Dogal Afetler ve Cevre Dergisi

213-225

Authors: Burak Kızılöz

Water utilities with limited water resources have difficulties arising from high levels of water losses in water supply networks. However, reducing these losses can be possible by monitoring, checking and managing the network correctly. In this study, it is aimed to reduce high levels of water losses through the hydraulic model by digitizing the existing drinking water assets in the central district of Kocaeli, İzmit. In parallel with this purpose, 69 district metered area have been established firstly within 567.95 km of İzmit with a total network length of 1143 km. In each isolated area, 684 of 2116 suspected leakages have been repaired by using active leakage control methods. Secondly, the pressure management system has been applied by using pressure breaker valves to prevent undetected leakages. A reduction of approximately 192.48 l/s has been achieved in the minimum night flow after active leakage control methods and pressure management activities. Thirdly, the replacement of end-of-life water meters has contributed to reduce apparent losses in isolated area. In conclusion, the water loss which was 45.40% in 2014 could be reduced to 29.50 % in İzmit district in 2019. According to the active leakage control, pressure management and meter replacement methods applied in this study, reducing water loss to 25 % throughout Kocaeli is possible by using these methods in other districts.

240-251

Authors: Erkan Ateş

The most valid way to determine the soil amplification is to use the analysis of strong ground motion records. The Earthquake Observation Station located in Ankara AFAD campus was established in 2014. There are many official institutions such as Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and Ministry of Trade within the working area. Since the earthquake station was established, 22 earthquake records have been registered. Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) was measured to calculate the average shear wave velocity of the upper 30 and 50 meters of the soil where the station was located. 14 earthquake records of different magnitudes and distances occurring in different fault zones recorded by the station were interpreted using the horizontal / vertical ratio technique according to the single station method, and the amplification factor and dominant vibration frequency of the soil were calculated. Apart from the earthquake records, 4 hours of microtremor measurements were made with the CMG-6TD broadband seismometer, and the measurements were evaluated according to the single station method and the horizontal / vertical spectral ratio technique. The results of MASW, microtremor and earthquake records were compared, and the dynamic properties of soil were studied. According to the results obtained from the analysis of earthquake and microtremor records, it has been observed that the amplification factor and predominant frequencies are very close to each other, compatible to the soil class calculated by using the shear wave velocity.

266-277

Authors: Emine Irbaş; Filiz Dadaşer Çelik1

Solid waste production increases rapidly due to population growth and technological developments. Reducing negative impacts from solid wastes requires the development of integrated management approaches that consider environmental sustainability. Life cycle assessment is one of the tools that can be used to assess environmental impacts of products and processes. In this study, the alternative management scenarios for solid wastes were examined using life cycle assessment approach for the Melikgazi Municipality, Kayseri. Four scenarios were identified. In Scenario 1, all wastes are collected, transferred to landfill site and landfilled. In Scenario 2, recyclable wastes are partially separated at the source and the remaining wastes are transferred and landfilled. In Scenario 3, all recyclable wastes are separated at the source and other wastes are landfilled. In Scenario 4, after separation of recyclable wastes, other wastes are either composted (50%) or landfilled (50%). Life cycle assessment for all scenarios was based on IWM (Integrated Waste Management) model. Net energy use / non-renewable energy resources depletion potential (GJ), global warming potential (kg CO2-equivalent), acidification potential (kg SO2-equivalent) and eutrophication potential (kg O2-equivalent) were calculated for all scenarios. For Melikgazi Municipality, Scenario 3 and 4 provided more advantageous alternatives in terms of energy consumption and environmental impacts. Separating recyclable wastes at the source has been effective in reducing environmental impacts. In addition, composting application has created less environmental impact compared to landfilling.

289-297

Authors: Şeyda Kuku; Ersin Türk

Fire stations are emergency service units that serve for the security of lives and property in urban areas. It is critical for public safety to ensure the highest level of service ensuring a prompt response to the need. However, the land development legislation does not stipulate any provision with regard to the planning of fire stations and the number, size and location of the fire stations will be decided depending on the discretion of respective municipality. But the literature on the planning of fire stations recommends that fire stations must be planned for the entirety of the city based on a set of criteria including response time, coverage area, population density and etc. The objective of this study is to determine the minimum number of fire stations which can serve to the entirety of the planning area within a response time of 5 minutes and that also cover a second fire station as a backup to access within 5, 8, 10 or 15 minutes of response time according the fire risk class of the neighbourhood as indicated in the literature as well as to determine suitable publicly owned plots for such stations based on the master development plan in force. The area selected for this study is that located within the Ortahisar master development plan of the central district of Trabzon. This study will contribute to the determination of the fire station need of the city and site selection process. The findings of this study indicate that the existing fire station must be preserved at its current location, and that two new fire stations are needed which should be situated at eastern and western parts of the city, and also that the Regulation on Production of Spatial Plans must be amended to cover planning of the fire stations.

