Tyragetia

9-18

Authors: Cristina Gherasim

L’identité sociale est l’identité qui est donné à l’indivu en raison de la localisation, la fonction, les rôles, le statue qui lui revient dans la société. La manifestation de l’identité sociale est visible dans le cadre de la société en raison de la présence de diverses catégories social, chacune ayant son statut, ses droits et ses privilèges. Mais la noblesse est un exemple classique dans ce sens, en étant l’élite de la société, elle est considèré et souvent indentifié comme une communité distincte au sein d’un Êtat, supérieure aux autres groupes sociaux en raison de leur statue dans la société. A savoir les droits et les privilèges de la noblèsse de la Bessarabie ont conditioné la diference sociale entre cette catégories et les autres exisstente sur le teritoire entre Prut et Nistru. Les manifestations les plus eloquentes de l’indentité sociale etait l’attitudes des nobles envers les paysans et les tsiganes ils leur impose leur statut social supérieur. Cépendant l’identité sociale de la noblesse de la Bessarabie se manifeste par le mode de la vie, les logement, les occupations les études, la vestimentation, l’alimentation, le loisirs etc., ainsi et par le comportement, les attitudes, les visions et les valeurs promovés de cette catégorie sociale.

31-40

Authors: Elena Ploşniţa

The article touches upon the personality of Sergei Lazo, who entered the Soviet historiography as a hero of the civil war, and the need for the museumification of the Lazo family’s home in the village of Piatra. After analyzing the archival documents, the diary and philosophical notes of Sergei Lazo, his correspondence with friends and family members, the author comes to the conclusion that this Bessarabian nobleman was an adept of the fundamental ideas of democracy, an anti-monarchist, a passionate fighter against social inequality, who fought incessantly for democratic freedoms. The house in the village of Piatra, where Sergei Lazo was born, has been preserved and was restored; it is an architectural monument of national significance dating back to the 2nd half of the 19th century, and until the end of 2017 it should be museumified. The author offers the main idea, goals and thematic structure of the new exposition for the Country House of the Lazo Family at Piatra.

51-60

Authors: Lilia Zabolotnaia

The purpose of our article is to research the fist testament of Maria Cantemir based on the biographical method and of the new historical discipline – women's history. The interdisciplinary approach in the analysis of the testament of Maria Cantemir allows us to highlight her personality, to show why it has been written, to explain the notional content and the traditionalism of the testaments of the first half of the 18th century, to observe the relations between her and her family members and also the relations between them, to try to understand the life style and the personal characteristics of a particular woman, the epoch's mentality, the level of the ethical and spiritual of the high society and much more. The concrete historical researches basically limit themselves to the observation of at least one of the aspects of the investigated matter, whilst the new methodological approaches have a synthetic way of interpreting the sources. In order to get the whole and comprehensive picture, we will proceed to the analysis of the first Testament of Maria Cantemir.

