Problems of Continuous Geographic Education and Cartography

4-10

Authors: Aleksandr Dontsov

It is determined in the article that cartographic works that represent the integral image and complex characteristic of a certain territory, giving the possibility of orientation in space and time, remain the basic resource in the information support of tourism. The author focuses his attention on updating the thematic content of tourist maps, in particular, reflected objects and manifestations of the intangible cultural heritage of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of tourist maps, regarding the volume and means of information saturation, a broad representation of objects of a fixed heritage: natural, historical, cultural, archaeological, architectural, ritual is studied. Information about the objects and manifestations of the intangible cultural heritage, in addition to the objects of UNESCO and some famous crafts, is insufficient. In the case of information overload of the map, the possibilities in the depicted objects of thematic content are limited, their readability and orientation become more complicated. The necessity of further scientific research and practical developments for displaying the expanded species composition of objects and manifestations of the heritage, unification of the system of symbols is substantiated. Measures to improve tourist maps are proposed through wider introduction of cartographic modeling techniques, GIS technologies; perfection of figurative means; enrichment of information content of maps; improvement of design; expanding the range of cartographic works.

18-25

Authors: Olga Burla

The purpose of this article. The article defines the development factors of natural, demographic, political, economic and social systems. Variants of factors classification by various criteria are stated. Assessment of features and consequences of separate factors’ influence on the territorial organization and development of economy is given. The main material. The main attention is paid to the analysis of spatial factors, as well as to scientific and technical progress. Types of geographical location and subspecies of the economic and geographical situation are considered. The main features and directions of scientific and technological progress, consequences of the scientific and technological revolution in production and the service sector are outlined. Among the main consequences of the scientific and technological revolution impact are: automation, creation of new materials, computerization, creation of global networks. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the negative consequences of scientific and technological progress. The classification of activities according to the leading factor of territorial organization is given, as well as corresponding examples. The increase in the influence of military and political factors, both on the development of the economies of individual countries as a whole, and on the system of international economic relations, is noted. It is emphasized that the spatial organization of the economy is constantly becoming more complex under the influence of new factors. Conclusions and further research. The necessity to study the totality of the factors under consideration in the system of general and higher geographic education is substantiated. It is suggested that they be taken into account when implementing programs for socioeconomic development of regions and countries. It is noted that in assessing the direction and the degree of individual factors’ influence, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the territory - the size, configuration, location of the population and economic objects, the level of infrastructure development, coordination of management decisions.

34-39

Authors: Mykola Dubnytskyi, Alexander Barladin

The article describes creation of interactive web-maps of JSC «Institute of Advanced Technologies» on the basis of its own data, data from open sources and open technologies. The need to ensure available computers in schools and general access to modern information technology has been underlined in the article. In this context, it is especially important to provide schools with modern computer programs and information resources, both in content and in form. A retrospection analysis of cartographic products development from the paper stage to modern interactive web maps was conducted. The lost relevance of paper maps and maps on discs is currently being noted. The importance of created IAT interactive educational web-maps is specified. Description of the interactive administrative and physical map of Ukraine is given. Other web projects, in particular, Wikipedia were demonstrated on the map and on a universal interactive map. The technology of their creation, instrumental capabilities of maps and methodical recommendations on their use are described. The prospects of further development of this cartographic direction for educational needs are also indicated. The article emphasizes that geography, other natural courses and history are subjects that can not be taught correctly without qualitative accompanying cartographic materials. This applies to both traditional cartographic materials and figures, educational resources such as maps, illustrations, animations, videos, CD programs and geographic information systems. It is also important that working with digital materials teaches pupils and teachers to be more independent in their studies and to be able to identify the necessary mass information. Such materials further enhance the overall level of their computer skills.

