BULLETIN OF THE KALMYK SCIENTIFIC CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

3

Authors: Basangova T., Goryaeva B.

Вышел в свет очередной сборник се- рии «Өвкнрин зөөр» («Сокровища пред- ков»), призванной ввести в научный обо- рот произведения фольклорной традиции калмыков. Рецензируемая книга серии под названием «Герлтсн сувсн» («Сияющая жемчужина») представляет фольклорные материалы, записанные в разных районах Калмыкии Б. М. Санджиевой (Болдыревой) (1954–2010), более 25 лет проработавшей учителем родного языка в школах респуб- лики. Тексты, собранные от информантов, характеризуют устную традицию калмыков 1970-х гг. — это песенный фольклор, благо- пожелания, сказки, мифы, легенды и преда- ния, пословицы, поговорки, загадки, образ- цы детского фольклора.

4

Authors: A. Danchay-ool, E. Aiyzhy

The article is devoted to the problems of preservation of cultural and historical traditions in the context of globalization and the unifi cation of values and categorical systems. An important aspect of overcoming these contradictions of social development is seen as a special understanding of the individual, not only as individuals but also as a subject of particular historical community. The system of socialization, which mainly lies in the educational structure of society forms the people who will carry out certain functions in the system of social production. Holistic personality development is not a priority. Values and spirituality of the people create the whole person, for this reason, the subject is not only the individual, but also the subject of cultural-historical community, symphonic personality. Spiritual values are fundamental to the individual person. They indicate the objectives, targets, provide an opportunity to dialectically overcome all the problems posed by reality. Man is a creature both biological and social, and thus it is born only in society. Outside of society is born only individual who is very far from being able to become a full and integral member of the human race. Gradually formed individual personality, which has a vital connection with the cultural and historical tradition, from the spiritual foundation of the people. The moral principle lies in the basis of thinking. Consciousness in the goal-setting is not only the motives, but also collective. Personality can not go against moral principles. Such an act leads to its internal confl ict, which becomes intractable. Value system is formed by a person of culture.

4

Authors: V. Moskovkin, I. Khazheeva

The article deals with the peculiarities of Soviet government establishment in Zauralye. Zauralye is the region of Russia, covering the territory of Tobolsk province in early XX century. The authors analyzed the political sentiments of the population lived in the Tobolsk province districts in autumn 1917 – spring 1918 period. The situation was such that the news of the power seizure by the Bolsheviks of St. Petersburg in October 1917 caused a negative attitude of most political parties in Western Siberia and Zauralye. However the local Bolsheviks began to separate from the social-democratic organizations and form independent associations. This situation happened in Tyumen, Ishim and Kurgan. Using populist slogans, the Bolsheviks attracted a considerable part of workers and soldiers to their side, but not all the people of the region. Some conclusions on the conditions and methods of power seizure by the Bolsheviks are made on the base of archival sources and periodicals investigation. Few working classes and the wealthy peasantry were not ready to support the leftist position. Soviet government establishment in Zauralye became possible with the help of the Red Guard detachments from the neighboring regions of Sibiria and Ural.

4

Authors: N. Ochirova

The article is devoted to the study of the early poetry by Khasyr Syan-Belgin. In his early poetry he criticizes the social conditions surrounding people in the pre-Soviet era, putting social issues in the forefront. In the poem «Өnchn bөk» ("Fighter orphan") artistic conception of personality reveals the strength of national character in the history of the Kalmyk people. Created by the poet the conception of personality includes the basic traits of a true national hero, a loner hero with a new outlook, acting against the social system. Carefully designed and recreated the era of artistic painting and its ideological content confi rms the importance of issues raised by the author in consonance with the time of his creative development.

4

Authors: T. Khadzhieva

The article considers the antithesis functions of the plot, composition and style in the context of the Кarachay-Бalkar Nart Epos. The antithesis lies in the basis of the plot of most of Nart songs and legends and is realised through the contradiction of “the good” and “the bad”, “the darkness” and “the light”. It also highlights the comparison between the imagery of Nart heroes and their enemies – Emegens-monsters. In the epos the heroes stand forth as bogatyrs, possessing great physical strength, but alongside the enormous emegens they are insignifi cantly small. The emegens have enormous cyclopean might, but they are terribly stupid and

5

Authors: B. Dyakieva

This article considers the issues of forming a language policy on the example of the Kalmyk language. The author studied the issue of legislative regulation of language policy as a factor in the preservation of linguistic consciousness of the people, revealed objective and subjective factors of the current language situation, carried out the analysis of linguistic and sociological survey among the students of secondary schools of the republic.

5

Authors: V. Rassadin, L. Bold

The article is devoted to the issue of the relationship of the Mongolian and Turkic languages, which arouses interest of comparativists dealing with the Altaic hypothesis. This issue has long been disputed and still remains unresolved. There are two mutually exclusive points of view concerning the hypothesis. Supporters of Altaic, sometimes called «Altaicists», view the similarities within the Altaic language family as arising from a proto- Altaic language spoken several thousand years ago. Opponents maintain that the similarities are due to areal interaction between the language groups concerned. Being not adjacent to any of the two points of view, the authors aim to reveal the true nature of the distinguished common Turkic-Mongolian lexemes and verify the validity of both points of view through the analysis of the new lexicographic materials and recent comparativehistorical researches in the fi eld of Turkic and Mongolian languages including the comparison of specifi c lexical materials. The authors focus their attention mainly on a specifi c thematic group and take into account only four main Mongolian languages ― old Mongolian, Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat and Kalmyk in order to see how deeply these Turkic terms entered into the Mongolian languages, and how widely they are represented there.

5

Authors: V. Sanchirov

To study and understand the rich and eventful history of the Oirats in the 17th-18th centuries, it is especially iTo study and understand the rich and eventful history of the Oirats in the 17th-18th centuries, it is especially important to look into the sources written by the Oirats themselves, as they offer an “insider’s view” of the major events in the Oirat and Kalmyk history. Among them, a special mention must be made of the historico-literary works discovered in Mongolia and China in the 20th century. Written in “clear script”, they possess signifi cant academic and cognitive value. The majority of them were produced by the representatives of nobility and Buddhist clergy. Up to a certain degree, they managed to convey the mood and way of thinking characteristic of the common people. The works by those authors refl ect the people’s historical mentality – more archaic and simplifi ed, and their estimation of certain events and personas. Here, we are dealing with the transformation of real historic facts in oral tradition and with their written fi xation. This paper is dedicated to the most signifi cant works in that category: 1. “The Story of Kho Orluk”; 2. The anonymous “History of the Dörben Oirat”; 3. The genealogy of Torghut khans and princes known under the short title “Torgudyn Garulga” (“The Origin of Torghuts”).

5

Authors: M. Goryaev

The article examines the social relations in Kalmyk society in the fi rst half of the XIXth century. Legally dependent relations had not been recorded in any document till the Russian legislation fi xed them between the commoners and the privileged nomadic elite, having strengthened caste hierarchy in Kalmyk society. Taisha, who was offi cially called Khan governed the people. Noyons-landlords belonged to the highest class in the traditional social structure of Kalmyk nomads and their rights were hereditary. They were the heads of uluses but aimags were under zayangs. The descendants of Kalmyk commoners also belonged to tsagan yasn („white bone‟). They had received from the Dalai Lama or khans freedom from taxes and land allotments – the aimags. The composition of the upper class also included the Kalmyk clergy, whose positions were not hereditary. The most part of the Kalmyk society were the commoners, or khar yasn („black bone‟), who since the time of the Mongol Empire had to provide a certain number of the armed men and provisions. The commoners were divided into several groups: aimag, ketcheners, shabiners, tarkhans / darkhans, andyns. In the course of time the privileged position of the nomadic elite disappeared and both commoners and representatives of the highest class became full-fl edged citizens of the Russian Empire.

5

Authors: S. Batyreva

The traditional culture of the Kalmyks – everyday objects and works of art of Buddhism is represented in museum collections of Germany. On the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the museum’s foundation, a new permanent exhibition was opened in the Ethnographic Museum at Herrngut. Entitled «Ethnography and Herrnhut Mission», it presents displays about the historical cultures of peoples with whom the Herrnhut missionaries worked. One of them is dedicated to the Kalmyk collection gathered by the efforts of the Germans from Sarepta, a town founded by Herrnhut missionaries on the lower Volga of Russia. The cultural heritage of the Kalmyk nomads is represented in museums and archives of Germany. Of special importance is the Herrnhuters’ research in the fi eld of language and traditional life and culture of the Kalmyk Buddhism, representing the heritage of the Mongolian peoples as well as the experience of scientifi c cataloging of museum collections in the works of foreign researchers, allowing in more detail to establish patterns of ethnocultural genesis which are not fully represented in the museum collections of Kalmykia due to historical circumstances.

