Bulletin of Science and Practice

13-18

Authors: Shuvalova L., Valiullin A.

The method of mechanical quadratures for solving integral equations with the numerical realization of mathematical package MathCad. Constructed interpolation polynomial approximating the desired function. The authors propose a program that allows you to automatically find approximate solutions of integral equations and other basic data. Calculations, made in the program make it possible to minimize the error by a special selection of mesh nodes.

35-41

Authors: Akhmedova Z., Khamraeva Z., Yakhyaeva M.

Enzymatic hydrolysis the lignocellulose substrates (wood sawdust, wheat bran, bard), brought in a nutrient medium are given as a carbon source for the cultivation of fungus and actinomycetes, producers of making components of a bio-stimulator which is used in agriculture for the cultivation of the cotton plant. It was established that among examinees of substrate spirit grain the bard in experimentally picked up concentration (10–50%) it appeared a full-fledged substratum for the active growth developments and antibiotic enzymatic making with use to which can be prepared rather cheap and effective preparation is providing for increase in productivity and decrease in incidence of crops in agriculture. At the current time using biological methods of cultivation and protection of the environment is the most important link in the cultivation of ecologically safe agricultural production. The biological methods of protection of plants are recognized as the most resource–saving reception, allowing to protect plants from diseases, wreckers and to increase their efficiency without expenses of irreplaceable natural resources and without harmful emissions in the environment [1–2]. The microorganisms used for the production of valuable biological products, promote the supply of plants not only elements of mineral food but also physiologically active agents (enzymes, phytohormones, vitamins, etc.) [3]. Studying of enzymatic activity and efficiency of the culture of fungus of Pleurotus ostreatus UZBI-I 105, Aspergillus terreus 9, and actinomycete Streptomyces sp. 166 on cheap the lignocellulose substrates for development of effective biotechnology of a biological product for an increase in productivity and protection of crops against wreckers of phytopathogens was the purpose of the real work.

50-56

Authors: Filatova A., Shimanskaya E., Sulman M., Gakipova D.

In this work, experimental studies aimed at the study of the hydrogenolysis of components of plant biomass with the production of valuable chemical substances have been conducted. Research aimed at the finding of the effective catalytic system allows obtaining a high degree of conversion of the substrate with high selectivity in the processing of all components of the biomass. On the basis of experimental data, it can be concluded that 3% Ru/MN270 catalyst is active in the hydrogenolysis of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and it can be used in a complex processing of biomass. The catalytic system is also stable — the five-time use in the reaction of hydrogenolysis did not lead to the change of activity.

62-69

Authors: Lugovoi Yu., Chalov K., Shimanskaya E., Stepacheva A., Sulman E.

The process of pyrolysis of plant biomass wastes using thermogravimetric analysis, as well as by conducting experiments using a laboratory pyrolysis plant, was studied. As a raw material for pyrolysis, the chopped husk of sunflower seeds with a moisture content of 5,6%; ash content is 3.2% and the lowest specific heat of combustion is 17,6 kJ / g was used. The study of the thermal stability of husk was carried out in the temperature range up to 600 °C and allowed to determine the main peaks of mass loss of the sample, the number of volatile products and the solid residue formed as a result of pyrolysis. The influence of the size of the feedstock fraction on the process characteristics was studied. Intensification of the pyrolysis process was carried out by direct application of natural aluminosilicate materials into pyrolyzable raw materials with a mass content of 10% of the weight of the initial sample. The effect of the aluminosilicate materials used on the process characteristics was evaluated by changing the conversion (into gaseous, liquid, solid products), by changing the heat of combustion and the composition of the pyrolysis gases. A comparison of activity in the pyrolysis process of the investigated natural aluminosilicate materials with the commercially available synthetic zeolite ZSM-5 was performed. The processing of the obtained experimental data made it possible to select the most active catalyst among the clays and compare them with each other and with a synthetic zeolite. According to the data obtained, montmorillonite clay is the most accessible and leading to an increase in the heat value of pyrolysis gases. When using this aluminosilicate as a catalyst for direct application in the process of pyrolysis of husks of sunflower seeds, the mass fraction of gaseous products increased by 4,3%, while the combustion gas of combustion gas increased by 8.8 MJ/m3, by increasing the total yield of C1–C4 hydrocarbons by 12,7% in comparison with the non-catalytic process.

76-83

Authors: Lugovoi, Yu., Chalov, K., Stepacheva, A., Kosivtsov, Yu., & Sulman, E.

