Problems of Continuous Geographic Education and Cartography

4-10

Authors: Aleksandr Dontsov

It is determined in the article that cartographic works that represent the integral image and complex characteristic of a certain territory, giving the possibility of orientation in space and time, remain the basic resource in the information support of tourism. The author focuses his attention on updating the thematic content of tourist maps, in particular, reflected objects and manifestations of the intangible cultural heritage of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of tourist maps, regarding the volume and means of information saturation, a broad representation of objects of a fixed heritage: natural, historical, cultural, archaeological, architectural, ritual is studied. Information about the objects and manifestations of the intangible cultural heritage, in addition to the objects of UNESCO and some famous crafts, is insufficient. In the case of information overload of the map, the possibilities in the depicted objects of thematic content are limited, their readability and orientation become more complicated. The necessity of further scientific research and practical developments for displaying the expanded species composition of objects and manifestations of the heritage, unification of the system of symbols is substantiated. Measures to improve tourist maps are proposed through wider introduction of cartographic modeling techniques, GIS technologies; perfection of figurative means; enrichment of information content of maps; improvement of design; expanding the range of cartographic works.

18-25

Authors: Olga Burla

The purpose of this article. The article defines the development factors of natural, demographic, political, economic and social systems. Variants of factors classification by various criteria are stated. Assessment of features and consequences of separate factors’ influence on the territorial organization and development of economy is given. The main material. The main attention is paid to the analysis of spatial factors, as well as to scientific and technical progress. Types of geographical location and subspecies of the economic and geographical situation are considered. The main features and directions of scientific and technological progress, consequences of the scientific and technological revolution in production and the service sector are outlined. Among the main consequences of the scientific and technological revolution impact are: automation, creation of new materials, computerization, creation of global networks. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the negative consequences of scientific and technological progress. The classification of activities according to the leading factor of territorial organization is given, as well as corresponding examples. The increase in the influence of military and political factors, both on the development of the economies of individual countries as a whole, and on the system of international economic relations, is noted. It is emphasized that the spatial organization of the economy is constantly becoming more complex under the influence of new factors. Conclusions and further research. The necessity to study the totality of the factors under consideration in the system of general and higher geographic education is substantiated. It is suggested that they be taken into account when implementing programs for socioeconomic development of regions and countries. It is noted that in assessing the direction and the degree of individual factors’ influence, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the territory - the size, configuration, location of the population and economic objects, the level of infrastructure development, coordination of management decisions.

34-39

Authors: Mykola Dubnytskyi, Alexander Barladin

The article describes creation of interactive web-maps of JSC «Institute of Advanced Technologies» on the basis of its own data, data from open sources and open technologies. The need to ensure available computers in schools and general access to modern information technology has been underlined in the article. In this context, it is especially important to provide schools with modern computer programs and information resources, both in content and in form. A retrospection analysis of cartographic products development from the paper stage to modern interactive web maps was conducted. The lost relevance of paper maps and maps on discs is currently being noted. The importance of created IAT interactive educational web-maps is specified. Description of the interactive administrative and physical map of Ukraine is given. Other web projects, in particular, Wikipedia were demonstrated on the map and on a universal interactive map. The technology of their creation, instrumental capabilities of maps and methodical recommendations on their use are described. The prospects of further development of this cartographic direction for educational needs are also indicated. The article emphasizes that geography, other natural courses and history are subjects that can not be taught correctly without qualitative accompanying cartographic materials. This applies to both traditional cartographic materials and figures, educational resources such as maps, illustrations, animations, videos, CD programs and geographic information systems. It is also important that working with digital materials teaches pupils and teachers to be more independent in their studies and to be able to identify the necessary mass information. Such materials further enhance the overall level of their computer skills.