5

Authors: E. Eldyshev

The article examines the plot structure and analysis of the poem D. Kugultinov «Sar-Gerel». It discusses the issues of «genre innovation», for example about the parables included in the text of the poem, the questions refl ected the philosophy of time, his humanistic ideals expressed by the poet through a folk story.

6

Authors: V. Batyrov

The article is devoted to the question of the existence of the levirate marriage among Kalmyks in the XIXth century. The levirate was one of the fundamental institutions that maintained the stability of society and opposed the processes of social and economic fragmentation. The institute of the levirate of Kalmyk aristocracy defended their family from the loss of material and human resources as a result of fragmentation of the inheritance among the heirs. The levirate marriage among Kalmyk-commoners was predominantly economic form of marriage: to prevent the fragmentation of the farm of a large patriarchal family. However, the reform of 1892 and the reduction of areas of Kalmyk lands caused the crisis and led Kalmyks make the transition from nomadic economy to a semi-nomadic economy. At the end of XIX – early XX centuries large patriarchal family was gradually losing its importance among Kalmyks, while an individual small monogamous family was becoming increasingly prevalent.

6

Authors: L. Namrueva

Based on the huge amounts of statistical material, the author considers demographic, industrial and socioeconomic characteristics of rural territories of the Republic of Kalmykia. Different types of these characteristics have been analyzed: without population, the small (population less than 10 people, to 100 people), medium (population from 101 to 500 people and from 501 to 1000 people), large villages with the population more than 1 000 people. The article gives the typology of the rural population depending on the standard of living. Since the early 2010s, the authorities of the Republic began to pay close attention to the development of rural areas. During this period, both state and regional programs aimed at maintaining the village, creating the basic conditions of social comfort, bases stations, performing the role of socio-cultural and commercialconsumer services were being implemented. The article describes some specifi c steps to revive the agricultural sector, to improve the social well-being of rural residents.

8

Authors: A. Tetuev

The article examines in detail the state of the historiography, revealing the participation of the peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria in the Great Patriotic War in Soviet and post-Soviet periods. Special attention is given to the vexed issues that require additional study: accounting and mobilization activities, the reasons for the restrictive policy of the state regarding call-up, desertion and сollaborationism in the region, the number of conscripts into the Red Army, casualties, the fates of prisoners of war, the feats of the natives of Kabardino-Balkaria during the war.

8

Authors: V. Kukanova, B. Goryaeva

The article is devoted to the creation of frequency dictionaries on the material of the Kalmyk language. With the help of computer technology, the authors created a frequency list in which they explicated the texts of Kalmyk tales, recorded by Finnish scholar G. J. Ramstedt during his travels in the steppes of the Lower Volga Region. Using the methods of quantitative analysis, frequent and non-frequent elements of the Kalmyk language, collected by several statistical indexes (absolute frequency of word usage, common frequency, the coeffi cients D and R) were identifi ed in the text. Quantitative indexes can be used to create a structural-probabilistic model of language. The relevance of such model is undeniable. Frequency lists allow you to defi ne the boundaries of the lexical system of fairy tales, which has its own core and peripheral fi elds, and to use for applied purposes: since teaching begins with the most frequent units and explaining their meaning and how to use them in speech, it will create a theoretical base for the distribution of tokens according to the levels of language learning.

8

Authors: M. Marzaeva

On the basis of fi eld materials of the author and Internet resources the article analyses the conditions of foreign students adaptation at Kalmyk State University. The Adaptation Program implemented at the university contributes to the successful adaptation of foreign students to Russian educational system and more rapid adaptation to different culture conditions. The Adaptation Program for foreign students accepted in Kalmyk State University, consists of fi ve important areas: organizational, documentary, informational and methodological, educational, sports. The work with foreign students at the University is organized at all structural levels: student groups, faculty, University, as well as student hostels. Due to effective organizational solutions the initial period of adaptation of foreigners to a new social environment becomes easier. One of the important conditions for more rapid integration of foreign students into Kalmyk State University is their active involvement in the sociocultural environment of the University. The adaptive nature of the ongoing activities of the various structures of Kalmyk State University, facilitates the process of entry of foreign students into a new culture. The participation of foreign students in social life of the University allows them to feel more comfortable in social and cultural space of the university. Various forms of extracurricular activities contribute to the development of skills of intercultural communication of foreign students in a new sociocultural environment. Among favorable conditions for sociocultural adaptation of foreign students at Kalmyk State University is the organization of intercultural interaction and cooperation of students in educational space of the University.

9

Authors: U. Ochirov

The article is devoted to the integrated study of the history of formation and transformation of the system of law-enforcement and judicial authorities of Kalmykia in 1917–1925. During the revolution and Civil War they underwent a radical reformation process and were developing under very diffi cult conditions caused by combat operations, natural and geographic as well as socio-economic factors. The law enforcement and judicial authorities of Kalmykia began to function effectively and in full measure only after the judicial reform of 1922.

11

Authors: N. Bugai

The article continues to study the complicated issue of forced migrations in the period of war of 1941—1945. Special attention is paid to the return of spetspereselenetsy (pl.), (special settler, a person deported by the Soviet government and obliged to live in a given locality under supervision of the Ministry of Internal affairs (NKVD, later MVD), and the «planned settlers» to their former places of residence until the 1940s. The article is based on the intersection of history, sociology, and psychology. The focus of the research has been on the deportees, who were transported against their own will according to the so called «planned resettlement» leaving their homes and settling in the territory of residence of the repressed peoples by entire collective farms. As the research showed the fate of both categories of people remained hard because of the ongoing war, economic diffi culties, labour shortage for the restoration of the ruined economic sector, broken pre-war ties between the regions of the country. The restoration of historical justice played a positive role and gave some hope to people for a new life. Afterwards under diffi cult circumstances both former special settlers, and «planned settlers», had to build their homes again, to restore economy, to revive the culture. At the same time the new system of ethnic relations was being formed.

4

Authors: A. Chernykh

The article examines the social processes taking place in today’s regional labor market. It describes the basic structure of the current migration trends and also its main quality characteristics. The author investigated the social and cultural expectations of migrants and described some aspects of the possible social tensions. The article analyzes the impact of labor migration with special quality characteristics on the labor market regions, considers possible development of labor migration. The author evaluates the prospects of small and mediumsized businesses development in terms of particular qualitative characteristics of labor migration as well as offers a suggestion about the impact of migration on social trends among indigenous population. The article contains an estimation of the prospects of socio-cultural assimilation of migrants among the indigenous people.

5

Authors: B. Borlykova

The article attempts to give a classifi cation of Kalmyk fairy tales from the repertoire of the storyteller Sandzhi Butaev according to the «Comparative index of plots» compiled by L. G. Barag, I. P. Berezovsky, K.P. Kabashnikov, N. V. Novikov. The given index summarizes the results of previous works in the fi eld of systematization of Russian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian fabulous material. Comparing plots of Kalmyk fairy tales with those of the Index, the author found out some correlation between the plot types of Kalmyk fairy tales and those of the East Slavic fairy tales: «The Miraculous enemy» (300–399), «The Miraculous spouse (wife or other relative)» (400–459), «The Magic task» (460–499), «The magical helper» (500–559), «The Magic object» (560–649), «Magical power and knowledge» (skill) (650–699), «Other magic motifs» (700–749). Of special scientifi c value are the texts of tales recorded by the researchers of the Kalmyk Research Institute of Language, Literature, and History (KNIIaLI) such as E. Ch. Bardaev (1967), N. D. Muchkinova (February 1971), N. Ts. Bitkeev, B. B. Okonov (September 1974) and B. E. Mutlyaeva (June 1978). After transcribing tape recorded fairy tales, the researcher published the book «Buutan Sanjin tuul’s» («Sandzhi Butaev’s Tales») in 2008. As a result of the analysis, the author revealed some specifi c features of the interpretation of plot types within the Kalmyk fairy tale and their differentiating elements associated with the originality of the artistic traditions of the Kalmyk people.