318-337

Authors: Abdullah Oktay Dündar

In this study, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from road transport belonging to the metropolis in Turkey in 2010 and 2019 were calculated using the Tier 1 method developed by the IPCC. According to the results, while the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions in 30 metropolitan cities in 2010 was 43,403 Gg CO2 equivalent, it increased in 2019 and reached 70, 271 Gg CO2 equivalent. Between 2010 and 2019, the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions increased by 61.90%. The cities of Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir in total greenhouse gas emissions, Denizli, Mersin, Muğla in terms of greenhouse gas emissions per capita, Mardin, Kocaeli, Diyarbakır in terms of greenhouse gas emissions per vehicle, and Istanbul, Kocaeli and İzmir in terms of greenhouse gas emissions per km2. are in the top 3 places. Both in 2010 and 2019, Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, Mersin, Antalya, Konya and Kocaeli have values above the average emission amount. With priority measures to be taken in these cities, the total amount of emissions in our country can be reduced significantly. On the other hand, in cities in our eastern region such as Mardin, Van and Şanlıurfa, the speed of increase in emissions is much higher than that of other cities. In the study, metropolitan cities were compared according to alternative transportation options and infrastructures and it was determined that other options, except rail, were effective in reducing the emission rate.

354-361

Authors: İbrahim Edibali Atalay; Serdar Neslihanoğlu

With the contribution of recent technological developments, it is aimed to provide researchers with advanced animation based data visualizations for an active pollutant, particulate matter (PM10), in air pollution in an effective manner for the amount of data to be understood in Turkey. For this purpose, for the first time in this research, the R programming language “ggplot2” animation of a simulation package based on Turkey map is generated. In this context, the annual frequency of PM10 based on provinces and cities in Turkey between the years 2014-2018 is preferred and animation data is provided. When the animation visualization of Turkey is tested on the basis of PM10 in the culture, it is found to have values similar to the average of those examined in Turkey. As a result of this situation, it has become necessary to take action by developing a clean air action plan for particulate matter pollution, which is one of the threats to human health and the environment. A new perspective in the field of data visualization has been introduced to the researchers by ensuring that the advanced animation visualizations developed in this study can be understood more effectively with animations at different frequencies.

374-381

Authors: Kadir Alperen Coşkuner

This study examines the relationship between number of forest fires and burned areas, and meteorological parameters between 1987 and 2020 in the North Eastern Region of Turkey. A total of 1560 forest fires affecting 7340.7 ha forested lands within the border of Giresun, Trabzon and Artvin Regional Forest Directorate were analysed with historic mean annual temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, total annual rainfall and calculated Sweden Angstrom Index for a period of 1987-2020. Results indicated that total annual number of fires were positively correlated with mean annual temperature, and negatively correlated with mean annual relative humidity and total annual rainfall. No significant relationship was found between the total annual number of fires and the annual average wind speed. The lower Angstrom index values indicate high risk of fires and significant negative correlation was found between total annual number of fires and Angstrom index values. No significant relationship was found between the total annual burned area and annual average temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and Angstrom Index values, however, a significant negative correlation was found with the total annual rainfall. The linear diminishing trend in the values of Angstrom Index and increasing trend in the number of fires from 1987 to 2020 in North Eastern Anatolia indicated that forest fires may become a major problem for forested lands in the North Eastern Region of Turkey in the future.

