Tyragetia

9-24

Authors: Vasile Mărculeţ

Dans le cadre de la politique extérieure de la Moldavie, de XVe siècle et les premiers ans du XVIe siècle (jusqu’à 1504), les relations avec la Venise occupe un lieu distincte, mais ne l’un de première importance. Les relations politiques de la Moldavie avec la Venise, institues avec certitude en décennie 4 du XVe siècle ont connu leurs maxime ampleur en le dernier quart de celui-ci siècle et les premières ans du XVIe siècle sous la deuxième partie de la règne d’Etienne le Grand.

37-50

Authors: Maria Danilov

Looking at the local press until the end of the first half of the 19th century we attest the fact that the Russian imperial press was exclusively diffused in Bessarabia. The most spread newspapers were the tribunes – Санкт Петербургские Ведомости (Sankt Peterburgskije Vedomosti) and Московские Ведомости (Moskovskije Vedomosti). The tsarist clerks of all levels were reading Nicolae Greci’s pro-governmental paper – Северная Пчела (Severnaja Pčela). After 1830 the local archives have conserved sufficient evidences attesting the diffusion of special publications, with a mainly economical or informative character sponsored by authorities. Different departments and ministers were among the editors of these publications. The later were commissioned with the help of local administration to diffuse it in province. Many addresses and circulars registered in the Fond of Governor’s Office from Bessarabia stay as evidence to it. Also, Odessa’s periodical publications were largely spread in province starting with the third decade of the 19th century. The literary periodicals were especially popular, as for example Одесский Aльманах (Odesskij Al’manakh) whose pages contained information about Bessarabia. The private press which never got the support of imperial authorities was also spread in the province. The information regarding its diffusion is attested by some private or governmental library catalogues only. Archival documents are concise and contradictory. The investigation of imperial press spread in province needs an approach from the perspective of a critical synthesis of data gathered from different sources and collections. The censorship and its impact on imperial press spread in Bessarabia can be traced especially by private editions. The main source of available data on the issue of imperial press diffused in province is the fond of military/civil Governor’s Office of Bessarabia. Or, such a documentation context is not favorable to our research and needs to be explained.

61-70

Authors: Vlad Ghimpu

Analyzing a variety of documentary sources we attest an early propagation of Romanians within the territory of Novgorod principality starting with the 11th century until around 16th century. The existence of a big Romanian colony in the 16th century is indicative of a massive immigration from the earliest times. Their presence is illustrated by toponyms and hydronyms as well. The intense relations between the Romanians and the Russians in the less documented last period, is reflected by mixed Romanian-Russian terms, mixed names or other Romanian influences on the Russian language. This is a less researched topic in modern historiography. The study has a significant scientific value for the history of Romanians which until the 16th century shows penury of documentary sources, especially referring to proper names, toponyms and hydronyms. The research is an addition to the history of medieval north-western Russia also.

79-92

Authors: Ion Eremia

The question of territorial formation of the Moldavian feudal state continues to attract the attention of historians. One aspect of this problem is the inclusion of Pocutsia and the city Colomeea in the Principality of Moldavia. Colomeea was mentioned as a “Wallach” city in the known source entitled “The names of all Russian cities in the near neighborhood and far beyond”. Recent studies by Russian historians suggest that this source was compiled around 1375-1381. Corroborating this information with studies made by Polish historians, according to whom Pocutsia and some other territories were given to Moldavia by a Hungarian King, one can conclude that these territories became part of Moldavia around 1377-1387. Available sources so far do not allow determining more precisely the timeframe when these territories were included in the borders of Moldavia.

105-114

Authors: Mihai Onilă

In this paper the author presents sequences from the history of Morozeni town, Orhei county, since the establishment (end of 15th century) until the early 19th century. A particular attention is paid to the village founder: “Moldavian boyar” Ion (Roman) Morozanu; to the famous Pircalab of Orhei – Danciu, Ion Morozanu’s bridegroom and Stahor Durac, Danciu’s bridegroom. These families, which appear in this area by the end of the 15th century, holding reinforcement books from Ştefan cel Mare, make the first inhabitants of the village. Further, as a result of mixing with other families from other places, the number of inhabitants grew. Their first census was held in 1835. Based on its data, we attempt at elucidating, with approximation, the number of households from the village between the end of 17th century until the end of the 18th century.