48-53

Authors: Yuri Kоbchеnkо, Vyacheslav Rezunenko

Formulation of the problem. The urgency of the problem posed is the need to take into account the degree of intensity and quantitative study of dangerous atmospheric processes that cover large areas and cause significant economic damage to agriculture. When solving these questions it is necessary to have an objective estimation of different factors impact including weather and climate on the level of agricultural production. This will allow to assess various indicators of agro-meteorological conditions more reasonably in the estimation of the cereal harvest. Analysis of recent research and publications. The study of atmospheric processes and their effect on agricultural crops are devoted to in the works of V.V. Dokuchaev, P.I. Brоunоv, P.І. Kоlоskоv, G.Т. Sеlyaninov А.M. Аlpаtev S.А. Sаpоzhnikоvа, I.E. Buchinsky, N.B. Bova, V.A. Volevaha, V. Romushevich, Yu.І. Chirkоv, М.І. Budykо, А.R. Коnstаntіnоv, G.P. Dubinskiy. Formation of the purpose of the article. The article considers the questions of scientific research application and cartographical and mathematical methods. The following tasks are defined: to study the initial preconditions and methodological support in the study of this problem; to analyze the data of hydrometeorological service; to determine the empirical relationships of the spatial-temporal structure in the development of arid phenomena on the territory of Kharkiv region. Presentation of the main research material. In this paper, an attempt is made to use quantitative characteristics of environmentally hazardous atmospheric phenomena development for the analysis of their formation and influence on human economic activity. To do this, we used a cartographic and mathematical method of research. It consists in the fact that natural phenomena and, in particular, environmentally dangerous ones are placed on a map in the system of conditional signs and then are analyzed by methods of mathematical statistics, quantitative characteristics of the investigated phenomenon. The apparatus of mathematical statistics helps to solve probabilistic tasks of cartographic representation of natural phenomena, as well as to study various connections between natural phenomena reflected on maps, to measure and assess them. Involvement of the mathematical apparatus in the study of the cartographic image stems from the need for in-depth knowledge of the phenomena essence depicted in the maps. The study of natural phenomena without application of the map-mathematical method is considered to be one-sided since this does not take into account one of the important aspects of any study - quantitative relations and regularities. The result of the research is an analysis of statistical indicators of agricultural crops harvest and hydrometeorological conditions in Kharkiv region. Having analyzed these indicators, we determined that quantitative dependence of the crop on the number of dry days has a complex nonlinear multi-parameter appearance. At the same time, close connection between the harvest of corn and sugar beets with weather conditions was very significant, as indicated by the large correlation coefficient between them, equal to 0.87-0.90. We worked out a hypothesis about the form of functional dependence between these components. Using the mathematical modeling method to analyze the spatio-temporal structure of natural-anthropogenic phenomenon development allows us to unify the hydrometeorological characteristics. It can be used in different fields of science, in particular, in recreational geography. The apparatus of mathematical statistics helps to reliably solve the cartographic representation tasks of natural phenomena, as well as to study the versatile links between natural and anthropogenic objects, which are reflected on the maps, measure and estimate them. Conclusions. Cartographic and mathematical research method is an important component in the study of natural phenomena and processes and helps to solve probabilistic tasks of cartographic representation of natural phenomena, as well as to study the versatile relationships between natural phenomena reflected on maps, measure and quantitatively assess them.

61-67

Authors: Lyudmila Polishchuk, Anna Moroz, Ruslan Kravchenko

The purpose of this article is to discover ways and opportunity to familiarize students with natural and anthropogenic landscapes in the process of studying geography at school. The main material. The article emphasizes the need for geographic education not focusing on the accumulation of little related multilateral knowledge. It reveals the importance of forming a holistic outlook and a comprehensive understanding of nature and the biosphere, as part of nature and environment of human existence. It emphasizes the essential role of knowledge about natural and manmade landscapes, which helps to solve problems of human-nature relationship, giving the possibility to understand natural processes and peculiarities of anthropogenic influence on them. Economic activities in Kharkiv region have led to the formation of various man-made landscapes within the natural landscapes: agricultural, residential, industrial, transport, aquatic, forest. Within the agricultural landscape there is soil degradation, flooding, salinity, erosion, landslides, deflation. In the limits of residential landscapes (urban and rural) relief, microclimate, soils and water objects change, domestic and industrial wastes are formed. Quarries, dumps, road construction, trimming slopes, laying links, piers, reducing the area of forests- all this leads to a negative impact on the composition of soils, groundwater, migration and reproduction of plants and animals. The environment, protective function of forests, biodiversity and the state of the natural landscapes are damaged. Conclusions and further research. Knowledge about anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes will ensure imagination of the world’s unity, understanding the consequences of negative human influence on the constituent environments, as well as the formation of a responsible approach to cognitive and practical activity of students in the study of geography.