392-398

Authors: Deniz S. Yorulmaz; Havva Karadeniz

As a natural or human-induced event that occur unexpectedly, disasters affect society and people profoundly, cause loss of life and property, and lead to economic losses. Disasters pose an important public health problem due to their sudden nature, disruption in health services and society, severe economic impact, disruption in psycho-social wellbeing, resulting severe health problems in later periods, and loss of life and property. Each year, thousands of people are exposed to disasters in the world and in Turkey, and are affected by disasters in different ways. Although different age groups react differently after disasters, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and stress disorder, depression, sleep and eating disorders are the most common problems. Through appropriate interventions and psychological first aid made according to age groups, mental health problems that can be seen after disasters can be controlled and reduced significantly. Thus, this review study discusses the effect of disasters on psycho-social health and the interventions that need to be made according to age groups

13 - 26

Authors: Mustafa Umut KONANC

In this study, the potential of using olive tree (Olea europaea L.) as a biomonitor was investigated in monitoring heavy metal concentrations caused by traffic density. For this reason, in soil, leaf, fruit and shell samples collected from regions where traffic density is different in the city center of Artvin province, Sulfur content (%) was determined by elemental analyzer and heavy metals (Cr, Ti, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb and Al) was determined by ICP-OES. The accuracy of the assay measurements was tested using LGC 6187 for soil samples and ERM-CD 281 for plant samples. The differences in the measurement results obtained were determined using the ANOVA test According to the results obtained; the highest sulfur value in soil, leaves, fruit and bark was determined at the points with the highest traffic density. Heavy metal concentrations for Cr, Ti, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb and Al elements in plant and soil samples were compared with other studies and regulations, and all metals were found to be within the limit values. In statistical studies, it has been determined that there is a significant difference between points at 95% confidence level. In addition, it has been found that metal concentrations of soil, leaves, fruits and bark decrease as they move away from traffic areas. This is an indication that olives can be used as biomonitors in detecting traffic pollution.

41 - 58

Authors: Erhan ŞENER; Şehnaz ŞENER

In recent years, the negative effects of climate change on water resources have been observed. Due to the decrease in precipitation in the Burdur Lake basin, there is serious volume loss especially in surface waters. In this study, basin drought analysis was performed using standardized precipitation index (SPI) and China Z index (CZI) methods. For this, precipitation data of 6 different meteorological stations located in and around the basin were used. In addition, the relationships between SPI and CZI indices are statistically revealed. In Burdur Meteorology station, it was determined that the longest drought period was experienced in the 24-month time scale with the SPI method since January 1951 with 1612 days. However, the most severe drought has been determined to have lasted 2250 days with a severity of 70.027 since January 1989. According to the drought analysis using the China Z index at the same meteorology station, the longest drought periods were 1553 days since January 1989, with a severity of 70.782. According to the obtained results, medium and mild droughts were detected around the Burdur Lake and south of the basin in 2019. In addition, the R2 values of both methods (0.96-0.98) are quite high and very close index values were calculated.

75 - 88

Authors: Mahmut FIRAT; Cansu ORHAN; Salih YILMAZ; Özgür ÖZDEMİR

In water loss management, monitoring system behavior and analyzing system performance according to appropriate indicators is very important for improving operating conditions. However, appropriate calculation tools should be used to make these analyzes accurately, regularly, systematically and precisely. Therefore, in this study, the most appropriate indicators were determined based on the indicators proposed IWA and other organizations in literature in order to analyze and monitor the process performance in water loss management. A web-based "GGS basic performance analysis calculation tool" has been developed to systematically calculate these indicators and monitor performance. This tool basically includes volumetric and percentage indicators, service connection and per line length indicators, administrative and physical loss, economic and cost, failure and network rehabilitation indicators. The details of this tool were detailed, its advantages were discussed by analyzing of sample data set. It is believed that this analysis tool developed in this study will provide significant contributions to the analysis and monitoring of the performance of the Utilities in terms of water loss management and its components, and to evaluate the process performance for active leakage control activities.

101 - 109

Authors: Emre DEMİR

This study differs from previous similar studies in three main directions. Firstly, the location of the most suitable facilities that can provide regional service were determined by applying clustering method. Thus, not only one airport facility in a single location serving across the country was determined, which separates this research from the others. Secondly, in the previous studies, Istanbul Airport was not taken into account because it has not been put into service. Therefore, this study takes that particular airport into consideration. Thirdly, optimum solutions for such new situation were produced with more up-to-date data and using a modern optimization method, the tree seed algorithm. As a result of the analyzes made based on traffic data, traffic-based weight coefficients and location data from which transportation distances were obtained, a total of sixteen ideal airports were recommended that can provide service to their regions, especially during emergencies or after any disaster. In accordance with the suggestions of this research, it is expected that progress will be made in minimizing the loss of time and expense, and especially minimizing the loss of life thanks to the services which can be provided by air transportation in any emergency.