85-110

Authors: Valentin Tomuleţ

At the time of annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, the Russian imperial institutions lacked concrete and reliable information on the number of people in the newly annexed province. The lack of statistical data for the entire province was also a problem for the regional administration, recently established in Chisinau, which for various reasons needed these data and constantly informed the imperial authorities about it. The population census became possible only in 1816-1817, when a number of concrete measures were taken in Bessarabia to establish an interim administration, to form of the first administrative and police institutions of power and some changes were made in the territorial administrative and customs and sanitary quarantine systems. In addition, the population had experienced the new regime of domination, the outflow of the population from the province to Moldova over the Prut was partially reduced, and the imperial administration was able to collect the first statistical data on the new annexed province. The results of the population census of 1817 were published in full in Russian, in 1907 by the historian I.N. Halippa, secretary of the Bessarabian Provincial Scientific Archival Committee. Subsequently, in 1920, the census was reproduced, this time in a more concise form, by Tudor Pamfile (only for the Hotin County), in 1929 – by professor of theology and history Constantin N. Tomescu, and in 1933 it was systematized by T. Porucic. The census forms contained the following components: 1. the name of districts and localities; 2. the economic situation of villages according to the category: a) good state, b) middle state (satisfactory), c) insufficient state (unsatisfactory); 3. statistics of the clergy: priests and their widows, deacons and their widows, church clerks and their widows, psalm readers and their widows, and vergers and their widows; 4. mazili and their widows; 5. ruptaşi and their widows; 6. statistics of lower social states: peasants (householders or “tax-paying householders”) and their widows, bachelors and hirelings, forgiven or scutelnici (in this category were included also “servants and servants supervisors, millers, beekeepers, foresters, shepherds and servants in households of estates owners”); 7. The total number of male households; 8. The total number of female households (widows); 9. additional information (which was not always filled in) – to whom belonged the estate of the village (the estate owner’s name), its surface according to the purpose of use – hayfield, plowing area, grassland, forests, and finally – useful buildings; sometimes we find data on old villages, which subsequently disappeared and were forgotten, and the distance between neighboring villages in versts. Statistics from 1817 attests that from the total number of 92 946 households, to mazili belonged 2370 (2.5%) households, to ruptaşi – 717 (0.8%), and to rupta de visterie and rupta de camara – 230 (0.2%) households. Most households of mazili were registered in Orhei county – 1386 (58.5%), followed by Iasi county – 464 (19.6%), Soroca county – 194 (8.2%), Hotin county – 82 (3.5 %), Bender county – 121 (5.1%), Ismail county – 74 (3.1%), Codru county – 46 (1.9), and Greceni county – 3 (0.1%) households. The Orhei County also prevailed in regard to ruptaşi: 512 (71.4%) – ruptaşi and 209 (90.9%) – rupta de visterie and rupta de camara.

119-126

Authors: Elena Arcuş-Jantovan

Le problème de la circulation monétaire du XIXe siècle dans la Principauté de Moldavie mérite une attention particulière, parce que l'absence de frappes de monnaies nationales a permis l'invasion de monnaies étrangères et le stock monétaire en circulation avant la loi pour la mise en place d'un système monétaire national de 1867 ne pouvait répondre aux besoins de l’économie. Le but de l’étude est l’analyse de la correspondance commerciale entre les consulats de France dans la Principauté de Moldavie (Iaşi et Galaţi) et le Ministère des Affaires étrangères de la France. L’analyse de la correspondance commerciale des consulats français reflète la situation difficile et complexe du commerce extérieur de la Principauté de Moldavie, le système monétaire et la monnaie de cette période (1803-1866).

141-146

Authors: Petru Golban

The initiative to open agricultural schools in the Bessarabian villages of Grinăuţi (Soroca Uyezd), Cucuruzeni (Orhei Uyezd), and Purcari (Akkerman Uyezd) arose in 1879 and belonged to the Provincial Zemstvo. These educational institutions were established by the Highest Decree of December 27, 1883. According to the decree, the aim of the lower agricultural schools was to spread knowledge about various branches of agriculture on the basis of practical exercises. In terms of social composition, the dominant category in these three educational institutions was the peasantry. In addition to peasant children, representatives of other estates - the petty bourgeoisie and the nobility, small employees and clergy – were also trained here. According to ethnicity, 75% of students in Bessarabian agricultural schools were Moldavians. In addition to Moldavians, the children of Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Poles, Germans, Armenians, and Karaites were trained here.