5

Authors: V. Rassadin, S. Trofimova

The article reviews a group of terms for wild prey and fur-bearing animal nominalization with the aim to identify their Turkic roots. The investigation is based on the materials of the Khalkha-Mongolian, Buryat, Kalmyk and Old Mongolian languages. For more convincing evidences of the fact that the given Turkic parallel does have a Turkic character the material was taken from «the Ancient Turkic language». The authenticity of the Turkic character is confi rmed by initial forms and etymology of Turkic parallels. The Mongolian languages have a signifi cant number of common Turkic-Mongolian terms for wild prey and fur animals. The analysis showed that in many cases these Turkic-Mongolian terms are of Turkic origin due to their Turkic etymology. This issue requires a special research. As the article notes, some words came to the Mongol language during the pan-Mongolian period of development, others – after these languages began to develop independently having their own contacts with the Turkic tribes. The presence of numerous correspondences with the Mongolian terms is an evidence of contacts between the ancient Mongols with Turks and later contacts of individual Mongolian people with specifi c Turkic tribes.

5

Authors: E. Klyshev, P. Koltsov

The article investigates Mesolithic monuments in Western Kazakhstan. A mesolithic monument Ustyurt is represented by the monuments of Aydabolskaya group: Aydabol 6-7, 9-12, 14-16, 20-23, 25; Aktaylak 1 (layer 1), Aktobe 2, Tchuruk 2 (layers 1 and 2), Tchuruk 3 (layer 2), etc. The Mangystau Region is known for its Kyzylsu 1 and Shahbagatta 2 sites. Stone tools of the sites listed above are featured by a plate technique and such items as end scrapers, draw knives, asymmetrical and less symmetrical trapezoids, mini tool bits, tool bits, end-beveled barbs and plates with a straight truncated end. Items listed above are similar to those found in the sites of the Eastern Caspian Sea region and Southern Ural – the materials of Bilshoy Bugodak 4, Surtanda 6, Murat and Mys Bezymyanny. The similarity consists in vicinity of the trapezoids, ratio of plates and microplates with a blunt edge and end scrapers. Mesolithic of Volga and Ural interfl uve of Western Kazakhstan is presented by such sites as Sar-Aydin 1-3, Mindali 1, 3, etc. They are located in the neighboring regions of Kamysh-Samar lakes. Lithic industry is platy. Stone tools include end scrapers, angular tool bits, incised drawknives, plates with beveled and straight truncated end. Among geometric fi gures a series of segments with unilateral and bilateral retouch is the most expressive. Less common are symmetrical trapezoid, including the “cornute” as well as parallelograms. The above materials demonstrate the cultural unity with Seroglazovka culture of the Northern Caspian. Summing up, it can be noted that in the West Kazakhstan region there are two Mesolithic sites. The fi rst is located in the Ustyur which is culturally close to the Mesolithic Eastern Caspian and Southern Ural, and the second – in the neighboring Kamysh-Samar lakes which demonstrates the cultural unity with the Mesolithic Northern Caspian.

5

Authors: S. Batyreva

Museum reconstruction of traditional Kalmyk culture contributed to the creation of an exhibition which brought together religious objects and artworks. The KIH RAS Buddhist collection has a form of museum publication: its character is refl ected in approaches and features of Kalmykia’s cultural heritage exhibiting. By museum’s funds time and space of traditional culture were structured in qualitatively new exhibition content. The latter opens the possibilities for analyzing the traditions of art. Cultural concept of Buddhism art expresses the evolution of ethnic culture which is clearly demonstrated in collection’s exhibits. Expressive means of icon-painting and sculpture as a whole unit of diverse exhibits recreate a symbolic worldview. Having a mythopoeic archetype of tradition, works of late XIX – early XX century according to the canon reproduce a vertical structure of universe image. The synthesis of plastic arts (painting and sculpture) hierarchically identifi es a number of characters in plane and volumetric expressiveness of altar composition. A diverse pantheon of scientists led by Shakyamuni Buddha is a Buddhist model of universe as a spiritual center of life of the Kalmyk ethnic group. The structural and functional analysis of religious works that illustrate principal ideas of the doctrine, the studies of Tibetan iconography are of particular importance being fundamentally signifi cant for the Buddhist art perception by the Mongolian people. The experience of scientifi c museum collections cataloging and Northern Buddhism pantheon systematizing in the works of domestic and foreign researchers is equally important in this respect. Art is a way to set the laws of the historical process in the analysis and reconstruction of artistic image formed by such functions of traditions that contribute to ethnic differentiation and integration. Culture and art are interdependent in their historical development as traditions promote the continuity of cultural heritage.

5

Authors: T. Pitkieva

The article deals with the issue of using modern communication technologies for education process. It considers the practical use of communication facilities of the National Program „the Gymnasium Union of Russia“ on the example of the activities of the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution "Elista Lyceum" and other educational organizations of the Republic of Kalmykia. Being based on the ideology of open learning and education, such form of network interaction of participants as a network resource is the most promising mechanism of communication technologies in the context of network interaction of educational institutions of the Russian Federation. The author notes that the use of the resources of other network participants of the program expands the boundaries of the communication between students and society providing additional opportunities for their development and self-fulfi lling let alone teachers who can test and implement some innovative education models, management of the education system and experience of using modern educational technologies due to which educational organizations can dynamically develop. As a result there appears a shared semantic communication fi eld for all the participants of the network interaction. Thus, communication technologies of education by means of communication facilities of the all-Russian national program „the Gymnasium Union of Russia“ taken from the practice of educational institutions of Kalmykia contribute to substantial enrichment of the educational environment for development of student's personality, improvement of a professional competence of a teacher and his willingness to implement innovative educational technologies.

6

Authors: E. Muchiryaeva

The article deals with the development of planning and statistics offi ces during the period of imminent threat of war which revealed the need to restructure the entire system of government bodies and institutions. Thus, in December 1939 local public authorities were created in Kalmykia. These elections marked the fi nal stage in the creation of all public authorities under the Constitution of the Kalmyk ASSR and the 1937 RSFSR Constitution. As a result, 13 district (ulus) councils, 1 town, 3 village and 121 rural councils of Workers Deputies were elected. The main responsibility of the state and local planning commission was drafting plans for the development of national and local economy and the verifi cation of compliance with these plans. The State Planning Commission of the KASSR was organized as follows: a chairman was to be appointed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Kalmyk ASSR, a deputy chairman and other members were to be appointed by the Council of Ministers of the Kalmyk ASSR. They provided a guidance and monitored the activity of State Planning Committee departments as well as organized procedures in accordance with the approved provision of the Council of Ministers of the Kalmyk ASSR concerning the State Planning Committee. During 1930–1940s the Regional Planning Commission was not only a planning agency but the entity engaged in government statistics and accounting on the territory of the region. With the aim to carry out these functions two sections were created Planning and Economic Section and Statistics Section which consisted of the following groups: Exchange and Industry Statistics, Agricultural Statistics as well as Labour and Social Statistics.

6

Authors: M. Ochir-Gorjaeva, E. Burataev

Scythian and Syberian animal style is a specifi c peculiarity of archeological culture in the Scythian era. The distinctive manner for animal representation is widely used in cultures of the late Bronze and early Iron Age. A special set of poses and images is the main feature of the Scythian style. At the moment the following groups of animal imaging have been defi ned: hoofed mammals, predators, birds and mythic animals. The given article investigates and describes a set of objects designed in animal style and used for bridle decoration, e.g. metal plates found in Adryg burial excavations in Oktyabrsky Region of Kalmyk ASSR in 1978. The article gives a full description of the burial as well as compares the fi ndings with similar bridle sets from the burial near Khosheutovo settlement. The authors came to conclusion that the analyzed sets (from burials Adryg, Khosheutovo and Novoprivolnoye) are totally identical. It should be noted that the sets of objects from Khosheutovo burial are the most numerous on the territory of Kalmyk Republic.

