Hygeia journal for drugs and medicines

1a-2a

Authors: D. Suresh kumar

Ayurveda dates backat least 2,000 years in its codified form. However, it has roots that are muchdeeper. The present day Caraka Samhita,Suśruta Samhita and Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya refer to ancient and long-losttreatises like Nimi Tantram and Khāranādi. Nevertheless, in the absenceof authentic records it is difficult to prove the antiquity of Ayurveda. In thelate twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Ayurveda is traversing wellbeyond the boundaries of its homeland. It is fast becoming a transnational andmulticultural phenomenon. It is the fastest growing alternative medical systemin German - speaking Austria, Germany and Switzerland. The theory andpractice of Ayurveda revolve around the tridōṣa doctrine,which states that all biological activities in the human body are controlled bythree factors- vāta, pitta and kapha, collectively called tridōṣa. Dietaryand behavioural indiscretions and seasonal climatic factors causedestabilization of the tridōṣa,which slowly progresses through four stages (cayam, prakōpam,prasaram, sthānasamśrayam). This progression results in well-defined diseaseentities (vyakti) like jvaram, atisāram, grahaṇi, pāṇḍu, arśas etc. However, if left untreated, the disease progresses tothe sixth and last stage (bhēdam) at which it may or may not becurable. Ayurveda calls upon individuals to consume wholesome food and adoptdaily and seasonal regimen, so that the tridōṣaremain in steady state. Many diseases are said to appear on account of the evilactions committed in present and previous lives. Therefore, it is essential toindulge in ethical activities and to refrain from committing unethical acts, ifone wants to lead a disease-free life.

7-10

Authors: Sagar Savale

Plan: we have developed new a method for quantitative estimation of Rutin hence no UV spectroscopic method is available for the quantitative analysis of rutin for bulk analysis. Preface: U.V Spectrophotometric method has been widelyemployed for determination of analyte in a mixture. Our aim is to develop spectroscopic method for estimation of the Rutin m in ternary mixture by using U. V spectrophotometry. Methodology: The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Therecovery studies confirmed the accuracy and precision of the method. Outcome: It was successfully applied for the analysis of the drug in bulk and could be effectively used for the routine analysis.

20-25

Authors: Alex Thomas and D.Suresh kumar*

Plan: Several authors have reported the presence of alarmingly high levels of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury in ayurvedic medicines. Ayurveda employs several classes of medicines, among which gulika (tablets) are an important one. However, it is not known whether traditional ayurvedic pills are free from heavy metals. The present study was therefore, undertaken to study the heavy metal content of some representative ayurvedic tablets manufactured using herbs. Methodology: Samples of ayurvedic tablets were obtained from the market and the content of lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury was determined using ICP-MS. Outcome: Among the 16 Ayurvedic tablets analyzed, 4 failed for lead, 2 for arsenic and 6 for mercury. All the tested samples had cadmium below the limit set by Government of India. A review of the available reports and the present study support the contention that tablets are the worst affected ayurvedic dosage form. Urgent measures are to be taken to control this problem.

1a-2a

Authors: Dr.D.SURESH KUMAR

Trees are known to live for many years. Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment while meditating underneath a peepal tree (Ficus religiosa). A branch of the original tree was rooted in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka in 288 B.C. and is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi. It is the oldest plant in the world. Long-living plants are found in many parts of the world. The Baobab tree is one among them. Baobab is the common name of a genus of trees (Adansonia) distributed in Madagascar, Africa, Australia, and India. The Baobab is the national tree of Madagascar. The Baobab is also known as “bottle tree”, “the tree of life”, “upside-down tree”, and “monkey bread tree”. The trees reach heights of 16 to 98 feet and trunk diameters of 23 to 36 feet. Its trunk can hold up to 120,000 liters of water! The baobab tree is supposed to live many hundred years; the trunk of the full-grown tree is hollow and usually provides shelter to birds, animals and even human beings of savannah regions of Africa. Sometimes the tree trunk is housed as wine and beer parlors! .......