The use of waste biomass for energy purposes is currently of great interest to scientific and industrial groups around the world. Flax shive is a waste of flax processing industry, which can be used for energy purposes. The most interesting are the processes of thermal processing, making maximum use of the energy potential of the processed biomass wastes. Such methods of thermal processing include various types of pyrolysis. The paper presents the results of a kinetic study of the pyrolysis process of flax bonfire in the temperature range up to 600 °C using the experimentally obtained data of dynamic thermogravimetry. To find the kinetic parameters and the kinetic model of the process, we used model–independent methods and methods of nonlinear regression. Mathematical processing of the experimentally obtained data made it possible to determine the formal kinetic mechanism of the pyrolysis process of flax shive, the kinetic parameters and the temperature interval of each stage of the process. The obtained kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis process of the flax shive in the future will allow optimizing the industrial pyrolysis technology, to reduce the time spent on carrying out research and construction works. This kinetic model of pyrolysis process contains 4 stages of decomposition of flax shive, corresponding to the processes of moisture loss and thermal destruction of flax shive components — hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. The significant mass of the carbonaceous residue obtained as a result of the pyrolysis of flax shive (about 29% by weight) allows us to conclude that it is potentially possible to use it further for the production of carbon–containing materials. Finally, conclusions about the applicability of flax shive as a raw material for obtaining carbon sorbents will help to make the results of further studies of strength, surface and sorption properties.

90-97

Authors: Chalov, K., Lugovoi, Yu., Kosivtsov, Yu., Sulman, E., & Stepacheva, A.

In this paper, we present the results of an investigation of gaseous and liquid pyrolysis products of oily waste produced in the presence of metal–based catalysts. Early studies have shown that the most active in the process of destruction of petroleum hydrocarbons were the metal chlorides of the iron subgroup. The greatest yield of valuable gaseous and liquid products was observed in the presence of cobalt chloride. The optimum catalyst content is 5% by weight. In the pyrolysis of oily waste in the presence of cobalt chloride, the yield of gaseous and liquid products was 65% and 16% by weight. respectively. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of gaseous and liquid pyrolysis products in the presence of cobalt chloride was carried out. The composition of the gaseous products was determined by gas chromatography. Gaseous products were a mixture of hydrocarbons C1–C4, hydrogen, oxide and nitrogen dioxide. The use of cobalt chloride in the pyrolysis process increased the content of C1–C4 hydrocarbons in the gaseous products by 2.2 times in comparison with the products of the non-catalytic process. Liquid products were investigated by IR spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and calorimetry. Liquid products were a mixture of aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The main components of liquid products were alkanes of a linear and branched structure. Analysis of liquid products showed that they can be used as a jet fuel. For the purpose of using them as diesel fuel, it is necessary to carry out the cleaning and refining steps. Separate components of liquid pyrolysis products can be raw materials for the chemical industry.

105-112

Authors: Doluda, V., Brovko, R., Giniatullina, N.,& Sulman, M.

The catalytic transformation of methanol into hydrocarbons is a complex chemical process, accompanied by chain parallel chemical transformation reactions. The most valuable products of the methanol to hydrocarbons catalytic transformation reaction are the strained hydrocarbons — cyclopropane derivatives. These compounds can be used as a high-energy fuel, and also as a valuable chemical raw material. However, the yield of strained compounds in methanol to hydrocarbons catalytic transformation reaction is extremely low. One of the possible methods for increasing the yield of target products is the development of the kinetic model of the reaction and its analysis. The kinetic models most often used to describe the process of catalytic transformation of methanol into hydrocarbons are analyzed in the paper. The analysis of the reaction mixture made it possible to determine the main strained hydrocarbons formed during the reaction, among which are 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane, 1,2-dimethylcyclopropane, 1,1,2-trimethylcyclopropane, 1,2,3-trimethylcyclopropane, 1,1, 2,2-tetramethylcyclopropane, 1,1,2,3-tetramethylcyclopropane. Based on the list of products, a reaction scheme was proposed for chemical transformations occurring during the synthesis of strained hydrocarbons. At the first stage, cyclopropane derivatives are formed during the reaction of propene with carbene, followed by the formation of di, tri and tetramethyl derivatives of cyclopropane. On the basis of the reaction scheme, a kinetic model of the process is proposed in the form of a system of differential equations. The solution of the differential equations from the experimentally obtained data was carried out in the Matlab system by the Levenberg–Marquard method. The obtained values of reaction rate constants allow determining the limiting stages of the methanol transformation process with the formation of strained hydrocarbons. The calculated values of the Fisher’s adequacy criterion indicate the applicability of the obtained model results. The obtained values of the chemical reactions constants can be used to optimize the process of synthesis of strained hydrocarbons.

118-124

Authors: Grigorev, M., Lebedeva, M., Manaenkov, O., Doluda, V., Filatova, A., & Matveeva, V.