124 - 135

Authors: Ercan VURAL

With the industrial revolution, environmental problems have diversified and have increased significantly, affecting both the natural and the human environment. Air pollution, which is among the most important of these environmental problems, has been a serious problem today as it was in the past. In this study, which examines the human factors affecting air quality and pollution between 2007-2019 in the provinces of Southeast Anatolia Region, pollution shows continuity especially in certain provinces. Depending on this continuity, our aim is to detect air pollution in the provinces of the region and offer solutions to them. IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) analysis was used through Geographic Information Systems to detect the spatial change of air pollution. With this analysis method, interpolation was provided between the measurements. The provinces with the highest SO2 concentration are Şanlıurfa and Siirt in 2007, Şırnak in 2012, Şanlıurfa and Siirt in 2017 and Şanlıurfa in 2019. PM10 annual average concentration is high in Batman in 2007, Gaziantep, Batman and Siirt in 2012, Şanlıurfa in 2017 and Şırnak in 2019. The number of population living in the city, the type and quality of fuel used in residences and industry, the number of industrial enterprises and the number of vehicles are among the important human factors affecting pollution. In this sense, local and national administrations should take serious measures in the air pollution that causes human health to deteriorate or even die.

149 - 158

Authors: Murat DOĞRUYOL

Siirt Province is one of the important cities of the Southeastern Anatolia Region. The fault lines around the Southeast Anatolia and surrounding region has caused serious earthquakes on the area. In this study, the study region has been decided as the circular area that is surrounding the 200 km radius of the city center of Siirt Province. The city center of Siirt stands at 37.55 North and 41.56 East coordinates and is effected by active fault lines connected to the East Anatolian Fault Zone and Southeast Anatolian Thrust. The statistical earthquake risk of the study region has been presented considering Gutenberg and Richter equation. In this study the moment magnitude (Mw) that is most suitable for Gutenberg-Richter Equation has been chosen from Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute’s earthquake catalogue. From the catalogue the earthquake data of Mw ≥ 4 and between the years 1900-2020 was used. In the study magnitude frequency relation, seismic risk and return periods of the study region have been calculated. According to this R2 = 0.99, a constant has been calculated as 7.0994, b constant has been calculated as 1.0257. According to earthquake risk analysis of the study area the possibility of an earthquake in the next 50 years at the magnitude of 6.0 and 6.5 has been calculated as %79 and %38 respectively. While the return periods have been calculated as 32 and 105 years respectively. The purpose of the study is to remind the earthquake risk of the Siirt Province and to make sure earthquake truth of the area won’t be forgotten when deciding engineering structures and their location.

176 - 191

Authors: Muhammet ÇELİK; Mohammad Manzoor NASERY

Reinforced ground embankments having high energy absorption capacity, which are being used as rockfall protection systems, are massive structures. Various problems arise in the application of reinforced ground embankments on sloped terrain, where rockfall occurs, because of it is high bottom width. In this study, a solution was improved for the application of reinforced ground embankments walls on sloping lands and was examined by implementing a pilot project. Additionally, it was planned to obtain a flat platform on inclined land with a 6 m high stone retaining wall and filling in order to construct the reinforced ground embankments wall on it. Initially rock fall analyses were performed on 8 cross sections in order to obtain bounce height, velocity and total kinetic energy values prior to constructing the platform. The same analysis was once again performed following the platform construction and the obtained data were compared. This platform has reduced 83% of the rocks’ bounce heights, 62% of kinetic energy and 42% of velocity values. In the second part of the study, the cost of the reinforced ground embankments on the platform was compared with the costs of alternative projects. It was observed that constructing platform was 60.8% less expensive than a 6meter reinforced concrete wall with a 3meter steel barrier and 74.5% cheaper than a 6meter steel barrier. Steel barriers are disadvantageous compared to the reinforced ground embankments walls in various aspect such as reduction in length during rock collisions, construction cost, maintenance costs, import and adaptation to nature. For the reasons above, we have concluded that construction of reinforced ground embankments wall over a constructed platform is a more efficient improvement solution in terms of both safety and cost. The developed solution within the scope of the study was applied in the rockfall protection project in Güney neighborhood, Maçka District of Trabzon Province.