123-126

Authors: Adelaida Chiroşca

The numismatic collection of the National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova contains a few monetary issues originating from the archaeological excavations conducted on the territory of Soroca fortress in the years 1968-1969. The lot counts 22 monetary issues, issued by the Turkish Empire, Poland and Russia in the 16th-19th century. These monetary discoveries were mentioned in the special literature published prior. Certain lack of concordance refers to the number and the origin country of the discovered pieces, except for the polish issues. The results of the reevaluations, as well as the signaled lack of correspondence, offer new data about the numismatic discoveries from the collection of the museum, discovered at Soroca fortress.

137-142

Authors: Ştefan Lupan

The collection of old books numbering 203 unities from the former library of Alexandru Sturdza has been transferred to the National Library of the Republic of Moldova from the Regional Library from Odessa. All the books bear the seal „Стурдзовская библиотека” and is undoubtedly the main corpse Sturza family’s former library. Our research pursued investigating only issues referring to completion degree, methods of acquisition, principles of book selection, content and impact of book knowledge on forming social-political, cultural-religious and philosophic ideas of count Alexandru Sturdza (1791-1854) and his father Scarlat Sturdza. A part of books covered with leather have an owner mark with golden initials „CH.CZ.” deeply imprinted on the upper left corner. We presume that this abbreviation is the name Charles Stourdza which is an expression in French of the Greek name Scarlat, as all the books with this marking are printed (and acquired) before Alexandru Sturza’ birth. The possessors of the books didn’t make many marginal signs and therefore we cannot establish exactly whom each book belonged, but it is logical to assume that the library has been passed on from generation to generation within Studrza family.

153-161

Authors: Andrei Emilciuc

In this paper the role of grain exports in commerce of Bessarabia, in the period between its annexation (1812) and the retrenchment of the Dniester custom and sanitary cordon (1830) is examined. Based on archival and published sources the author shows the main directions of the exports, the regulation of the grain exports by provincial administration and the role of commercial capital in the foreign grain trade of the Bessarabia. The main conclusions show that the exports were practiced mainly through Ismail, Reni and Odessa seaports, even though Bessarabia was a border province and had also land customs. The grain commerce was held by Greek and Armenian merchants that had strong relationships with commercial bourgeois from main European city-ports. The augmentation of grain exports from Bessarabia was curbed by intense regulation, because the province was used as quarter for important military troops.

177-185

Authors: Valentin Tomuleţ, Alexandru Bordian

In this article, based on archival documents and the published, the changes that have occurred in Russian commercial legislation of Bessarabia after its annexation to the Russian Empire are analysed. These changes were conditioned by the following economic and political circumstances: 1. After the Congress of Vienna, Tsarism fearing of diplomatic isolation, tends to bind all the countries participating in the congress with such a system of treaties and agreements, which would be excluded infringement of equilibrium of forces in Europe. The seek of allies, wish to retain the rapport of forces established in Europe and its prestigious role, the fear to find itself in diplomatic isolation made Tsarism become adept of free trade policy. To achieve this goal, Tsarism is forced to move from prohibitive custom tariff of 1810 to the liberal tariffs of 1816 and 1819 which reflected the principle of free trade established at the Congress of Vienna. 2. The tendency to promote free trade policy was reflected directly and over Bessarabia. After adoption of the customs tariff of 31 March 1816, in Bessarabia are adopted new legislative acts, which were generalized in the Council of Ministers decision of 28 November 1816, the purpose of which was to reorient Bessarabian trade from traditional European markets to Russian internal market and to prepare the ground for the inclusion of Bessarabia in the economic and political system of Russian Empire. 3. But the decision to obey free trade policy taken at the Congress of Vienna by European countries wasn’t observed. Russia has proved to be the only country that acceded to the principle of free trade. From the adoption of liberal custom tariff in 1819 beneficiated Prussia, Austria and Poland. The new tariff has aroused a negative reaction from the Russian bourgeoisie, which was unable to face free competition from European goods and merchants. The price was an important test for the younger Russian industry, which despite all efforts could not reset, because trade policy did not meet the country’s interests. This was shown directly on development of external commerce, whose balance, for the first time during many years, becomes negative. 4. Finding itself in the situation when the Russian economy was no longer able to withstand the principles of free competition, tsarism was forced to switch custom policy from liberalism to protectionism. As a result, on February 27th 1822 a new customs tariff was adopted, this time prohibitive, which came into force on March 12th that year. The new rates would help stabilize the Russian economy. 5. With the adoption in 1822 of the prohibitive tariff the period of relative liberalism in tsarist trade policy ends. Government circles in St. Petersburg convinced that the Russian economy is not able to observe the principle of “free trade”, conducted partly in previous years. In its foreign custom and commercial policy tsarism is forced to return to the positions of protectionism, which would have to be maintained during the second quarter of the 19th century. The result of this policy is adoption of the “Regulation on trade with Bessarabia” on February 17th 1825.