This work is devoted to the process of hydrogenation of D–mannose to D–mannitol, which is valuable raw material for food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Experimental data on catalytic hydrogenation of D–mannose to D–mannitol, i. e. the dependence of the substrate conversion on temperature (varied from 393 up to 493 K), partial hydrogen pressure (varied from 20 atm up to 80 atm) and concentration of D–mannose (varied from 0.1 mol/L up to 0.6 mol/L), are presented in this work. The dependence of selectivity of the catalytic hydrogenation process on the substrate conversion is also shown. Hydrogenation of D–mannose was carried out in batch reactor. Ruthenium on hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HPS) with metal content of 3% (wt.) was used as a catalyst for the hydrogenation process. The catalyst was obtained by the impregnation of HPS of MN 100 type with water soluble ruthenium salt in solvent mixture: tetrahydrofuran–methanol–water in a ratio of 4:1:1. Before the experiment, the catalyst was reduced in hydrogen flow at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 573 K. Analysis of the samples of reaction mixture was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography using the liquid chromatograph “Chromatec – Crystal HPLC 2014”. Based on the experimental data, the possibility of the use of Ru/MN 100 catalyst for the efficient hydrogenation of D–mannose was shown. The choice of “optimal” conditions of catalytic hydrogenation of D–mannose to D–mannitol based on high process selectivity at almost complete conversion (99%) of the substrate was carried out. The literature data are presented for comparison of catalytic system, ruthenium supported on TiO2 modified with nickel oxide, with the Ru/MN 100. The comparison showed the advantage of the use of Ru/MN 100 for the hydrogenation of D–mannose.

130-135

Authors: Grinko A., Kulygin V.

The aim of the research was to identify the optimal combination of methods of basic soil treatment and mineral nutrition levels during the cultivation of new varieties of triticale Saur in the aspect of resource conservation. The experiments were conducted in 2016–2017 at the hospital FSBI “DZSRIA”. When conducting research using conventional techniques. The highest yield was provided heap method of primary tillage and the background of fertilizers N80Р80К80, amounting to 28,8 c/ha. the Same indicator at the chisel treatment was less than 2,0 kg/ha or 6,9%. The best payback of 1 kg of fertilizers yield increase obtained on average background (N40Р40К40), regardless of the method of primary tillage, making 4,58 kg/kg In the conditions of deficit of resources in the cultivation of spring triticale, along with the option method dump core processing and high background of fertilizers (N80Р80К80), it is possible to use less energy, the chisel treatment and the average background of mineral nutrition (N40Р40К40). This allows reducing energy costs and more efficient use of fertilizer.

141-144

Authors: Avazov, S.

In this article presents data on the study mildew of onions in the Tashkent Region. 8 species from 3 genera of 2 families of rust fungi were identified, 5 of which were not previously reported by researchers in Uzbekistan. Uredinia and the fetus are noted in 3 species: Uromyces ambiguous, Puccinia allii, P. poor, and eucalyptus and spermogonia in 5 species: Melampsora allii–fragalis, M. alli–populina, M. allii salicis–albae, Puccinia permixta and P. wintering. Most often, Puccinia allii and P. poor were the species that caused rust onions in crops. Analyzing the seasonal distribution, it can be said that the rust–fungi indices were observed in April–May, the wreckage is observed in June–July, the bodies are observed in August–September. One of the important methods of combating onion diseases, in particular, rust, is the observance of crop rotations. The author also developed a technology to combat rust bows with a number fungitsitov.

154-159

Authors: Asheraliev, M., Shalabaeva, B., Bertursunov, T., & Vychigzhanina, N.

The objective of our research is a revealing the interrelations of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and bronchial asthma (BA). The research covers 115 patients from 7 to 16 years suffering from a diagnosed bronchial asthma and being under in-patient treatment in The Allergology and Clinical Immunology Department of the National Center of Maternity and Childhood. As a result of the research, a high frequency of pulmonary symptoms has been observed in the patients suffering from BA in combination with GER. A complex treatment of children suffering from BA in combination with GER by antireflux medication has lead to the decline of BA frequency.

165-170

Authors: Nechaikin A.

The effect of low-intensity laser radiation on the hemodynamics of the uterus in 76 patients with prolapse of pelvic organs was studied. Before the operation and after performing plastic operations with vaginal access, the traditional sanction of the vagina received 36 patients, laser therapy — 40 patients. A laser beam with a wavelength of 632.8 nm irradiated the anterior and posterior walls of the vagina, the cervix, then they achieved local improvement in blood circulation. Evaluation of the blood flow in the uterus was performed by vaginal rheography. The inclusion of low-intensity laser radiation in the traditional regimen of prolapse treatment of pelvic organs significantly improved the rheographic indices of the state of hemodynamics of the uterus.