6

Authors: S. Mirzaeva

The given article investigates four tales of fabulous folklore of Western Mongolian peoples taken from “Essays of Northwestern Mongolia” by G. N. Potanin (1835–1920) and “Examples of Mongolian Folk Literature” by B.Y. Vladimirtsov (1884–1931). Plots of the analyzed tales originate from Tibetan collected Buddhist Jatakas „Sutra of Wisdom and Foolishness“ („Dzanlundo“). It was a widely recognized monument in the literary tradition of the Mongolian peoples. At present there are fi ve translations of the work to the Mongolian and Oirat languages which are analyzed in the book “Tibetan and Mongolian Narrative Literature of XVII–XVIII centuries” by D. N. Muzraeva. Plots of the essay gained popularity in folklore traditions of the Mongolian people as well. Referring to the comments provided by G. N. Potanin and B. Y. Vladimirtsov for their works concerning the connection between the plots of collected tales and “Dzanlundo” stories we investigated plots of the four tales and made an attempt to fi nd original plot lines in Tibetan literature. These are the tales “Burkhn-bakshi” (version d), “Burkhn-bakshi” (version i) collected by G. N. Potanin and «Muhr modn kebtā hān köwün» «Caһān bös orāksn okn» collected by B. Y. Vladimirtsov. The article describes the similarities and differences in the plots of the original text and the folklore example. Tales collected B. Y. Vladimirtsov differ from fairy tales presented in the G. N. Potanin collection and are featured by greater adherence to Tibetan texts and the presence of small differences in the narration. Plots of Potanin’s fairy tales sometimes signifi cantly differ from the Tibetan original. We also made an attempt to fi nd similar stories in the Kalmyk folklore. We have discovered a legend «In honour of Buddha’s victory” (version 1) which is a shortened version of «Chapter Thirteen. About confounded six teachers from “Dzanlundo».

7

Authors: B. Nuskhaeva

Due to the high mortality rate of the population and its laboring part the problem of infant mortality in Russia is given inadequate attention. The study of infant mortality is complicated by the lack of comprehensive statistic data. This is a topical issue for the Republic of Kalmykia as well. The article analyzes the statistical data of infant mortality for the 2002–2013 period published in annual abstracts of statistics, on the offi cial website of the Territorial Department of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Kalmykia provided to the author by the agency. Mortality rates indicate a favorable tendency – a reduction of mortality among children under the age of 17 years between 2002 and 2013. Considering the structure of mortalityб it is possible to point out one of the main reasons – «external causes of death». It is also possible to talk about the predominance of the following causes of death: diseases of the nervous system and respiratory diseases. The analysis of age-specifi c mortality rates in different age groups suggests a high level of mortality among children under 1 year and children aged 15–19. The main causes of infant mortality can be infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the nervous system, respiratory diseases, congenital abnormalities, conditions originating in the perinatal period, accidents, poisonings and traumas. The latter group is one of the leading causes of death among children under 1 year. The study of infant mortality in Kalmykia allows to outline positive and negative tendencies. The former include infant and child mortality rate reduction in general. The negative tendencies are characterized by a high mortality rate among children aged 15–19 and high ratio of mortality from external causes.

7

Authors: D. Muzraeva

The author analyzes the works of the famous «The Sea of Parables» essay translated from Tibetan and recorded on «Oirat clear script» by a Kalmyk Buddhist priest Tugmyud-gavdzhi (O. M. Dordzhiev) as well as provides a list of chapters (garchak) to each of the four notebooks of the manuscript. Garchak publication shows that the author’s intention was not simply to arrange the text of the translation properly but also to systematize an extensive material. There is no doubt that Tugmyud gavdzhi was preparing his translation for the reading by the general public and not only for representatives of the scientifi c circles.

7

Authors: L. Namrueva

As a result of 1990s and 2000s reforms rural areas have dramatically changed in quantitative and qualitative terms. The given article analyzes statistical indicators that characterize the life of rural inhabitants of the Republic of Kalmykia. The data reveals the ageing of rural population: agricultural sector employs mainly people over 50. Young people leave rural areas settling outside Kalmykia. The main causes of migration are low income, lack of jobs and a lack of social infrastructure. Rural population decrease on the territory of Kalmyk Republic in 2010s is uneven and varies on a village and social and demographic group size. Gender disparity as an object of investigation of the article (in a village there are more working-age men than women) exacerbates not only demographic processes but also various social problems associated with deviant behavior (alcoholism, crime). The number of unmarried male village inhabitants is prevalent that female of the same group. The author raises urgent issues with an acute social orientation as their solution will have an impact both on rural inhabitants and ethnic group as a whole.

7

Authors: E. Omakaeva

The article is devoted to the study of the key issue connected with the conceptualization of the semantic structure (semanteme) of a polysemantic verb as a system of sememes of the polysemant in general aimed at developing an algorithm for fi nding out word’s initial meaning and methods of its model description. The issue raised in the article is rather important not only for lexicography of the Mongolian but also for the Altaic languages. Theoretical and typological aspects of the article are also valuable for general linguistics. By analyzing the corpus of electronic texts of the Kalmyk heroic epic “Jangar” the researcher reviews polysemantic verbs of directed movement such as irh ‘to come’, odh ‘to go away’, orh ‘to enter’, gharh ‘to go out’. Various lexical-semantic variants (LSV) of the given verbs are included into lexical-semantic groups (LSG). The author examines their main and derived meanings. The article uses a systematic approach to analyzing “verbs of directed movement” by investigating lexical and semantic variants of a polysemantic word (entry word) within certain lexical and semantic groups (LSG).

8

Authors: E. Badmaeva

The article is aimed to analyze the organizational, legal and administrative decisions of the central authorities of the Soviet State and methods of their implementation on the territory of a certain region of the country as well as their impact on the historiography of the collectivization process during its years. The sources used for the analysis were based on the historiographical works published in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods written by the historians of the national republics, who discovered the regional and national specifi cs of socio-economic transformations in rural areas in 1928–1940. As a result of the research the author gives her own interpretation of the collectivization process in the autonomous Republic of Kalmykia. During that period, agriculture and peasantry of Kalmykia were evolving in line with socio-economic and political processes taking place in the country and they were not ready to move to a collective farming due to the lack of both economic and socio-psychological prerequisites. The «Continuous collectivization» of the national autonomy was not conceived as a voluntary and mass infl ux of peasants into collective farms. It was imposed on the peasantry from above, and for its implementation the government took various administrative decisions, used different methods, mainly, tight administrative control of agriculture. Despite the effi ciency of individual farm labor, farms were completely eradicated and their owners were expelled from their homes or sent to prison. The collective farms were seen as the only feasible way for the agricultural recovery and improvement of peasants’ lives. Dispossession of kulaks, arm-twisting, administrative pressure became the most important constituent parts of the process of collectivization. Thus, the author concludes that the agrarian transformation of 1930s in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region was an act of forced collectivization and dekulakization. And the only alternative to the forced collectivization could be the intensifi cation of market relations in agriculture by supporting small rural producers and providing them with greater autonomy, as well as introducing the elements of commodity-money relations, self-suffi ciency etc. under the condition of a gradual, voluntary, industrial co-operation of the owners.

9

Authors: K. Maksimov

On the eve of the XX century one of the fastest growing districts of the Don Cossack Host province appeared to be Salskiy district which was rather young in comparison with others. It consisted of 12 villages, including 9 Kalmyk villages with a population of nearly 30 thousand people, i.e. about 50% of the district’s population. Kalmyks living in the district complied with corresponding Cossacks rights and obligations. The majority professed Buddhism and a small part – Orthodoxy. Despite diverse ethnic environment and changes in social status Kalmyks preserved their self-identity. The basis of the economic well-being of Kalmyks of Salkiy district who switched to a steady economic still was livestock breeding, mainly horse breeding. The Kalmyk people were actively developing farming as well. Kalmyk children also went to schools and colleges of stanitsas (villages inside a Cossack Host).

10

Authors: E. Bakaeva

The article reviews the semantics of women's costume of the Oirat and Kalmyk people. According to the scientists this type of clothing is included into South Siberian group of clothing which is usually associated with economic and cultural tradition of nomadic herders. A similar type of women’s clothing was also typical of the Siberian people, especially among the Buryats and the Derbets, Bait, Zakhchin, Torguts, Uriankhaian people of Oirat origin. The specifi c style of sleeveless jacket “tsegdg” could be found among Mongols (“uuzh”), Southern Altai people (“chegedek”), the Tuvans (“chegedek”), the Khakas people (“sigidek”) and other ethnic groups. The author analyzes the main hypotheses proposed by Russian and foreign scientists.

2

Authors: E. Bembeev

Пюрбеев Григорий Церенович, главный научный сотрудник Института языкознания Российской академии наук, доктор фило- логических наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки Республики Калмыкия, По- четный гражданин Республики Калмыкия – признанный в нашей стране и за рубежом ученый, исследователь в области монголь- ского языкознания и монгольской филоло- гии.