74-83

Authors: Vera Sprenne, Alexander Zhemerov

Formulation of the problem. International economic relations (IER) is an important link in the process of interaction between states and regions of the modern world. The IER reflect the level of country development, the degree of their internationalization, is an integral part of the world’s improvement. Therefore, the study of IER at school is becoming increasingly necessary. One of the disadvantages of geography training programmes is the lack of a unified system for studying the IER. Acquaintance with them is transferred to the final course of geography. The purpose of the article is to present an improved system of knowledge about international economic relations and methods of their study in school geography. The main part. The article considers the component study of IER relations in existing curricula in geography; the peculiarities of the formation of knowledge about IER in different grades; the proposed system of knowledge about IER in the school geography; described methods of studying IER in geography lessons at school, taking into account the pupils’ age. Among the proposed methods is the use of electronic learning tools for better assimilation of the topic. The system of IER concepts formation at school is improved. In the 6th grade, we propose to begin to form the concept of international tourism. In the 7th grade, the concept of the main IER forms: trade, tourism, financial relations, scientific and technical cooperation should be formed. In the 8th grade we offer to form the concept of international labour movement and international integration processes. In the 9th grade, the concept of international currency relations is formed and knowledge of all forms of IER is systematized. Conclusions. Analysis of existing programs on geography shows the lack of knowledge about IER, the concept of which is presented only in 9-th grade. It is insufficient for a modern citizen’s preparation. There is an urgent need to expand the IER concepts in school geography. It is proposed to use a variety of methods to form the concepts of IER in 6-9 grades, especially discussions, work with interactive maps, on-line testing, and so on. Active and independent learning is gradually increasing from 6 th to 9-th grade. In the future, it is expected to test the effectiveness of the proposed method in the course of pedagogical experiment in geography lessons at school.

4-11

Authors: Lyudmila Datsenko, Bohdan Siryi

This article contains main information on designing the historical atlas of the Holocaust in Ukraine. The goal of creating the atlas is to demonstrate preconditions, progress and aftermath of the Holocaust in Ukraine. During the analysis of the sources of historical information about Holocaust, the authors found two atlases, which contained maps of the Holocaust in Europe: Martin Gilbert’s «The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust» and «Historical Atlas of the Holocaust» created by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Developments of the Holocaust in Ukraine are classified by location and chronology in three stages: escalation of the Holocaust in Ukraine (1941), mass extermination of Jews (1942), the final solution to the Jewish question (1943-1944). The process of the atlas design includes creating system of map’s symbols, arrangement of maps, design of different elements of cartographic images and pages of atlas. There two types of map’s symbols: general geographic and thematic. Thematic map symbols are distributed by frequency of use into commonly used and special. The creation of the map’s symbols is based on three statements: associativity, unambiguousness and equipment with explanations (optional). The designed atlas has five chapters: «Ukraine in advance of the Holocaust», «Escalation of the Holocaust in Ukraine», «Mass extermination of Jews», «The final solution to the Jewish question» and «Aftermath of the Holocaust in Ukraine». According to a dramatic conception of the atlas themes, there are used two color models: CMYK (for cartographic elements and symbols on maps) and Grayscale (design of pages and additional material). The atlas project is accompanied by a series of maps, which demonstrates semantic and design features of it.

20-27

Authors: Mikhail Grishchenko, Julia Yermilova

The paper deals with the study of the features of the developed areas and functional zoning of the largest Russian Arctic cities: Apatity, Vorkuta, Murmansk and Norilsk. The main data were images from SPOT-5 satellite (optical spectral range), Landsat 8 satellite (thermal spectral range) and masterplans of the studied cities, which were used for distinguishing the types of development. Images from the SPOT-5 satellite were used to reveal the urban development with its subsequent classification according to the type of use, and the functional zonation was corrected using the combination and generalization of the classes. Consideration of the thermal structure of urban areas in the analysis of their development and functional zoning allows us to identify features of urban space that are not visible in the optical range, important for assessing the city opportuneness for its inhabitants. It is revealed that the considered cities have many common characteristics. Thus, the area of industrial zones of all the cities beyond the Arctic Circle makes up a significant proportion - almost 50% of the territories. All industrial zones gravitate toward the city-forming enterprises, which is especially evident in the example of Norilsk. For most cities, a low proportion of natural and anthropogenic territories is common. In Apatity and Murmansk, this value is much higher than in the more eastern cities of the Polar region, because creation of parks in Vorkuta and Norilsk is difficult due to natural and climatic conditions. In the northern cities abandoned areas are spread, both former residential and industrial, which are especially numerous in Vorkuta. In the studied cities, a mid-rise and multi-storey type of development prevails, and there is practically no private sector with a private household, which is explained by the specific climatic conditions of the region.

