassland vegetation as the core platform for the existence of the saiga population in the «Chernye Zemli» reserve.

5

Authors: S. Mukhopleva, P. Dmitriev

The communicative situation of an oral existence (statements playback) olonkho in the Yakut folklore has not yet been the independence object of study, researchers have fi xed their attention on it, and left almost no full descriptions of these situations. Therefore, today, when the public decides the problems revival of the narration of folk tales of the Olonkho traditions, the problem is the source. In the article authors on the example of the analysis of one work put forward idea that as a reliable source for reconstruction of a context of narration of the epic in the XIX–XX centuries. It may be recognized as individual works of Yakut writers-realist of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. The main method of analysis defi ned in the cultural-historical approach, which allows you to explore the product in its relationship with the historical tradition and social environment. When studying the topic «olonkho and olonkho-teller» further use contextual and functional analysis techniques. The authors found that in the novel, consisting of a chain of 42 event-scenes the main character›s life, the theme of «olonkho and olonkho-teller» disclosed in eight episodes, runs through the entire work. The study of the sources shows that the prototype olonkho-teller characters are historical fi gures Tatta and Vilyuysky regions, who lived in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Scenes analysis of oral performance olonkho the parameters: the characters, time, place, situation performance allowed to disclose that the product is not fi xed calendar olonkho confi nement performance. It is executed when the circumstances in any season: spring, summer, autumn and winter. The place of performance of the epic works in all scenes depending on the season is winter or summer type of dwelling. Olonkho is performed in the narrow circle of family or neighbors in the presence of the traveler. Traveler is a story-teller or the listener. In the story discovered the functioning of the title of olonkho in oral communication. On the basis of its analysis, the authors argue that the title of the text in this case serves as a substitute for the text and suggests that the customer olonkho and its performers have common cultural presuppositions, are carriers of one epic environment that the customer knows the repertoire of epic story-tellers. In the context of oral communication using the title of the text varies. It is as the case may be complete, incomplete and brief. As a result, it should be noted that Reas Kulakovsky’s story «Agam ologo” is a historical work, which should be considered as folklore and ethnographic source.

6

Authors: A. Butaeva, A. Bayanova

The article is devoted to the description of quantitative data of grammatical characteristics of word forms of the Kalmyk language based on the tales recorded by G. J. Ramstedt during his expedition to the Kalmyk steppe. On the basis of the program TextAnalyzer, developed in the framework of the research work at the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities of the RAS, the authors determined the frequency of occurrences of parts of speech, infl ected forms of nouns, indicative mood, voice forms of verbs as well as the distribution of converbs and negation in magical texts. Preliminary results of the distribution of frequency characteristics of grammemes in the Kalmyk language are summarized in the table which shows the frequency of the word forms. The quantitative analysis suggests a particular ratio of different grammemes and specifi cs of usage of separate word forms in the Kalmyk language. In general, quantitative data indicate conditionality of usage of different grammemes depending on many factors: from historical to situational.

6

Authors: D. Topalova

The article considers the creativity of one of the brightest representatives of the Kalmyk literary emigration — Sanzhi Basanovich Balykov (1892–1943). The stories «The Crushed Tulip», «At the Hidden Wall» written in Russian are original especially in the artistic vision. Studying problems of people's lives "from within", national originality and traditional values of the national picture of the world was on the focus of the author's attention.

6

Authors: A. Lidzhiev

This article is devoted to the study of the poetic part of the Manchurian literary work «Han-i araha Mukden-i fuǯurun bithe», or „Ode to Mukden, written by the Emperor‟, the author of this text is the Emperor Qianlong. There are publications devoted to the study of the work, but in Russia it is little known and publications devoted to this work in Russian are available in single copies, though the most rare and unique editions of the text are kept in Russian libraries. The story of writing „Ode‟ is connected with Emperor’s visit (1743) to the former capital of the Manchu Mukden and tombs of ancestors in Manchuria. The article gives a poetic translation of the „Ode to Mukden‟ as well as comments. Analysis of the verse leads to the assumption that the „Ode‟ is written according to the canons of traditional Manchu poetry, i.e using sound alliteration. The laudatory part, written in verses, is a kind of poetic prose summary of the main part and consists of 98 lines, inside it is divided into 7 parts with 14 lines each.

8

Authors: B. Kichikova

Asia and the East in the European part of the Russian Empire were re-opened to Alexander Pushkin during his journey to the Caucasus and Transcaucasia in 1829, to the war of front-line forces with the Ottoman Empire. The article contains a commentary of historical and literary, socio-historical and ethnographic character to the episode of poet's visiting the Kalmyk kibitka (nomad tent) taken from "Travel Notes" the poet kept during the trip.

8

Authors: V. Tepkeev

The article deals with the initial period in the history of Russian-Oirat relations in South-Western Siberia, which still remains poorly explored in the historiography due to the lack of sources. The author made a conclusion, that the fact of the Oirats’ presence on the Siberian border of Muscovy was caused by taishas’ desire to preserve their possessions under condition of the ongoing war against Altyn-Khan and Kazakhs. This fact left its imprint on the peaceful Russian-Oirat relations which at the initial stage in 1607–1608 developed through two stations of Muscovy in Siberia —Tara and Tomsk. Oirat taishas participated in the negotiation process not only for the establishment of new politic and economic relations with the Moscow throne, but also to achieve their military and strategic objectives. Such policies led to the integration process of Oirats into Muscovy’s sphere of political infl uence.

9

Authors: V. Kukanova

The article describes the grammar of orders of infl ectional affi xes of fi nite verb forms in the indirect moods of the Kalmyk language. The relevance of the research is determined by the need of classifi cation and systematic descriptive analysis of the combinatorial properties of morphemic units (in this case — stems and affi xes, affi xes and affi xes) for the synthesis of lexical units (in the broadest sense of the word-forms) of the Kalmyk language. The analysis of the material of the National Corpus of the Kalmyk language revealed more than 60 models of infl ectional affi xes, joining the verbal stem for the formation of forms of indirect moods in the Kalmyk language. The affi xes of indirect moods can be formed from primary and secondary verb stem, while in the investigated material we have not found any examples representing the formation of the optative from the secondary stem of the verb. Likewise the Corpus has not revealed any of the examples with affi xes of indirect moods where there would be a combination of two voice affi xes. The forms with the affi xes of voice, of aspect or verbal plurality are rarely found: mainly there are examples containing only one of the affi xes. The apprehensive can attach affi xes of predicate, however, there are some examples with the forms of the jussive 2 and precative, which are adjoined by the personally-predicative particle. As for the negative particles, the fi nite forms of indirect moods practically do not attach to them (mostly the semantics of negation is expressed by separate negative words), but analyzing the material we can say that only the form of apprehensive attaches to itself the contracted particle -go. Particles are also adjacent to the forms of indirect moods: requesting, confi rmative, intensifying and emphasizing — which provide the semantics of the indirect moods with different connotations.

10

Authors: S. Tyukhteneva

Based on a wide range of sources and fi eld data collected by the author from the Altaians living in the villages of the Altai Republic and in Gorno-Altaisk town over the years 1986–2015, the article forms a true notion of the individual that was typical for their traditional culture. One of the main conclusions the author makes, concerns the existence of ethno-social context of the individual in modern society of the Altaians: much of which is still determined by the range of traditional views, beliefs and practices. Considering seok (secondary clan) as a social tool, structuring the relations of kinship, affi nity, and marriage among Altaians, the author notes that seok is at the same time an element of the ideal model of culture, constituting one of the basic structures of ethnocultural identity. Though, a multi-layered identity typical for the Altaians also prevails.