3

Authors: V. Tepkeev

The article is devoted to the history of the Oirat migration process from Central Asia to the South- Western Siberia. Due to the lack of sources this subject has not been suffi ciently studied on many aspects in the historiography. The author identifi es four main reasons for migration: environmental, internal political situation, foreign policy, and economic. The main assumption is that revealing the reasons of the Oirat migration from Central Asia to Siberia will allow to resolve all the issues of political history of the Oirats in the 17th century. The mass migration of the nomads from Central Asia to the west has long been seen in history. Nomads being pastoralists, hunters, and warriors due to the dominant mode of production were forced to search for vast areas. Population growth, increase in the livestock, unsuccessful wars, decrease of pasture areas and others forced them to embark on long wanderings. One of which was made by the Oirats in the 17th century. Kalmyk uluses, which had migrated from Western Mongolia, located in the upper reaches of the rivers Irtysh, Ishim, near Kamyshlov town, Omi and Salt lakes. Kalmyks became nearest neighbors of Siberian uyezds (districts) of Muscovy.

4

Authors: N. Naranjargal

In the middle of the 1920s on the basis of the written request on behalf of the Mongolian people and Bogd Khan the fi rst seven representatives of the Mongolian People’s Party composed of three groups were sent to the USSR for military and fi nancial assistance in the struggle for independence from Chinese oppression. The fi rst group of delegates held a series of important meetings with the leadership of the Far Eastern Soviet Republic and Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U.(b.), where they presented their goals and objectives in the struggle for independence, as well as requests for assistance in training party workers, establishing the printing-house, providing international support, supply of arms and fi nancial assistance. The Mongolian delegation was aimed to achieve the independence of Mongolia under Bogd Khan. The leadership of the USSR advocated the establishment of Soviet infl uence in Mongolia and the transfer of power from the hands of the aristocracy and the clergy to the common people. Despite these contradictions, for the sake of retaining the independence, the Mongolian delegates had to agree with the idea of the people’s revolution the Soviet leadership was interested in. For political purposes the Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) was renamed the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party (MPRP). The Mongolian delegation composed a new letter in which it was stated that the revolution was in the interests of the common people and the power of the Bogd gegeen was limited to the relogious matters. In this case, Mongolia could count on the assistance in the delivery of weapons to 10,000 soldiers, machine guns, artillery guns, cars and 7–8 million dollars credit. Thus, the “fi rst seven”, who went to the Soviet Union for negotiations, successfully completed their tasks and returned home.

5

Authors: E. Aiyzhy, A.- K. Bazyrchap

The article is based on the materials of fi eld investigations conducted by the authors in Kobdo and Bayan-Ulgii aimags of Mongolia and devoted to the traditions of nature management of ethnic Tuvans from North-western Mongolia. The peculiarities of the traditional economy, the territory of nomadism, the customs associated with the ethnic traditions of nature management are considered in the article. The authors come to the conclusion that rational use of natural resources is necessary for the preservation of modern ecosystems which is impossible without studying their characteristics. Since breeding has been the main occupation of the Tuvans from North-western Mongolia, each tribal group knew their place in the overall scheme of nature conservation. Rituals, traditions and experience of farming were passed down from generation to generation. These places were marked by the so called 'ovaa' signs as they were primordially considered native and sacred. The Tuvans living in North-western Mongolia, over many decades have adapted to living in the area, maintaining the tradition of land use without disturbing the natural balance in accordance with the environmental capabilities of the developed environment.

5

Authors: K. Orlova, B. Davaadorj

The study of the written heritage of Mongolian peoples has a long tradition. The largest collections of manuscripts and xylographs in Russia are concentrated in St. Petersburg, Ulan-Ude, and some of them are in Elista and Kyzyl. In Mongolia the richest manuscript collections are held at the State Public Library and the Institute of Language and Literature of Mongolia in Ulan Bator. Recently researchers from different institutions: the Institute of Language and Literature of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of History of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Center for the Study of Oirat History and Culture «Tod nomyn gerel», Mongolian State Pedagogical University, and others have been actively involved in the fi eld research within the complex ethnological, linguistic, historical, ethnographic, folklore and other expeditions. The article is based on fi eld research which was conducted during the scientifi c expedition held in Khovd (in Russian ― Khovdosky) aimag of Mongolia. Materials on the written heritage of the Western Mongols were gathered by scientists of Khovd State University and stored electronically. The collection of manuscripts consists primarily of the Oirat sources. The manuscripts were translated by an outstanding Oirat educator, politician, and founder of the Oirat writing «Clear Script» (1648), Zaya Pandita Namkhai Gyamtso (1599–1662). Thus, the manuscripts are mainly presented by religious, ritual, ethical and edifying writings also related to household activities of Khovd aimag. Further the research will be connected with the description of the written heritage of the Western Mongols.

5

Authors: Ts. Seleeva

The article deals with the semantics of the hero’s image and his functions in a Kalmyk heroic tale and the epos Dzhangar. The author reveals specifi c and universal features of the hero’s image by reconstructing the transformation process of the heroic tale into the heroic epos. The author comes to the conclusion that the universal in the image of the hero is associated with the syncretic nature and interpenetration of genres of both the heroic tale and the epos. The most important source of the formation of both the heroic epos and the heroic tale is a myth through which one can trace the transformation of the heroic tale into the heroic epos which is caused by the development of peoples themselves, their transition from the patriarchal and tribal system to the feudal society. The myth had infl uenced the formation of the heroic tales and heroic epos primarily through the image of a cultural hero. In this connection, the author makes an assumption that this image served as source material contributed to the creation of fabulous and epic heroes’ models. Specifi c features of the image are caused by socio-historical factors of the patriarchal-patrimonial and feudal systems that infl uenced the creation of the image of the hero both in the tale and the epos.

6

Authors: А. Diuldenko

The article considers the scientifi c work of the XVIII century Orientalist – Johannes Jährig. Taking into account the fact that there were no fundamental studies regarding this topic, long time was considered that Jährig was a scientist of the Russian origin. However, on the basis of German historical sources, it became possible to know that he was born in the family of Moravians or Herrnhut Church on 17th March 1747 in Herngaag, Germany. In 1769 he moved to Herrnhut’s settlement in Sarepta, Russia. Analyses of historical sources and periodicals of the Russian Academy of Sciences helped to specify the line of his research. In 1773 Jährig left the settlement and take service at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences due to the assistance of Peter Simon Pallas. Academy charged him to study Kalmyk’s language, culture and religion. As a result he sent to Academy numerous reports, translations, manuscripts, natural samples and many other materials from Kalmykia. In 1780 on behalf of the Academy of Science Jährig moved to the modern Buryatia district in order to study Mongolians of Russia and increase knowledge about this region. At the same time Jährig systematized received knowledge, which formed the basis for Mongolian and Tibet studies of Russia. He developed one of the fi rst Mongolian dictionaries, Mongolian and Tibetan language grammars as well as other numerous essential materials. The article also considers the directions of his cooperation with the European scientifi c community. This fi eld is completely unstudied by Russian historical science. The study found that despite the localized nature of Jährig’s work within the Russian Empire, his works were published in a number of German and English scientifi c publications. Most likely his close contacts with such European scientists as P. S. Pallas and G.Th. von Ash helped him. Moreover, thanks to Jährig the fi rst samples of Mongolian manuscripts appeared in Germany. In conclusion it is necessary to note that Jährig’s almost unstudied scientifi c work had impact on many areas of Russian and German Oriental Studies. His works in linguistics made an inappreciable contribution to science development. As a result their currency continues to increase due to the growing demand of the recovery of almost lost Mongolian native languages of Russia.

6

Authors: B. Idzhaeva, N. Badmaeva

The article examines the main indicators of the standard of living of Kalmykia. On the basis of statistical indicators of the size of subsistence minimum, the average income per capita, the average monthly wage and the structure of money income the author has analyzed the dynamics of changes in the standard of living and income differentiation of the population. It is noted that since 2005 the size of subsistence minimum in Kalmykia has increased by nearly 59% and accounted 7750 rubles in the fourth quarter of 2014. In 2010, 48.5% of the population had an income of less than 6,000 rubles per month. Compared to 2010, in 2013 the proportion of people whose income was less than 6,000 rubles per month decreased by 10% and amounted 28.3%. The statistics show that the average wage of the region in the given period amounted 24,920 rubles. The population of the republic basically spends the money on goods and services (consumer spending). The analysis showed that the level of unequal access to income and other resources still remains high, as shown by the indicators of income inequality.