35-41

Authors: Nataliya Duk, Irina Sumatokhina

The article is devoted to the geographical analysis of environmental problems and regional targeted environmental programs implemented in Dnipropetrovsk region. Geographical location, natural resources and human potential of the region contribute to the development of large enterprises in the extractive, metallurgical and chemical industries, which relate not only to material and energy-intensive industries, but also to environmentally hazardous facilities. As a result of the analysis, groups of environmental problems in the region were identified. Among them, the main ones are: pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere; violation of the natural water and hydrobiological regime of rivers; formation and accumulation of large volumes of industrial and domestic waste; storage of radioactive waste on the territory of the region and urban agglomerations; spread of dangerous exogenous geological processes; protection, use and reproduction of wild fauna and flora and a low level of conservation. These types of environmental problems are inherent in other regions, but in Dnipropetrovsk region they are of a higher level and therefore require special attention. It especially concerns accumulation of huge volumes of industrial wastes, including toxic wastes, as well as the storage of large volumes of radioactive waste on the territory of the Dnieper-Kamyansk agglomeration, which are a threat to the health of millions of people. It has been established that the largest number of nature protection measures is implemented within the framework of the program for eliminating the consequences of territorial flooding, but the largest amounts of funding are provided for under the solid waste management program. In the framework of these programs, nature protection activities are financed mainly from regional funds (48-50%), while other sources account for almost 30%. Environmental protection measures implemented in the region are grouped into five groups: organizational and management; engineering; engineering-geological; bio-meliorative; educational. A series of maps reflecting the severity of environmental problems in the region, the amount of funding and the degree of environmental measures implementation has been created. The study shows that the environmental situation in the region has improved both due to the implementation of regional environmental programs, and reduction of the negative impact on the environment due to a decrease in industrial production. Inadequate financing of environmental measures is exacerbated by the lack of a systematic approach to solving environmental problems of different nature and level.

49-54

Authors: Vladimir Opara, Helen Dombrovska

In Ukraine standard evaluation of land has been carried out already for 20 years. For this fairly long period of time certain approaches to the conduct of these works and the relevant legislative and regulatory base have been formed. In 2018, the Government planned to carry out regulatory assessment of agricultural lands. This process will be conducted simultaneously on all the territory of Ukraine. Normative pecuniary valuation of land belongs to important economic regulators of land relations in Ukraine. It is determined according to the standard of capitalized rent income on land for agricultural purposes and indicators of soils bonitet by drafting scales evaluation of agro-industrial soil groups of natural and agricultural areas. Index of standard capitalized rent income reflects profitability of a business. Unfortunately, to calculate the standard evaluation of land we use bonitet data, which were identified during the Soviet era. Natural agricultural land zoning is the basis for standard evaluation of agricultural lands and the development of the organization’s documents regarding the use and protection of lands. In our opinion, nationwide standard evaluation holding of agricultural lands depends on the existing full, objective and sufficient information about them. An important source of obtaining such information is a conduct of the inventory. Technical documentation for all assessment of lands includes a description of the agricultural zoning nature, agroclimatic conditions, basic characteristics of the soil cover, description of the used materials of soil surveys of the past years and the performed work. The implementation of this process in Ukraine will create favorable conditions for effective development of land valuation indicators that will facilitate the influx of funds to the budget, rational and effective land use, solving socio-economic problems of the rural population.