9-15

Authors: Nimmy Chacko*, CS Shastry, Prerana Shetty

Plan: The antioxidant activity studies of the extract of Costus igneus leaves Preface: Costus igneus commonly known as fiery costus or Spiral flag is a species of herbaceous plant. It is claimed to help build up insulin in the human body and is sometimes referred to as insulin plant. Insulin plant Costus igneus (Fam: Zingiberaceae) is a tropical evergreen shrub with large, smooth, dark green leaves. The Costus igneus is valued mainly for its tonic, stimulant, and antiseptic properties. It is said to be aphrodisiac and to be able to prevent the hair from turning grey. Its root is anodyne, antibacterial, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, carminative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge. Methodology: In the present study the antioxidant activity of the leaf extract was studied using four methods viz. DPPH assay, reducing power assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay, and Folin-ciocalteu assay. Outcome: The studies have proved that extract possesses antioxidant activity. In reducing power assay, the plant extract showed 75.43 % increase in reducing power compared to Ascorbic acid which showed 91.94%, at a concentration of 16µg/ml. In DPPH assay, plant extract produced 71.85% DPPH scavenging activity, compared to Ascorbic acid which produced 84.47% at a concentration of 160µg/ml. In superoxide scavenging activity, the plant extract produced 68.19% radical scavenging activity compared to the standard which showed 79.78% at a concentration of 800µg/ml. The IC50 was found to be177 and 367 µg/ ml of the standard and plant extract respectively.

27-39

Authors: Sindhu.T.J*, Meena Chandran, K. Krishna Kumar

Plan: The present research work is aimed to synthesize newer, less toxic and more effective Mannich bases of 1, 4 thiazine derivatives and further compare their antifungal activities. Preface: Microbial infections are becoming the most important issue for global health and economy. Among these fungal infections are the major problem these days. The morbidity and mortality of invasive fungal infections are unacceptably high. It is an urgent need for the development of new antifungal agents to treat these life-threatening invasive infections. Methodology: Mannich base was synthesized by using o-amino thiophenol with maleic anhydride. Further, four derivatives of Mannich bases were synthesized from 3-oxo-3, 4-dihydro-2H-1, 4-benzothiazin-2-yl) acetic acid with sulpha drugs, ethanol, and formaldehyde. Then synthesized Mannich bases were docked against Dihydrofolate reductase complexed with NADPH and 6- methyl-5- [3-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) but-1-yn-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (UCP115A)using Argus Lab software.Onthis basis, we selected 3QLS as a biological target for docking study of synthesized compound. Outcome: The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by UV, IR and Mass Spectroscopic studies. All the newly synthesized derivatives were screened for antifungal activity against Candida albicans NCIM 3100 and Aspergillus niger NCIM 596 by agar diffusion method (Kirby- Bauer method) using fluconazole (10µg/disc) as the standard and dimethyl sulphoxide as the vehicle. The docking results indicate the Mannich bases of 1, 4-thiazines (ligand binding energy varies from -8.9046kcal/mol to -12,0457kcal/mol) shows considerable antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Out of the four derivatives, E4 (Sulfamethoxazole substituted 1, 4- thiazine) possess the best ligand pose energy (-12.0414 kcal/mol) and two hydrogen bond. Among these synthesized compounds, compound E4([4({[4-(N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl) amino sulfonyl) phenyl] amino} methyl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H1,4-benzothiazin-2yl] acetic acid) showed highest antifungal activity due to the presence of 1,4- thiazine with sulfamethoxazole substitution.

43-49

Authors: B.C. Revanasiddappa*, M.Vijay Kumar, Hemanth Kumar

Plan: A novel series of pyrazolines were synthesized through chalcones. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for various antioxidant activities. Preface: Pyrazolines belongs to five-membered nitrogen classes of compounds. Pyrazolines were reported with widespread chemotherapeutic activities. Methodology: A new series of Chalcones (2a-j) were prepared by reacting substituted aldehydes and ketones in alcohol medium in presence of NaOH. The chalcones (2a-j) undergoes selective cyclization with benzhydrazide (1) in glacial acetic acid medium to yield the title compounds 1, 3, 5-trisubstituted Pyrazolines (3a-j). The new compounds were assigned on the basis of 1H-NMR, IR and Mass spectral data. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their In-Vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide methods. Outcome: Some of the tested compounds 3e, 3g, and 3f showed moderate activity when compared to the standard drug ascorbic acid.