203-211

Authors: Tatiana Chicaroş

In Russian system of education schools of exact science were founded in 1872 as a result of lyceums of exact science abolition. These lyceums had 6-7 years of schooling. In high schools there were taught applied (sciences) subjects. Senior classes graduates of these educational institutions continued their education at technical, business and industrial high schools (colleges). They could not continue their education at universities. From 1888 schools of exact science were reorganized into comprehensive schools. The graduates could continue their education at universities, but only at the department of mathematics, physics and medicine. Archive records give us the possibility to follow the school of exact science development in Chişinău from its foundation till the first decade of the 20th century. The school of exact science was opened the 6th of December 1873 in Chişinău. At the moment of its opening the school had three forms (3rd, 4th, 5th). During the following two years there were also opened two senior classes. During the school year of 1885/86, thanks to a tutor’s application of Odessa district of education, there were opened the 1st and the 2nd forms, but in 1888 there was opened the 7th form with technical-mechanic specialization. Besides this class the school of exact science had also the classes of physics, chemistry, metrology, natural sciences, history, geography, etc. Maintenance of this educational institution was realized from money of state budget, of Bessarabian zemstvo, of town council and from money saved up for the process of education (annual payment for the education was 50 rubles, it proves that not all the social classes could afford their children study at these educational institutions). As a result of archive source analysis we can observe that at the moment of these educational institutions opening the contingent of pupils was composed from 101 children, in 1883 – 160 children, and in 1918 – 312 children. Thus we can observe that the number of pupils was always in growth. Although the information concerning the activity of this educational institution, placed in the fund of National Archives of the Republic of Moldova, does not give the possibility to follow the ethnic structure of the pupils’ contingent, researching their religious appearance, however we can observe the predominance of the Orthodox and a number more or less constant (ca 15%) of the Jews (as for example: in 1893, from the total number of 229 pupils, 171 (74,7%) were the Orthodox, 13 (5,7%) – the Catholics, 8 (3,5%) – the Protestants, 3 (1,3%) – belonged to other religious communions and 34 (14,8%) – the Jews), which shows us the diversity of the ethnic colour. The sources of archives analysis allows us to conclude that the biggest part of children that studied at this educational institution were the children of noblemen (the fact that testifies its predominance), of small bourgeoisie (townsmen) and only partially of children that came from the countryside.

219-229

Authors: Vera Serjant

Printed press was and will remain one of the most important means of advertising. The number of periodical publications in Bessarabia increases considerably at the end of 19th-beginning of 20th century. Along with the growing number of periodical publications, increases also the number of advertising ads. Their messages were diverse and included all life aspects. The thematic of this article is focused on certain economical aspects of publicity from the Bessarabian press. It reveals the issue of advertising factories, plants, warehouses in the public and private publications. A big number of ads about factories, plants and warehouses are contained in calendars–addresses, yearly public publications, issues of Бессарабские губернские ведомости newspaper, of Бессарабское сельское хозяйство journal and of the Statistical Committee. The newspapers offer more than half of their space for advertising. These publications serve as documentary resources for elucidating various aspects of the Bessarabian advertising. The ads from different publications serve as a base for a classification of offer from various Bessarabian producers to local consumers. The offer is very diverse: from candies, alcohol, wine, mineral water and lemonades, sugar, fish, tobacco to furniture, tiles and bricks, cars and farming tools etc. The publicity ads from the printed press can offer precious information about Bessarabian history, at the chapter social-economical development.

237-243

Authors: Vera Serjant

The activity of the Bessarabian Zemstva included a wide range of issues and tasks. An important place among them was hold by issues regarding education. The subject of this article focuses on education as well. It reflects zemstva’s contribution to the development of agrarian education in Bessarabia at the beginning of the 20th century. The article’s purpose is to illustrate the role of provincial Zemstva in opening the school of viticulture and winemaking at the estate from Saharna which was donated to the Zemstva by engineer N. C. Apostolopulo. The proposal to open a school of viticulture and winemaking in Saharna was for the first time put forward for examination at the 35th session of the Assembly of the provincial Zemstva (1903). This issue was also on the agenda at the meetings from 11th May and 18th December 1904. Yet, the Zemstva did not rush in opening the school, as it was opened only on 18th may 1905. Although the Zemstva delayed the inauguration of the school, the role of the provincial Council was significant. The council succeeded in obtaining the approval of the so-called establishment „principles” of the school, although they did not correspond to regulation from 26th may 1904. However, Eugenia Apostolopulo, the tutor of the school, played the most important role in this process.

