Pytannia literaturoznavstva

7-29

Authors: Michaela Krämer

In the format of interpretation the creative laboratory of Shakespeare’s “The Tempest” is being revealed. By all accounts “The Tempest” has no specific sources. This study, however, supposes, that Shakespeare could refer to the basic concept and, from this perspective, even very closely rely on the details. Hence, it is proved, that the philosophical impulse of Shakespeare’s tragedy can be considered the introduction to the “Oration on the Dignity of Man” by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, created for the forbidden later theological discussions on relevant topics in Rome (1486), which dealt with the possibility of moral self-determination and individual responsibility. Imposing the lines of the treatise by Pico on the images and plot of the drama by Shakespeare, we immediately notice a twisted three-dimensional image, the transition from abstract relationship to the visible processes of existence and consciousness, at the same time fantastic and real. This analysis is based on the statement, that “The Tempest” can be interpreted as the staging of memorable images of Pico. This statement is relevant to point of view, according to which Shakespeare could choose the idea of the Oration, or directly from the passage of the text. Shakespeare consciously goes beyond the ideas of Pico. If the quotations from the text of Pico are considered as a subtext, it immediately becomes evident that scene, characters and action of the play are based in some way on a complex conceptual scheme. With the underlying meaning of the Oration by Pico, “The Tempest” is a powerful creative experiment and a reasonable appeal to the uniqueness of human life and spiritual freedom of a man. Thus, this study, without resorting to discuss specific aspects of the play, aspires to promote scientific debate about its hidden meaning.

48-67

Authors: Roman Mnich

The article deals with the mainstream issues of contemporary Franko Studies, one of the most important fields of Ukrainian Literary Studies. The contemporary Franko Studies includes different discourses (political, sociological, linguistic, and literary), each of which reflects the topical problems of Ukrainian Studies in a widest sense. Many controversial topics (starting with Franko’s meeting/non-meeting with Theodor Herzl in Vienna, Franko’s article “A Poet of Betrayal” and on to Franko’s attitude towards Ukrainian and European modernism) receive nowadays a different interpretation, which is not exhaustive but, on the contrary, initiating the study of another problem. The author also comments on the literary terminology used within the Franko Studies.

82-90

Authors: Iryna Vikyrchak

English poetry by Rose Ausländer is an interesting phenomenon in the biography and writing of the German-speaking author, associated with the practical aspects of life in exile and psychological traumas. Using the method of analysis of poetic texts created by her in English during the life in emigration in the United States between 1947 and 1956 (poetry collection “The Forbidden Tree”) and some later prose texts, interviews, we conclude that Rose Ausländer had an ambiguous attitude to New York. The same attitude to the metropolis was shared by the American poet Marianne Moore, with whom Ausländer developed friendship, which played an important role for the creative life of the Bukovynian author in exile. We also consider the different perceptions of New York by Rose Ausländer during the two different periods of her residence there: the late 1920s when poetry was traditional in form and expressionist in style, written in German; and English free verse during the post-war period. Despite numerous topographical names that appear in the poetry collection “The Forbidden Tree”, the main New York motives remain the challenges to adapt to the rapid pace and rhythm of life, urge for the feeling of home, hope for a reunion with Bukovyna and German language etc.

108-122

Authors: Yulia Isapchuk

The study analyzes the novel fragment of the outstanding Austrian writer Ingeborg Bachmann (1926–1973) “Requiem for Fanny Goldmann” (“Requiem für Fanny Goldmann”) from the cycle “Death Styles” (“Todesarten”). The attention is paid to the spatial organization of the text in particular to the author’s depicting of the centre and periphery of the country with an emphasis on the historical and social features of the state’s development in the first half of the 20th century (dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy, Anschluss, Holocaust etc.). The special role of Vienna as a cultural metropolis of Austria after the Second World War is stressed. The family Wischnewski and married couple Goldmann represent both the generalized image of the Austrian capital city, which contrasted with the negative stereotyped image of a periphery. As a result this phenomenon is demonstrated in the relationship of the heroine Fanny Goldmann as the representative of the exquisite Viennese society with the character of the young writer Anton Marek from the remote province. Consequently I. Bachmann shows one of the possible variants of the correlation between centre and periphery, where the Austrian province manifests its aggressive intentions towards the Vienna from its point of view as a metropolis.

141-152

Authors: Sergey Tuzkov

The analysis of G. Meyrink's novel “The Golem” is represented in the article in terms of gothic tradition in literature. The advantage of this investigation is that the majoriry of literary scholars point out those aspects of the novel “The Golem” that are connected with G. Meyrink's interest to occult sciences, alchemy, Buddhizm and Kabala learning. The value of these aspects for the authentic perception of G. Meyrink's text is beyond doubt. But at the same time the role of the elements referring to the gothic tradition in literature is not less important in the narration organization of the novel “The Golem”. For example in narration organization the author of the novel uses not only gothic chronotope but also the elements of the gothic invariant such as mystory and horror, play-acting, fate, manuscript, phantom etc. As a result the system of the characters of the novel “The Golem” correlates in its turn with the characters of a classic gothic novel: the main characters go through some hardships before they find happiness in the ideal love at the ending of the novel; the gothic villain embodies the evil incarnate and is inavitably punished; the phantom being the character's clone shows the transparence (ephemerality) of the border line between two worlds – real and infernal. The given aspect of G. Meyrink's poetics is not taken into account in numerous investigations of literary scholars. Therefore the aim of this investigation to examine the poetics of G. Meyrink's novel “The Golem” in terms of gothic tradition in literature gains particular actuality. As a result the analysis of G. Meyrink's novel “The Golem” shows how meaningful the gothic invariant in the XX th century literature is.