163-171

Authors: Zoreana Muţac

At the beginning of the 19th century the Russian Empire managed to seize the territory of the eastern part of Moldova, located between the rivers of Dniester, Prut, and Danube and the Black Sea, which has since been called Bessarabia. The inclusion of only this territory of the Romanian principalities in the Russian Empire was not the initial plan of the Russian authorities, but it was the last opportunity, in the run-up to the French offensive, at least with some result, to end the war of 1806-1812 with the Sublime Porte, a state that was considered much weaker than Russia. Although the unbending position of the Ottoman Porte in the negotiations between two parties to the armed conflict didn’t allow the Russian Empire to take possession of the two Romanian principalities, Moldova and Wallachia, which had been requested from the very beginning of the confrontation, the war ended with a cession of the Moldavian territory of the left side of the Prut in favor of the Russian Empire. At the same time, Russia for the first time in history gained access to the Danube, or more precisely to the lower reaches of this river, which had a great economic potential of international importance. Thus, the portion of this river, beginning from the point where Prut joins Danube and up to the confluence of the Chilia branch into the Black Sea, became a part of the Russian border along the Bessarabian segment. During the 19th century, this part of the border was subject to a number of changes. In 1829, after the end of the next Russian-Turkish war the border was established along the Sfantu Gheorghe stream (the southern branch). Thus, all the Danube branches were under the control of Russia, which created, both directly and indirectly, many obstacles to the free and safe navigation of foreign commercial vessels in the lower reaches of the river. This fact was the cause of concern and discontent of Western European states that took advantage of the right moment, namely, the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1856 after the Crimean War, when Russia found itself in an unfavorable situation and was forced to cede the territory of the south of Bessarabia to Moldova. At the same time the movement of the border line to the north of the Lower Danube section guaranteed compliance with the international navigation regime, which was established throughout the Danube river course, including the delta. The border on the Bessarabia segment was again modified at the Berlin Congress of 1878, when the Russian Empire returned the respective territories lost in 1856. This fact has become one of the main conditions for the international recognition of the independence of Romania. But still the border on the Bessarabian segment was not restored along the Sfantu Gheorghe stream, but ran along the Chilia branch. Thus, the border along the Bessarabia was systematically modified due to the main European actors’ interests in the navigation on the Lower Danube and changes in the international conjuncture in different periods of the 19th century.

195-201

Authors: Ioan Opriş

The article is devoted to the civil position of the Bessarabian historian Alexandru Boldur in certain life circumstances. The author on the basis of archival materials presents and analyzes a concrete example - two appeals, the first to the Bucharest authorities through the newspaper "Romany Libera", and the second on the occasion of the obituary dedicated to the historian Alexander Gonts. This is a convincing evidence of the personality of a man who was distinguished by courage and perseverance, such as Alexandru Boldur.

207-232

Authors: Nicolae Fuştei

This article discusses the periodization of the history of relations between the Soviet state and religious denominations. The author identified 11 stages in the development of these relations:: 1. 1917-1918 – a transitional stage that prepared the transition from old relations to new ones; 2. 1918-1929 – the stage of development of new legislation on religious cults; 3. 1929-1934 – the stage of completion of the development of legislation on cults; 4. 1934-1938 – the period of persecution, “The Great Terror”; 5. 1938-1943 – the stage of easing of pressure and uncertainty; 6. 1943-1948 – the stage of prosperity of relations between the state and the church; 7. 1948-1954 – the stage of cooling relations between the state and religious cults; 8. 1954-1958 – the stage of deterioration of relations between the state and cults; 9. 1958-1965 – a new stage of persecution; 10.1966-1987 – the stage of coexistence or stagnation; 11. 1988-1991 – the stage of normalization of relations between the state and religions. The periodization is based on two principles: the first - the institution of power, responsible for the implementation of the religious policy of the state; the second - the legislative acts relating to the relations of the state and the church, adopted in the relevant era. This allows, on the one hand, to trace the logical chain of events in terms of the evolution of relations between the Soviet state and religious cults, and on the other hand, relieves of the need to consider these relations in a purely denominational aspect.

247-260

Authors: Liliana Rotaru

The article deals with the problems associated with the process of implementing the linguistic legislation (1989) in the higher education system of the MSSR / Republic of Moldova. At the first stage (1989-1993) the higher school managed to switch to the Latin alphabet and initiate an irreversible process of transition to teaching in the Romanian language. But in the period that followed the coming to power of the “agrarians” and the establishment of the “Moldavian language” in the Constitution of Republic of Moldova, the implementation of the laws on language took second place. Since 1994, the Government promoted and virtually institutionalized the restoration of the Russian language in all spheres of communication. The phenomenon was also reflected in the higher school – the teaching of Russian-speaking students in the Romanian language was no longer conducted, they studied only the course of Romanian language for foreign-speaking students. The difficulties of the process of introducing language legislation into the practice of higher education institutions were due to a combination of both objective (the lack of scientific and methodological literature in the Romanian language, the impossibility to provide a qualified Romanian-speaking teaching staff, etc.) and subjective (resistance of Russian-speaking lecturers and students, frightened by the “imaginary dangers” of the officialization of the Romanian language, on the one hand, and indecision, timidity, and hypocrisy of Romanian-speaking lecturers and students, on the other hand) factors.