48-53

Authors: Yuri Kоbchеnkо, Vyacheslav Rezunenko

Formulation of the problem. The urgency of the problem posed is the need to take into account the degree of intensity and quantitative study of dangerous atmospheric processes that cover large areas and cause significant economic damage to agriculture. When solving these questions it is necessary to have an objective estimation of different factors impact including weather and climate on the level of agricultural production. This will allow to assess various indicators of agro-meteorological conditions more reasonably in the estimation of the cereal harvest. Analysis of recent research and publications. The study of atmospheric processes and their effect on agricultural crops are devoted to in the works of V.V. Dokuchaev, P.I. Brоunоv, P.І. Kоlоskоv, G.Т. Sеlyaninov А.M. Аlpаtev S.А. Sаpоzhnikоvа, I.E. Buchinsky, N.B. Bova, V.A. Volevaha, V. Romushevich, Yu.І. Chirkоv, М.І. Budykо, А.R. Коnstаntіnоv, G.P. Dubinskiy. Formation of the purpose of the article. The article considers the questions of scientific research application and cartographical and mathematical methods. The following tasks are defined: to study the initial preconditions and methodological support in the study of this problem; to analyze the data of hydrometeorological service; to determine the empirical relationships of the spatial-temporal structure in the development of arid phenomena on the territory of Kharkiv region. Presentation of the main research material. In this paper, an attempt is made to use quantitative characteristics of environmentally hazardous atmospheric phenomena development for the analysis of their formation and influence on human economic activity. To do this, we used a cartographic and mathematical method of research. It consists in the fact that natural phenomena and, in particular, environmentally dangerous ones are placed on a map in the system of conditional signs and then are analyzed by methods of mathematical statistics, quantitative characteristics of the investigated phenomenon. The apparatus of mathematical statistics helps to solve probabilistic tasks of cartographic representation of natural phenomena, as well as to study various connections between natural phenomena reflected on maps, to measure and assess them. Involvement of the mathematical apparatus in the study of the cartographic image stems from the need for in-depth knowledge of the phenomena essence depicted in the maps. The study of natural phenomena without application of the map-mathematical method is considered to be one-sided since this does not take into account one of the important aspects of any study - quantitative relations and regularities. The result of the research is an analysis of statistical indicators of agricultural crops harvest and hydrometeorological conditions in Kharkiv region. Having analyzed these indicators, we determined that quantitative dependence of the crop on the number of dry days has a complex nonlinear multi-parameter appearance. At the same time, close connection between the harvest of corn and sugar beets with weather conditions was very significant, as indicated by the large correlation coefficient between them, equal to 0.87-0.90. We worked out a hypothesis about the form of functional dependence between these components. Using the mathematical modeling method to analyze the spatio-temporal structure of natural-anthropogenic phenomenon development allows us to unify the hydrometeorological characteristics. It can be used in different fields of science, in particular, in recreational geography. The apparatus of mathematical statistics helps to reliably solve the cartographic representation tasks of natural phenomena, as well as to study the versatile links between natural and anthropogenic objects, which are reflected on the maps, measure and estimate them. Conclusions. Cartographic and mathematical research method is an important component in the study of natural phenomena and processes and helps to solve probabilistic tasks of cartographic representation of natural phenomena, as well as to study the versatile relationships between natural phenomena reflected on maps, measure and quantitatively assess them.

61-67

Authors: Lyudmila Polishchuk, Anna Moroz, Ruslan Kravchenko

The purpose of this article is to discover ways and opportunity to familiarize students with natural and anthropogenic landscapes in the process of studying geography at school. The main material. The article emphasizes the need for geographic education not focusing on the accumulation of little related multilateral knowledge. It reveals the importance of forming a holistic outlook and a comprehensive understanding of nature and the biosphere, as part of nature and environment of human existence. It emphasizes the essential role of knowledge about natural and manmade landscapes, which helps to solve problems of human-nature relationship, giving the possibility to understand natural processes and peculiarities of anthropogenic influence on them. Economic activities in Kharkiv region have led to the formation of various man-made landscapes within the natural landscapes: agricultural, residential, industrial, transport, aquatic, forest. Within the agricultural landscape there is soil degradation, flooding, salinity, erosion, landslides, deflation. In the limits of residential landscapes (urban and rural) relief, microclimate, soils and water objects change, domestic and industrial wastes are formed. Quarries, dumps, road construction, trimming slopes, laying links, piers, reducing the area of forests- all this leads to a negative impact on the composition of soils, groundwater, migration and reproduction of plants and animals. The environment, protective function of forests, biodiversity and the state of the natural landscapes are damaged. Conclusions and further research. Knowledge about anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes will ensure imagination of the world’s unity, understanding the consequences of negative human influence on the constituent environments, as well as the formation of a responsible approach to cognitive and practical activity of students in the study of geography.

74-83

Authors: Vera Sprenne, Alexander Zhemerov

Formulation of the problem. International economic relations (IER) is an important link in the process of interaction between states and regions of the modern world. The IER reflect the level of country development, the degree of their internationalization, is an integral part of the world’s improvement. Therefore, the study of IER at school is becoming increasingly necessary. One of the disadvantages of geography training programmes is the lack of a unified system for studying the IER. Acquaintance with them is transferred to the final course of geography. The purpose of the article is to present an improved system of knowledge about international economic relations and methods of their study in school geography. The main part. The article considers the component study of IER relations in existing curricula in geography; the peculiarities of the formation of knowledge about IER in different grades; the proposed system of knowledge about IER in the school geography; described methods of studying IER in geography lessons at school, taking into account the pupils’ age. Among the proposed methods is the use of electronic learning tools for better assimilation of the topic. The system of IER concepts formation at school is improved. In the 6th grade, we propose to begin to form the concept of international tourism. In the 7th grade, the concept of the main IER forms: trade, tourism, financial relations, scientific and technical cooperation should be formed. In the 8th grade we offer to form the concept of international labour movement and international integration processes. In the 9th grade, the concept of international currency relations is formed and knowledge of all forms of IER is systematized. Conclusions. Analysis of existing programs on geography shows the lack of knowledge about IER, the concept of which is presented only in 9-th grade. It is insufficient for a modern citizen’s preparation. There is an urgent need to expand the IER concepts in school geography. It is proposed to use a variety of methods to form the concepts of IER in 6-9 grades, especially discussions, work with interactive maps, on-line testing, and so on. Active and independent learning is gradually increasing from 6 th to 9-th grade. In the future, it is expected to test the effectiveness of the proposed method in the course of pedagogical experiment in geography lessons at school.