172-182

Authors: Tereza Levchuk

Biographical writings emphasize the ability of fiction to combine facts and conjectures.This binary is laid at the level of documentary bases of biography, presented by memoirs, epistolary, diaries. Self-image forming is accompanied by some mystification owing to variety of reasons. Person’s biography has its own plot. It may be interesting or boring for other people. Real life can be devoid of intriguing facts (as an option – a person works hard and has no leisure time), then you need to show the facts of inner life and to develop them into the story, interesting to readers.The role of the personal factor is determinant, because the writer presents a subjective vision of certain events in the life of a historical figure. Biographical narrative is a productive way of entry of the individual into the culture.Ego-fiction, which originated as a literary form of individualism, has become a peculiar phenomenon of modernist literature (J. Kotsiubynsky, O. Kobylanska, V. Stefanik).The original work serves as a grateful modeling material for further artistic biography, because it contains not only autobiographical motives, but also expresses deep reflection. Modern biography marks the transition from being plot-eventual to associative and psychological.In the process of psychobiographical works’ creation the object of the real life story becomes the object of the author's reflection.There is the increasing of aesthetic imperative – the writer's conscious effort to recreate the life of the individual and biography interestingly and artistically accomplished. Interest to the biography as a literary genre is powered by universal interest to ourselves. The penetration into the inner world of writer’s own characters is a branch of creativity itself.

194-206

Authors: Svitlana Kyryliuk

Creative worlds of Mykhaylo Kotsiubynskyi and Volodymyr Vynnychenko clearly describe the peculiarities of literary fin de siècle in Ukrainian literature of the period on the level of topics, images and style practices. Important role is devoted to characteristic features inherent to creative fates of the mentioned writers. They promoted creation of unique “rhythm” of prose characteristic of both writers and to a great degree similar to episodes and events of their lives. Mykhaylo Kotsiubynskyi and Volodymyr Vynnychenko belonged to one cultural time “intercrossing” in space: real and artistic. If the writers’ biographies were objects of numerous literary discussions (e.g., authors’ stay in Italy on an island Capri or a period of “intermezzo” in Kononivka of Yevhen Chykalenko), then a peculiar “clashes” on the level of texts urges us to find ways to perceive these “intercrossings.” They are interwoven into the texture of texts and are not always provided for decoding. It becomes possible by reading the topology of artistic thinking that is revealed by means of artistic images, landscape, particular attention to corporeality. We come across the category of corporeality in both writers works, but a priori the category is marked by a given disconnection in their texts. As a result of the analysis, we state its prevailing quality, in particular, in creation of a whole “landscape” of writer’s creative work. The study of internal mimesis of Mykhaylo Kotsiubynskyi and Volodymyr Vynnychenko’s texts based on the basis of analytical anthropology allows us to trace peculiarities of biographics of creative „landscapes” in both authors, establishing the range of “rises” and “declines”, movement of their creative work as a whole. At the same time such an approach allows us to evaluate the character of cultural “landscape” of the Ukrainian literature at the beginning of the twentieth century.

215-225

Authors: Olha Chervinska, Yulia Vilchanska

Exile existential accents are not considered to be a completely focused object. There are factors in history of cultures which are easier for understanding, proceeding from the current reality: the presence of certain culture in other cultural structure when the creative person faces an indispensability of self-identification (as motivated in the philosophical platform of Julia Kristeva, i. e. in the essay “Strangers to Ourselves” (1988). In the culture study aspect anyone of conventionally homogeneous cultures (or using the expression by Sorokin – “socio-cultural bodies”) in the context of its development inevitably faces, or will face in future, with a situation where the homogeneity ceases to be obvious. In particular, the experience of integral culture collapse of the Russian Empire, at first glance, gives very significant examples related to the so-called allotropy factor (the literary lexicon virtually lacks the concept, although it is appropriate to use this ancient scientific term containing commonly known Greek roots αλλος – other, τρόπος – feature). We mean the various forms which presented the existence of representatives of individual national cultures of Russia after the October Revolution generating the emergence of various known today diasporas – such as the Armenian, Russian, Ukrainian and others. In this synchronic time span the formation of the various “post-imperial” Diasporas (the first wave of emigration) is of great interest. Their main point becomes a creation of the corresponding ideological clamp. In this respect it is interesting to trace typological samples on the most revealing examples. The given article examines the work of two poets-emigrés: Boris Poplavsky (Russian diaspora) and Eugeniy Malaniuk (Ukrainian diaspora). It is a question of typologically polar transformations of biographical experience in the Diaspora ideology outlook.

7-11

Authors: Olha Chervinska, Roman Dzyk, Oxana Matiychuk, Natalia Nikoriak. Alla Sazhyna. Alyona Boychuk

The anniversary issue is “Classified catalogue of articles” that from 1966 to 2015 were published in the scientific journal “Problems of Literary Criticism” (up to 1991 “Questions of Russian Literature”). It is completed with “Bibliographical entry of the issues for 1966–2015”, “Index of names of the articles’ authors” and “Index of names of research objects”.

17-205

Authors: Olha Chervinska, Roman Dzyk, Oxana Matiychuk, Natalia Nikoriak. Alla Sazhyna. Alyona Boychuk

The anniversary issue is “Classified catalogue of articles” that from 1966 to 2015 were published in the scientific journal “Problems of Literary Criticism” (up to 1991 “Questions of Russian Literature”). It is completed with “Bibliographical entry of the issues for 1966–2015”, “Index of names of the articles’ authors” and “Index of names of research objects”.