6

Authors: D. Muzraeva, A. Burykin

The article considers the issues of Oirat and Kalmyk lexical specifi city in relation to the lexicon of ancient and modern Mongolian languages.While considering phonetic, lexical and derivational dialectisms of the Kalmyk language (Derbet, Torgut, Buzava dialects) referring to the contemporary “Kalmyk-Russian dictionary,” the authors came to the conclusion that the differentiated lexicon of these dialects appeared much later, partly, because of the early Russian borrowings. Lexical study of the Oirat dialects of Mongolia revealed a signifi cant number of non-trivial and irregular phonetic correspondences of the Oirat words and the words of other Mongolian languages. It also revealed a number of archaisms preserved both in Oirat dialects and in the Kalmyk language. The specifi city of the Oirat and Kalmyk lexicon in relation to that of the other Mongolian languages, presented in the article for the fi rst time, creates the basis for future comparative and historical research in Oirat Studies.

6

Authors: T. Sharaeva

The article considers Kalmyk tamghas in terms of studying ethnic markers and clan structure of Kalmyks as well as transformation processes in management forms. The topicality of the research is relevant in connection with the processes of ethnocultural revival and the fact that Kalmyk tamghas and the issue of studying ethnic markers have little been studied. The purpose of this article is to examine the Kalmyk tamghas as a clan marker and a sign of ethnogenic relations in the past. In this connection, we have studied forms of tamghas and their marks, their application methods, types and values, and carried out their comparative analysis with those of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples. The analysis of the Kalmyk tamghas allows to conclude that they continue to perform a unifying function for all of the clan representatives and a defi nitive, distinctive function for the representatives of other clan. Though socio-historical processes in the last hundred years have contributed to a signifi cant loss of knowledge about tamghas, however, interest in them has increased due to the revival of ethnic culture in modern Kalmyk society. There is also a trend to change the status of tamghas as a sign of ownership (brand) to the multifunctional symbol associated with heraldry, and the sacred sphere (symbol containing amulet functions). Besides, there is a decline in the status of tamghas: those which were common for the whole clan became common only for one family which is connected primarily with the change process within the forms of management. On the basis of comparative analysis of tamghas it is possible to trace the ethnogenetic ties of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples in the past. Materials on Kalmyk tamghas can be used in compiling a catalogue of Kalmyk clans.

7

Authors: G. Korneev

The article is devoted to the study of the tradition of home prayers of Kalmyk Buddhist laymen. On the basis of the data on the traditions of Theravada and Mahayana, the author comes to the conclusion that the laity’s tradition of prayer on special days three times each lunar month dates back to the ancient period of the history of Buddhism. Though the tradition is still preserved in Kalmyk Buddhism it has some specifi c features. Of particular importance are the texts, read by Kalmyk believers in Kalmyk and Tibetan languages during the days of fasting which are called Matsg. The author identifi es 4 groups of texts and gives their examples. Further research will probably be connected with the identifi cation process of all the texts included in the collections of the prayers of fasting days.

7

Authors: E. Bembeev

The article describes chronological characteristics of the written monuments in «Сlear Script». The development process of the peculiar Oirat (Kalmyk) literature, written in «Clear Script» can be divided into two periods. The 1st period is from 1648 to 1771. The second period is divided into two parts which is connected with the fact that the major part of the Kalmyk people left for Dzhungaria in 1771 and the unifi ed Oirat-Kalmyk written language continued to evolve in different geographical and ethno-political conditions. On the territory of the Lower Volga region the old Kalmyk written language began to develop, the graphic system of which was replaced in 1924 by the Cyrillic alphabet. A conventionally «Oirat» written language has been further developed in Xinjiang which continues to be used at the present time. While studying the chronological characteristics of written heritage in «Clear Script» original works of the authors of the XVII–XIX centuries, primarily historical essays, formal written documentation, as well as works created on the basis of works of folklore will be selected as text sources for the subcorpus of «early texts». These works convey a vivid world of the Oirat and the Kalmyk people’s way of life in the XVII–XIX centuries. Handwritten historical essays, business letters, namtaru and other works of original genres, despite their brevity, are of special cultural value, as they refl ect, albeit in a limited way, the state of the Oirat-Kalmyk language of the time and carry information about the grammatical system of the Kalmyk language.

7

Authors: K. Maksimov

Owing to patriotism, solidarity of the people, scientifi c and economic potential, the Soviet Union not only withstood the attack of Nazi Germany but crushed the Nazis seventy years ago. In order to protect the freedom and independence of the country, the multinational Kalmyk ASSR (Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) along with the entire country and the population, rose to the defense of Russia from the earliest days of World War II. In the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War, almost 34.5 million people (including 21.2 million of Russians) put soldiers’ overcoats to fi ght the enemy. Among them there were 43,210 citizens of Kalmykia. The peoples of the Kalmyk ASSR participated not only in the fi ghting on the front lines of the war and partisan detachments but also worked selfl essly in the rearward, assisting the Red Army. As a result, at the cost of thousands of lives the Soviet people defended their territory and state sovereignty. In July 1942 in conjunction with other compounds of the 51st Army, the 110th Kalmyk Detached Cavalry Division successfully completed its mission on the Don, repulsing an attack of superior enemy forces. According to the manual of the General Staff of the Red Army, Marshal A.I. Yeremenko, the fi ghting on the Don prepared the ground for a fundamental turning point in the Second World War at Stalingrad.

7

Authors: E. Bakaeva

The article considers the existence in the traditional culture of Oirats of Mongolia and Kalmyks of Russia a specifi c type of shoes — felted boots, now called “tohoku”. On the basis of new data it is concluded that this type of footwear had been spread among the Altai Uriankhai, the Torghuts, the Zakhchins and also Kalmyks. This type of footwear was perceived as one of the ethnic markers of the Oirats and Torghuts of Mongolia and China. The features of the piston type pattern of the leather part of the boots — tsarag — and customs of using such boots suggests an ancient origin of this type of footwear and its connection with the culture of hunters. The common name of these peoples, characterized by a specifi ed type of shoes was actually the name of felt boots (or stockings) oims that appeared, probably with the spread of pastoralism.

8

Authors: G. Khishigjargal

The article focuses on studying the Mongol-Manchu’s struggle which resulted in loss of independence of Mongols. There are some main factors in the process of the conquest of Mongolia. The fi rst one is political and feudal disruption of Mongols. Since the 14th century they had been divided into several rival groups and khanates. The most powerful among them were the Chahar khanate in Southern Mongolia, the Dzungar khanate in Western Mongolia and three Khalkh khanates in Northern Mongolia. All of them claimed the great khan’s throne and their constant rivalry eventually led to the mutual weakening. Meanwhile on the territories to the east of Mongolia the neighboring Jurchen tribes were united by Nurkhaci, a charismatic chieftain, under the name of Manchu. The consolidated Manchu state successively conquered the Mongols by means of military force, matrimonial relations and bribes. The fi rst Mongols to ally the Manchus were the Khorchin, next the Chahars were subdued, then the Khalkh nobility pledged allegiance to the Manchu Emperor Kangxi in 1691. Finally in the middle of the 18th century the Dzungars were broken down by the Manchu and became a part of the Qing Empire.

10

Authors: V. Kukanova

The article describes the grammar of order of infl ectional affi xes of nominal parts of speech in the Kalmyk language on the example of the noun word forms. Under the model of infl ectional affi xes we understand an abstract scheme under which a real infl ectional chain with respect to the laws of morpho-phonological compatibility and semantic rules is formed. The research is based on the data of the National Corpus of the Kalmyk language (kalmcorpora.ru), the volume of which is nearly 9 million tokens which allows to obtain objective information on modeling infl ectional chain. The importance of the research lies in the necessity of the classifi cation and the systematic descriptive analysis of associative properties of morphemic units (in this case — stems and affi xes, affi xes and affi xes) in the synthesis of lexical units (in the broadest sense of the word forms) of the Kalmyk language. During the analysis of the material of the National Corpus of the Kalmyk language we identifi ed 33 models of infl ectional affi xes within the nominal parts of speech of the Kalmyk language. A number of these models is dialectal in nature, as, for example, the plural form is based on two plural affi xes: Base + Pl + Pl; Base + Pl + Pl + Case; Base + Pl + Pl + Per; Base + Pl + Pl + Pos; Base + Pl + Pl + Case + Pos; Base + Pl + Pl + Refl . The list of models includes both well-known and frequent schemes, as well as those which haven’t been described in the scientifi c literature (for instance, a model Base + (Inter) + Pl + Equ; Base + (Inter) + Pl + Gen | Ass + Case; Base + (Inter) + Pl + Gen | Ass + Case + Pos; etc.).