251-256

Authors: Diana Caşu

The re-occupation by the Red Army of Bessarabia in March 1944 resumed the Sovietization process in the region commenced in 1940-1941. One of the main features of the Sovietization was a specific policy pursued toward women. By 1944 and 1945, around 90 000 Moldavians have been mobilized in the Red Army and fought subsequently agaist Nazy Germany. There was a lack of work force in the republic, so the Soviet regime tried to rectruit women to work in various fields. In this order, a special institution has been created to deal with women issues. Some women however did not accept Communist ideology and protested against certain policies of the regime and expressed their hope that Romanians (i.e. Bucharest authorities) will come back.

267-272

Authors: Vera Stăvilă

The National Theater V. Alecsandri from Bălţi has a rich history of particular theater events. In the 50 years of its activity, on the scene from Bălţi have been mounted around 200 performances – national and universal, classical and modern dramatic art shows. The theater has been a true forgery of artistic talents. In this environment were launched and further developed big personalities of the stage - Mihai Volontir, Iulian Codău, Victor Ciutac, Grigore Grigoriu, who make the pride of the Bessarabian theater and which contributed to the development of the theatrical art in Moldova. We can trace two tendencies in the activity program of the National Theater V. Alecsandri from Bălţi: the theater contributed to the cultural continuity on the territory between Prut and Dniester, to the valorization of the dramatic heritage of writer V. Alecsandri. Second, the theater was tributary to its time and political regimes, participating to the Sovietisation and Russification process.

277-284

Authors: Liliana Condraticova

Dans cet article l’auteur parle sur les objets d’orfévrerie de Moldova du II-moitié du XX-ém siécle et présente les principales traites de l’orfévrerie nationale. L’accent principal est mis sur l’étude des années 1972-1991, plus particulièrement de l’activité de la Fabrique de Joaillierie (de Bijoux) de Chişinău. Les orfévres ont travaillés a la Fabrique de Joaillierie de Chişinău, que a été fondé en 1972. Les bijoux sont confectionnés par les spécialistes réputés comme V. Alexeiko, Iu. Pavlov, V. Vasilkov, V. Fomin etc., qui ont utilisés l’argent, l’or et les pierres précieux. Ils ont confectionné des différentes pendentifs et des colliers, des anneaux et des bracelets, des boucles d‘oreille et des broches. Vu l’importance des bijoux comme objet de l’art et comme patrimoine historique, cet article présente beaucoup d’informations sur les métaux utilissés dans l’industrie des bijoux, la technique et à la technologie, les spécialisations (l’orfévre, le bijoutier et la bijoutière, le joaillier).

291-296

Authors: Gheorghe Postică, Iulia Postică

The general analysis of public policies aimed at the heritage complex Orheiul Vechi attests the absence of some consequent actions in the promotion of strategies and objectives proposed in various periods. The creation of the Reserve in 1968 and the subsequent cultural-museographic policies promoted by public institution demonstrated promising results until 1983. Nevertheless, in the activity of Orheiul Vechi complex is observed a crisis beginning with 1985, initially at the managerial level and later at the level of cultural-museum policies, situation largely due to some inconsistent actions, even deficient, promoted by the Ministry of Culture. The adoption of the concept of Museum complex „Orhei medieval town” in 1991 didn’t prove to be the best solution. Therefore, following a series of investigations undertaken on occasion of elaborating the Nomination File Orheiul Vechi Cultural Landscape and with the consideration of UNESCO international experts’ recommendations, was realized the need to redefine and create a new vision of Orheiul Vechi. The new vision had to consider both the elements of the natural and cultural heritage, and had to organically reflect the formation and development of this space from prehistory until present – that was the adoption in 2008 of the concept of „Cultural-natural reserve Orheiul Vechi”.

303-306

Authors: Iulia Postică

On 11th November 2009 was inaugurated the international exhibition “The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC” in the galleries of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World of New York University. The exhibition has brought for the first time before the American public artifacts aged between 5500 and 7000 years old, witnessing the existence of a developed civilization in southeast Europe, in a space surnamed Old Europe, situated on the present territory of Romania, Bulgaria and Republic of Moldova. The exhibition reunites over 250 objects originating from the collections of over 20 museums in Romania, Bulgaria and Republic of Moldova. Among the exhibited objects are fired clay figurines, Cucuteni-Tripolie ceramic vessels, golden adornment objects, copper tools and jewelry, shell jewelry etc. The exhibition was itinerated between May and August 2010 at the prestigious British museum The Ashmolean Museum from Oxford University and will be displayed in October 2010 – January 2011 at the Cycladic Museum of Art in Athens, Greece.