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Empirical Investigation of Multi-dimensional Gender Inequality in Pakistan: a Case Study of Punjab
Authors: Najma Manzoor, Usman Shakoor, Ashfaq Ahmad, Hassan Shahzad
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Developing nations, having economies in juvenile stage, are facing internal
problems along with challenging issues on international level. Gender inequality is
one of the critical subjects among those many problems. It refers to hidden
disparity among individuals. A quite common phenomenon faced all around the
globe, Pakistan is facing this problem in all aspects of life. It include but not
limited to inequalities in paying rewards to labors, overall working conditions of
labor market and provision of necessities (food, education and health). Theses all
issues emerge due to unequal resource distribution during the phase of policy
fabrication. Current study was designed to examine the gender status in Punjab
province of Pakistan covering aspects like education, labor force participation and
health sector. Secondary data was collected from Punjab Statistics Development,
Federal Bureau of Statistics and other private and public organizations. Literacy
rate was taken as output variable whereas, input variables included; infant mortality
male-female ratio, male-female school enrolment ratio and male-female labor force
participation ratio. Co-integration was exercised to conduct analysis. Results
showed that there is gender biasness in literacy rate, labor force participation rate
and enrollment ratio. Gender biasness is more in rural areas than urban areas. In
addition to this, there is a positive relationship between literacy rate, primary
school teachers, primary enrollment and labor force participation rate whereas a
negative relationship exist between literacy rate and infant mortality rate.