13

Authors: B. Goryaeva,A. Bayanova, A. Butaeva, V. Kukanova

The article deals with the analysis of the characters in the frame story of the Kalmyk fairy tale in terms of computer technologies. On the basis of the folklore material recorded by G.I. Ramstedt, the authors consider nominations and characters’ names from the point of view of the frequency of their occurrence in fairy tales. As a result of the authors’s attempted analysis to construct the fi rst stage of the frame story of the folklore text characters, one can establish cultural signifi cance not only of this or that character but of the Mongolian folklore tradition as a whole. Thus, the most frequent character that appears in almost every story (in 14 out of 15 texts), is ‘a man (kyn)’, then ‘a boy’ (kovuyn) and ‘an old woman’ (emgn), with the frequency of occurrence 13 out of 15 tales. Then follow such characters as: ’a girl’ (kuyykn — 12), ‘a horse’ (morn — 11), ‘khan’ (11), ‘an old man’ (ovgn — 10). Whereas the frequency of occurrence of other characters is not so high.

4

Authors: Z. Sirazitdinov, R. Karimova

The article contains a brief biography of F. Khisamitdinova, the prominent Bashkir scientist, who made a great contribution to the development of Bashkir linguistics, particularly, to such scientific courses as historical phonetics, lexicology, lexicography, ethnolinguistics and turkology as a whole.

5

Authors: I. Lamozhapova

A proper noun, particularly a personal name, is a part of an individualizing function, and generates such features as “distinctness and concreteness” in speech because it indicates a certain denotation that is closely related to the onym. It means that the extra linguistic factors play an important role in the formation of the proper nouns. These factors are of historical and cultural events, and they highlight components in society’s vital activities that are indicative of any fundamental aspects of either a social or cultural appurtenance. Complex researches of a language, in particular, researches of proper nouns’ system, are reasonable. This necessity probably gave birth to the direction some have taken in the fields of cognitive linguistics. The main components that help form the extralinguistic conditions, the essential sources of formation that are used to create personal name systems like Buryats, Kalmyks, derived from a Mongol cultural aspect are examined in the article. The information is analyzed from the history of Mongolian clans’ contacts with other ethnic groups. Also, some features from the main cultural component extracted from their religious practices were characterized, peculiarly, to reflect the eclecticism during the period of the Middle Ages. Mongols are one of the most ancient people of the world, and their system of thinking can be viewed from their unique history, distinctive culture, peculiar traditions, and customs. Mongols’ military campaigns under the leadership of Chingis-Khan in large areas caused remaining of their proper nouns to stay intact. The proof of it is in such marks as geographical names of Mongolian language origin. In addition, there was foreign vocabulary in Mongolian anthroponymicon. Turkisms and sinologisms became later manchurism attributes. Religious eclecticism: the original religion- Shamanism, Christianity, Islam are reflected on personal names’ system, as well. Later Buddhism’s distribution is also reflected on this system of personal names. So, some original personal names in “The Secret History of the Mongols” have shamanic roots. Scientists have found Christian origin in the name of the fifth son of Jochi-Syban. The main medieval Mongolian tradition of giving names to people still exists in the culture of the modern Mongolian people.

5

Authors: V. Mushaev

Studying phraseological units of the Kalmyk language is a topical objective of contemporary Kalmyk linguistics. The difficulty of studying set-expressions stems from the fact that their meaning is not defined by the meanings of their individual components. Besides, their grammatical meaning, which appear as grammatical archaisms, does not comply with the norms of the modern language. On the other side, they add emphasis to speech, and highlight ethnical features and the uniqueness of a language. Employing the data of the Kalmyk language, the article studies the generalized system of special linguistic aspects of phraseological units in relation to their structure, semantics, and speech function. The author reviews the linguo-stylistic aspects of usage and functioning of the basic phraseological lexicon in the works by Kalmyk authors. From the artistic point of view phraseological units impart strong emotional tone and define the individual features of Kalmyk writers, as well as convey the universals of the Kalmyk people worldview.

5

Authors: B. Kichikova

The article contains historical and literary commentary on the line “You don`t prattle in French…” from A. Pushkin’s Address “To a Kalmyk Maiden” (May 15–22, 1829). To comment it a number of draft quatrains are involved, which contrast Kalmyk Maiden portrait description with an epigrammatic generalized portrait of Russian noblewoman with her cardinal trait – halfeuropean halfenlightenment. Addressing to some fragments of the poem “Earl Nulin”, the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”, to Pushkinian literary criticism, to historical and literary as well as to historical and everyday materials of the era, is necessary to cover a subject matter of the Russian language and national culture, mentioned in the commented line of the address “To a Kalmyk Maiden”.

5

Authors: K. Maksimova

Public-private partnership is one of the most promising tools for financing projects, which includes benefits for both the state (improved fiscal, economic and social benefits of infrastructure projects) and the private sector (the guaranteed cash flow for a long time). The choice of financing mechanisms is a key issue of joint investment projects between state and private sector. Another important issue is a financial security in the implementation of public-private partnership projects that pre-determines the level of its investment potential and cost-effectiveness. Since capital investment requires rational, economically profitable placement, it is necessary to find such solutions which would provide proper business profitability of the investment at a reasonable risk allocation and resolve issues within the competence of the state. The equity investment and credit resources of private banks are considered to be the main financing sources of the public-private partnership projects. The state support provides guarantee and direct budget investments in order to encourage investors and develop the market. Combining different funding sources of the project allows the state and municipal authorities to improve fiscal, economic and social effectiveness of the project and attract a large number of potential investors and lenders. The state can vary the proposed financing model for each project, which makes it possible to supervise its attractiveness for both the society and investors. The types and forms of the state and private sector participation in financing the projects on the base of mutual interests for both parties are considered in the article.

6

Authors: A. Tetuev

This article gives a complex analysis of the special characteristics and main tendencies of ethnopolitical processes in Kabardino-Balkaria in the early 21st century. Current situation in the region is characterized by a longterm ethnopolitical crisis which has switched to latency state. Among the key factors that form the ethnopolitical tension in Kabardino-Balkaria are low level of socio-economic development and the lack of public confidence in state and municipal authorities. During the post-Soviet period the state authorities failed to overcome a range of problems, which include the crisis of economy, subsidized character of the region, mass unemployment, low standard of living, terrorism. The issues of municipal units delimitation have not yet been resolved and the land reform in accordance with the requirements of the Land Code of the Russian Federation has not been implemented. Ethnopolitical processes are substantially influenced by demographic and migration factors. High natural increase rate coupled with insufficient economic growth rates induce excess workforce and migration. A matter of great concern is outmigration of the Russian population, which acts a consolidate basis for interethnic concord. In this context it seems rational to monitor political and socio-economic state of the society. Along with this, current ethnopolitical situation in Kabardino-Balkaria necessitates to concentrate the efforts of the executive authorities and municipal governments on implementing complex and consistent measures aimed at enhancing the economic, social and cultural development of the republic. For this purpose it is necessary to secure the development of the regional labor market, create workplaces as a result of deployment of new production facilities, increase business recruitment needs, raise the pay, and intensify residential development.