191-197

Authors: Kaspruk L., Lebedev A., Zhakupova G., Snasapova D. Borkun N.

The study of the development of nursing and nursing medical education in the 90s of the XX century allowed to prove that the accumulated experience of development of nursing medical education in studies of domestic and foreign authors is of interest in historical, methodological, organizational aspects. Domestic research reveals the experience in a hierarchically constructed system, foreign — in a market, or (more often) in a regulated market. The analysis of domestic sources testifies to the search and introduction of new organizational forms of professional activities of nursing medical personnel, and also reveals the emerging problems of nursing medical education in the context of healthcare restructuring. Given that the nation–wide health care system of Russia consists of various services of territorial healthcare systems with their demographic, social and economic characteristics, the study of the development of nursing and nursing education in this period is exemplified by the example of a separate territory (Orenburg region).

204-209

Authors: Stebnev, S., & Stebnev, V.

The article presents the results of a microinvasive vitrectomy 27-gauge of 17 patients (17 eyes) with epimacular fibrosis. In the process of operation was used by nationally combined dye “Staining Solution for ophthalmic surgery” (OPTIMED, Russia) for differential staining and visualization of structures of vitreo–macular interface — epimacular membranes and the inner limiting membrane. As a result of microinvasive chromovitrectomy deletion rendered epimacular membranes and the inner limiting membrane was achieved in all patients. The use of dyes allowed at all stages of peeling clearly control the course of vitreoretinal interventions and the use of tools calibre 27 gauge provided small injury intervention. Presents the anatomic and functional outcomes: best–corrected visual acuity increased to 0,59±0,11 compared to the baseline of 0.29±0.11 (p<0.05); the thickness of the retina in the foveolar region decreased to 311±41 µm from the original 437±66 µm (p<0.05); and decreased volume of the retina in the macular region to 8.88±1,11 mm3 compared to the original 12,65±1,12 mm3 (p<0.05). The authors conclude that the use of modern technology microinvasive vitrectomy 27-gauge and the first national intravitreal dye “Staining Solution for ophthalmic surgery” (OPTIMED, Russia) is another promising step in the treatment of patients with epimacular fibrosis.

214-220

Authors: Turdalieva B.

The article presents the results of examination of children with a clinical diagnosis of Lyell’s syndrome for patients in the hospital, which allowed us to obtain information on the presence of allergic make when you start acute allergic urticaria and in this specific case it is the terrible complications of the Lyell’s syndrome. As well as the connection with the beginning of illness — premorbid background: genetic, family relationship and predisposing factors in the development of the disease. The connection in the clinical course of the disease with ENT–pathology and anaemia in children with the syndrome Luella. More than half of the cases in young children develop on the background of upper respiratory tract infections.

226-231

Authors: Aiypova D., Beishebaeva N., Kaliev R.

C1q nephropathy rare, it is not well-studied pathology characterized by deposition of C1q component of complement and immune complexes in the mesangium. The diagnosis requires a kidney biopsy with the study of immune complexes. With light microscopy, this pathology manifests itself as a disease of minimal changes disease (MCD), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and proliferative glomerulonephritis. The clinical picture is diverse, fluctuating from asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria to nephrotic syndrome. Corticosteroids are the basis of treatment, and immunosuppressive agents are reserved for steroid-resistant cases. The presence of nephrotic syndrome and FSGS predict unfavourable outcomes, unlike the favourable outcomes in patients with MCD. In this article, we describe the clinical case, histopathology, the clinical feature of C1q nephropathy.

244-249

Authors: Kochadze T., Sharabidze I., Markelia B.

Among the alternative energy sources, of particular importance is hydrogen energy, which is likely to address the acute environmental problem of large cities in the near future, in terms of pollution of the environment, first of all, of air pollution from vehicles. Among hydrogen–containing raw materials, which can be used in a fuel component, hydrogen sulphide is of particular importance. It is well–known that the Black Sea the largest basin on the planet by the amounts of hydrogen sulphide dissolved in water. In that regard, the Black Sea is the object of the attention of scientists, since its deep waters contain hydrogen sulphide, hydrosuphide and suphide ions in large quantities. The sources of their origin are gases erupted from the volcanic and geological splits existing at the bottom of the sea, as well as organic substances and products of decomposition of microorganisms brought down by the rivers. In this regard, the Black sea may become a potential source of hydrogen energy, and simultaneously that may improve environmental situation in the Black Sea. The paper analyzes the challenges existing in the use of hydrogen obtained from hydrogen sulphide of the Black Sea, as an alternative fuel in the internal combustion engines of vehicles, as well as the prospects for addressing these challenges.