64-72

Authors: Igor Sharukho

Formulation of the problem. The first attempts to systematically study the features of Belarus toponyms, its toponymic field, date back to the late ХIХ and early ХХ cent. Despite the serious research, there are many gaps in this scientific area. The analysis of the toponymic information layer of cultural landscapes helps to clarify the answers to many questions («Which languages’ speakers participated in the settlement and development of the territory of Belarus?», «What are the settlement vectors?», «How were landscapes developed by various ethnic groups?», etc). Analysis of recent research and publications. The study of the hydronyms of Belarus Lake District was initiated by A. Sapunov (1893) and Yu. Trusman (1897). The problems of the hydronyms interpretation were actively studied in the 1970-1980’s by E. Katonova, V. Zhuchkevich, I. Yashkin. At the same time, all hydronyms were explained mainly as Baltic and Slavic. One of the first to scientifically substantiate the presence of the Finno-Ugric layer in the hydronyms of the Lake District was O. Hedeman (1930, 1934), J. Kondracki (1938), T. Lehr-Spławiński (1946). In 1980-2000-s there appeared works of G. Ryliuk, V. Isaenko, I. Prokopovich, I. Sharukho, R. Ovchinnikova, A. Manakov, confirming rather complicated picture of the hydronyms of the Lake District, on the territory of which pre-Indo-European, Celtic, Scythian, Finno-Ugric, Baltic, mixed Baltic-Finnish, Balto-Slavic hydronyms were found. Formation of the purpose of the article. The aim of the article is to analyze the recorded hydronyms, as an element of the toponymic layer of the informational layer of the cultural landscapes in Polotsk Lake District, their semantics and to establish a connection between hydronyms and ethnoses that took part in the settlement and development of the region. Presentation of the main research material. In the article, based on the published book of I. Sharukho «The Edge of the Century of Europe. The Geographical and Statistical Handbook: Polotsk district. Polotsk. Novopolotsk» (2017). The Handbook fixes 4000 toponyms including 615 hydronyms of the region. Analysis of the toponymic information layer of cultural landscapes can contribute to the reconstruction of the settlement picture in the region from ancient times. Variants of a number of hydronyms origin are considered. It is established that only 27% of all hydronyms are Slavic, conditionally Slavic, the rest are Finno-Ugric (at least half) and Baltic origin. Prefixes, hydronyms formants are analyzed. Examples of hydronyms of different origin are given. The edition of the dictionary of hydronyms of Polotsk district is being prepared. Polotsk district refers to territories with increased density of Finno-Ugric hydronyms. Finno-Ugric tribes came to the border in the III and II millennium BC. The most productive bases of Finno-Ugric hydronyms are: RZH-, BAL-, VOL- / VAL-, VAD-, VEL-, VOR-, VET-, KAB-, KAD-, KL-, LAB- / LAP-, PAL- and others. The subsequent waves of migrants transformed the names that existed, brought their elements into the toponymic field. A large number of hypotheses on the origin of names are explained by the complex picture of the settlements of the territory. Baltic hydronyms are names with basics DR- / RD-, DUN-, ZHUR- and others. Only 20-30% hydronyms are Slavic, or transformed Slavs. On the territory of Belarus, Slavic are 15-20% of hydronyms (according to our data - 27%). Hydronyms with prefixes are about 5%. About 100formants are recorded. The most common formants are: -ets (7.6%), -ino, -ina (5.5%), -itsa, -itsy (8%), -k, -ka, -ki (4.7%), -no, -na, -ne, nia (5.5%), -oje (10.9%), -skoje, -skaja, -skij, -skije (5.2%). Slavic are the formants -ov, -ev, -in, -tsy, -etc, -atc, -its, -itsa, -k, -ki/-ka, -evo, -ova, -ina, -ichi. The Welbars (Gothic) are the prefix of the form on –za and the form -ie. Formant –shchynabelongs to Polotsk-Smolensk krivichis. Conclusions. Polotsk district has very different ages, multilingual beds. Along with the nostratic names, the names of ancient Indo-European, Celtic, Scythian, Gothic, Finno-Ugric, Baltic, Slavic and mixed groups of names were recorded. But most of the names of water objects belong to the Finno-Ugric languages, at least half of them. It is planned to compile a series of formant maps, a separate edition on the hydronymics of the region. A subsequent study of the issues raised in the paper should be coordinated with geographers, historians, archaeologists, linguists.

82-88

Authors: Nataliia Popovych, Vilina Peresadko, Olena Sinna

Issues of social protection of people with disabilities, the state of introduction of such people into society as well as the accessibility of the environment are considered by many researchers. The purpose of the article is to reveal possibilities of using GIS in the study of urban environment accessibility on the case study of Secondary Cities project, implemented in Kharkiv. The main material. One of the main problems that limits mobility of people with special needs is the lack of information on available community resources and services. The most popular way of solving this problem is to develop separate maps of accessibility and geographic information systems for vulnerable populations. Secondary Cities project deals with the detailed study of the city infrastructure in terms of its accessibility to vulnerable population. At the preparatory stage, 2 series of workshops were conducted for the participants. Implementation of the project in Kharkiv can be divided into several stages: collection of geospatial data and their initial analysis; development of cartographic products, mobile applications and recommendations for improving accessibility of the urban environment. Data collection is currently ongoing, which is mainly performed with the help of Survey 123 mobile application. According to the project goal, data have been collected for three general feature categories: «Mobility», «Community Resources and Services», «Public Safety». All the objects, by the level of accessibility, were divided into 3 classes: accessible, limited access, not accessible. In particular, among 419 public establishments of the city center 42% are accessible, 31% have limited accessibility and 27% are not accessible at all. It can be assumed that accessibility of facilities in remote areas of the city is even lower. Conclusions. The most accessible way to receive operative information on the statics and dynamics of social infrastructure for vulnerable population is the use of geoinformation systems. Projects like Secondary Cities should be implemented in other settlements of Ukraine.