6

Authors: N. Balinova, I. Khomyakova

The article assesses the data collected by the anthropologists and the geneticists of the N.N. Miklukho- Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, and Moscow State University Museum and Research Institute of Anthropology, who performed a complex anthropometric research of a Sart-Kalmak ethnic group during the 2013 expedition. Body measurements of 84 female and 119 male Sart-Kalmak adults, 830 photographic portraits, fill-out recording forms related to racial traits, and 197 blood samples for genetic analyses were obtained for the study. The average anthropometric measurement values do not vary much among the groups studied. This could be due to either the insufficient number of the collected samples, or the fact that there are in fact no significant differences between the Sart-Kalmaks, the Kyrgyz and the mixed-race as to their somatic features and the size of their head and face. Some peculiarities still need to be noted. Male Sart-Kalmak adults are the tallest of all, whereas the Kyrgyz tend to be more corpulent and their body mass index (BMI) is in the overweight range. Females of the mixed origin tend to be the tallest, however having the least weight and the lowest BMI as compared with the other groups. Kyrgyz male adults show more subcutaneous fat deposition, which is not typical for the women. As for the cephalic index it is the highest in both Sart-Kalmak male and female adults. Sart-Kalmaks and mixed-race men tend to have larger zygomatic diameter and a longer face than the Kyrgyz, whereas females have no such features in their face structure. Both the Sart-Kalmak and the mixed-race males show distinctive difference from the Kyrgyz only by the height of the upper lip and the thickness of the lips. Age-related changes of some morphological parameters in Sart-Kalmak men and women show standard dynamics common for many other ethnic groups. The increase in subcutaneous fat deposition with ageing is the main reason for waistline growth, particularly around the abdomen of both men and women. Most women experience an increase in hip circumference, associated with the manifestation of sexual dimorphism. The fact, that women over 50 tend to grow more abdominal fat, is mentioned by many researchers as menopause-related and accompanied by the accumulation of adipose tissue, mainly, in visceral fat depots. The current research presents the preliminary results of the morphological status analysis of the surveyed groups of the Sart-Kalmaks, the Kyrgyz and those of mixed origin. Based on the data obtained in 2014 from the anthropological survey of sub-ethnic groups of the Kalmyks, we will conduct a comparative analysis of their anthropometric indices with those of the Sart-Kalmaks of Kyrgyzstan. The present research highlights the major trends in the current development of this ethnic group.

6

Authors: Z. Chedzhieva

The article is devoted to the issue of the ethnic and cultural specifics of the Kalmyk and English proverbs and phraseological units containing ‘an animal component’. The main assumption is that each nation and each linguistic community perceives and reflects the world under the influence of its cultural and national customs, traditions and history, and creates its own worldview. The ethno-cultural character of any community’s worldview is clearly fixed in the language. Moreover, the language preserves the culture of the people and transfers it further to the next generations. The aim of the article is to give a structural description of the Kalmyk and English paremiological units. For this purpose, the ethnic peculiarity of each nation is examined and compared with that of the other one. Paremiological units with the structure of complex sentences present compound, complex and conjunctionless sentences. According to the comparative analysis, the most common type for both languages are paremiological units with the structure of complex sentences. The complex sentence structure with subordinate clauses of condition, time, place, as well as attributive and concessive subordinate clauses are mainly found in the Kalmyk proverbs. Whereas, complex, compound and conjunctionless sentences are often found in the structure of English proverbs. However, most Kalmyk proverbs have the structure of conjunctionless sentence and compound sentences are rarely used.

6

Authors: А. Tomaska

When studying social adaptation, it is vital to review the factors affecting the process and the strategies of social adaptation. Scientific literature encompasses a large number of approaches to adaptation factor analysis. This article deals with the demographic factors affecting the formation of the directions of social adaptation for the youth of indigenous ethnic minorities of the North who study in urban environment. The article presents analysis of the primary sociological data collected among the youth of indigenous ethnic minorities of the North who study in urban environment in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic in the cities of Yakutsk, Neryungri and Aldan. The empirical data was gathered through the questionnaire survey method by multistage quote (proportional) sampling. The related quote sample selection attributes include gender, age, educational institution type, ethnicity, and year of studies. The following demographic factors are reviewed for the analysis of social adaptation: migrants’ gender, marital and reproductive attitudes of the young respondents. The factors for their demographic adaption (i.e. age, marital and reproductive attitudes) are inherently controversial. On the one side, the youth has undoubtedly high adaptation potential owing to their age. On the other side, the reviewed socio-demographic group lacks any experience of adaptation and interaction with urban environment. The analysis of migrant students revealed gender imbalance, i.e. high migration activity of young women, although the proportion of young male migrants has increased over recent years. The results of the questionnaire survey demonstrated the differences in marital and reproductive attitudes between school students, college (secondary vocational educational institutions) students, and university students.

7

Authors: D. Vinokurova

The article discusses the difference between such notions as non-local / local community (migrant/nonmigrant) in terms of N. Luhmann’s communicative systems theory and ‘geophilosophy’ developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. The analysis has been performed with the assistance of the empirical data collected in three cities of Yakutia. It has shown that labor and educational migration rate is higher in Mirny and in Yakutsk, rather than in Lensk. Respondents have been conventionally divided into several groups according to the number of times they changed their place of residence. Thus, there are four groups found: 1) the «traditionally changing their place of residence» migrants (1 move), 2) «active» migrants (2 to 3 times), 3) «intermediate» migrants (4 to 5 times) and 4) «hyperactive» migrants (6 or more times). Besides, they have been asked to express their attitude towards «settling (in a new place)» when completing the questionnaire column titled «native/non-native.»

8

Authors: D. Kukeev

The Corpus of Eastern Sources on the Oirats’ history and the study of Qing multilingual texts is the primary focus of the present article. Focusing on Chinese “Fanglue” and Manchu version of “Bodogon-i bithe”, the author presents to Russian scholars the earlier unknown results of overseas research in Orats studies, comparing multilingual texts of the same source. It is stated that the Manchu text proves to be more complete, whereas the Chinese one contains errors, omissions and deliberate corrections. The Manchu “Zòuzhé” texts are valuable for their being the primary source in multilingual collections, and, since many of them were not included in the “Fanglue” and even forbidden from being translated into Chinese, the valuable information was preserved only in Manchu. “Zòuzhé” is a collection of confidential reports from the local Qing trustees to the Emperor about the facts on the ground. The reports were sent to the Emperor directly, bypassing any intermediate instances. Every day the Emperor received 50–60 “Zòuzhé”. Twice a day reports, reviewed personally by the Emperor, would go to the Great Council (Junjuchu 軍機處) to be copied (wai ji 外纪) twice and sent to the archive and a person in charge. The original of the document with the resolution of the Emperor (Zhupi Zòuzhé 硃批奏摺) was sent to the reporter to review and returned them back; the violation of this rule was punishable by death. Written in the Manchu language “Zòuzhé” of that period often listed intelligence reports to the Emperor marked in Chinese “not for translation”. They contained confidential information on the situation along the Qing army’s proposed route, reports about Galdan and Tsewang-Rabdan, etc. “Zòuzhé” texts are now available for studies by Oirats researchers without a need to visit the archives of China or Taiwan for searching and selecting relevant documents. Multi-volume collection of “Zòuzhé” was published in the Chinese language by the National Palace Museum in Taiwan and then by the First Historic Archive in Beijing. Russian researchers are taking their first steps introducing valuable sources in Manchu on the history of Oirats in the scholarly practice of Mongolian studies.

9

Authors: N. Mulaeva

The aim of the article is to lay down punctuation rules on participles and misrelated participles in a Kalmyk sentence when preparing texts of epic songs for compiling “Explanatory dictionary of the Kalmyk heroic epos Dzhangar”. Punctuation of particles and misrelated participles in Kalmyk language like in many other languages is strongly dependent on syntax. However, the meaning in the speech is a crucial moment to be taken into account, when building a sentence and choosing punctuation marks. It should be noted that the rules, laid down by the authors, are relevant only for the language materials of the epos Dzhangar. The main assumption is that it refers to the early historical period of the Oirat literary language, to its origin. For it bears the marks of the literary language due to its literary processing (arranged set of formulas – poetic, oratory, legal, everyday), its supradialectal form, as well as functional and stylistic diversity.

11

Authors: E. Muchiryaeva

At the end of the XIX century there were different ways of collecting data on the Kalmyk Steppe. Along with annual reports of the Astrakhan Committee of Statistics, there were survey expedition of the Steppe, military-horse census and population census. Military-horse census had been carried out twice a year since 1902. On the whole, there were nine censuses organized from 1875–1912 in pre-revolutionary Russia. In organizational terms, the census was carried out by the warden of the ulus and ulus rulers. Census data included the following information: the name of the uyezd (district), the number of military horse section, the name of the volost (small rural district) and the name of horses roundup. All-Russian Rural Administrative Division was mentioned in the heading of each census table. After 1892 the Administration of the Kalmyk people had undergone the process of reorganization. The analysis of annual reports of the Chief Administration shows that the officials were charged with the collection of a huge amount of information on statistics and accounting. The given summary table, based on the reports of the Chief Administration for 1893–1917 years, demonstrates not only the specifics of its staff, but the scope of its activities in the field of statistical data collection. On the 15th of September 1918 it was decreed to establish local statistica l offices.