275-286

Authors: Mariana Gugeanu, Doina Anăstăsoaei, Nicoleta Vornicu, Gheorghe Postică, Filaret Cuzmin

The present paper focuses on the preliminary interventions undertaken for the in situ and post situ preservation of the archaeological artifacts derived from the disinterment of the Metropolitan Gavriil Bănulescu-Bodoni, which took place in the context of the canonization held in Căpriana Monastery (the Republic of Moldova). The paper points out the importance of the pluridisciplinary approach in order to ensure the adequate conditions for a specialized and immediate first aid for the excavated artifacts, which thereby would be able to be part of and enrich the ecclesiastical heritage of the Republic of Moldova. Brief presentations of the monastic institution’s history and the metropolitan’s biography are also provided.

301-305

Authors: Gherghina Boda

If we perceive the museum not only as a place of storing and conserving the patrimony, but also of transmitting it, then we can also see it as a mediator through which cultures can become collective patrimony. Tightly connected to patrimonial appropriation, mediation appears from this perspective as a process and not an end, as it manifests itself in animation, communication and making knowledge popular in relation to a precise patrimony. That is why we can see cultural mediation as a transmission, as a transformation, as an action or social project which aims at creating social bonds, the museum thus being not only a place of meeting for the public with the objects exposed, but also as a place of meeting between different cultures. Thus, cultural mediation presents itself as the most efficient means for access to culture of all categories of the public, situated as the crossroads of culture, continuous education and entertainment and is inscribed in the field of informal education.

321-336

Authors: Vera Serjant

The aim of the museum is to collect and store various objects. It gives the evidences of the past the possibility of "surviving” to the present day. At the same time, the museum should present these materials to the attention of the public, showing the origins of civilization, life in all its complexity, thereby helping the visitor to better understand the world with its secrets. Considering the role of the museum heritage in the development of society, we carried out a study of the collections of the National Museum of the History of Moldova related to the history of the Bessarabian noble families. The Cantacuzins and the Krupensky are two families, belonging to the elite of the nobility and having a centuries-old history. In our study we are considering the Bessarabian branch of these families. From 1991 to 2005 the National Museum of History of Moldova accepted as a gift and purchased important materials reflecting the history of the Cantacuzin family. These materials were collected by Irina Cantacuzin, the wife of the last descendant of the Bessarabian Cantacuzins, Pavel (1902-1992). Of particular value is the collection of documents and photographs of the family of Pavel Cantacuzin, collected and transferred to the museum by A. Krakan in 1993. It consists of about 50 units, among which 36 are originals and copies of photographs relating to the period from the 19th century to 1990. It is this collection that contains a number of photographs with representatives of the family of Krupensky, who were related to the Cantacuzins. In 2001, the NMHM received another collection of documents, photographs and other materials related to the Bessarabian Prince Pavel Cantacuzin. It reflects his life and activities during the period of imprisonment and after rehabilitation. The museum collections hold several things and household items belonging to these families. Museum collections are a valuable historical source. Their research and use in exhibitions undoubtedly contributes to understanding and studying the phenomenon of the Bessarabian nobility elite.

345-370

Authors: Yuri Pyatnitsky

Статья посвящена истории и символике механического автомата «Павлин» работы английского мастера XVIII века Джеймса Кокса. Один из самых популярных экспонатов Государственного Эрмитажа, «Павлин» традиционно считается часами. Конструкция этой удивительной игрушки действительно включает часовой механизм, встроенный в головку гриба. Однако второстепенность фигурки гриба на фоне роскошной композиции, а также анализ работы часового механизма и очередности движения фигур позволили автору придти к заключению, что «Павлин» – это игрушка для увеселения, лишь приводимая в движение часовым механизмом. Сделанный по заказу князя Григория Потемкина для подарка Екатерине II, «Павлин», как показано в статье, наполнен сложной символикой, отражающей и любовную историю князя и императрицы, и восточную политику России, и идею наследования традиций Византии. Символика «Павлина», предназначавшегося, по мнению автора, для тронного зала Зимнего дворца, также отражала личные достоинства Екатерины Великой и прославляла ее деяния во славу государства.