257-262

Authors: Asanov, R., Abdaliev, U., & Tashpolotov, I.

In this article is considered comprehensive research: 1) dependence of the specific electrical resistance of the WCS with an increase in the concentration of the sodium humate reagent–plasticizer at a constant solid phase of the WCS 2) dependence of specific electric resistance of WCS at an increase in her firm phase without sodium humate reagent. At first sodium humate reagent with mass fractions from 10% up to 50% of the mass of firm phase WCS is added to WCS with a concentration of firm phases of 10%, 30% and 50% and for each case, volt the ampere parameters are separately measured. The concentration of firm phases WCS remain constants, that is 10%, 30% and 50%. WCS is an experiment turns out under the influence of the effect of hydrodynamic cavitation with a concentration of 10%, 20%, 30, 40% and 50% of a firm phase. Use of hydrodynamic cavitation for receiving WCS the most effective, then influence electric and magnetic water as at cavitation of water there are reactionary capable radical particles •H and +•OH which in this case actively react with particles of a firm phase of carbon. Use of reagent–softener of a humate of sodium in this work is, explained by the fact that he renders the greatest effect on such physical properties of WCS as viscosity, fluidity and stability. Except, that the humate of sodium is readily available and we accept from the economic party. Further, the dependence of the specific electric conductivity of WCS on the concentration of a firm phase of suspension without sodium humate reagent–softener at the increase in firm phase WCS from 10% to 50% is considered. The study found that: 1) with an increase in the concentration of sodium humates and with a constant solid phase of the WCS, the specific electrical conductivity, of the WCS increases, 2) when the solid phase of the WCS, is increased without the addition of reagents, the specific electrical conductivity of the WCS varies in a complex way: at first it remains constant, then gradually decreases and after a while again remains constant

269-275

Authors: Bgashev, M., & Lutsenko, A.

In modern conditions under the influence of difficult factors of the external environment the behaviour of the Russian corporations changes that in turn demands a change of their organizational structure. The structure of corporation has to be flexible and adaptive, quickly be reconstructed and adapt to requirements of both the external and internal environment. In the economic practice of the Russian corporation's other situation which is caused by various reasons which aren’t allowing to consider changes in the external environment and as appropriate to change organizational structure is traced. Many domestic scientists investigated features of organizational structures of the Russian companies, applying the system approach allowing to consider the behavior of corporations in general as a system in the researchers. Therefore in this article practical questions of the creation of organizational structures of the Russian corporations as a schematical display of organizational structure of any vertically integrated oil company gives information on the system of submission and a taxonomy and also on the place of key divisions and services in the structure of corporation are considered. Besides such scheme doesn’t reflect the real situation in a corporation, her administrative processes and the real relations of submission and a taxonomy. In this regard in article shortcomings of organizational structures on the example of the vertically integrated oil companies which are bulky and not rational, and, therefore, not flexible in corporate management, excessive bureaucratization and concentration on control functions that leads to duplication of production and marketing structures are revealed. A specific place in the article is held by the development of a strategy of corporation depending on its structure. Not the flexible and irrational structure of the Russian corporations doesn’t allow them to realize strategy and plans as they are hostages of the structure.

285-292

Authors: Sviridova N., Salita S.

Modern conditions of functioning of industrial enterprises are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty and dynamism of the external environment, increased competition in domestic and foreign markets, which determines the need to search for new approaches to forming the competitive advantages of the enterprise. In the conditions of unpredictable and chaotically changing external environment, the enterprise’s task is to timely respond to such changes. However, it is impossible to foresee the changes that occur daily on the external and internal markets, in a competitive environment, among partners and counterparties, changes associated with the emergence of new technology, products and technologies, and even more so in time to react to them through strategic and tactical changes. This forces enterprises to look for the basis for forming competitive advantages in the internal environment, based on available resources, capabilities and competencies. Configurations of such assets create stable business attributes that are difficult to copy and inherit from competitors and create the basis for the formation of the company’s competitive advantages — the key capabilities of the enterprise. Competitive advantages based on key capabilities are sustainable, long-term and difficult to copy. The article explores the types of capabilities of the enterprise depending on the characteristics of the subject area, which allowed to form a typification of the capabilities of the enterprise. This typification serves as the basis for identifying and analyzing capabilities, their consolidation and reconfiguration in order to ensure the competitive advantages of the enterprise. Provision of competitive advantages of the enterprise based on the formation and development of its key capabilities is possible due to the identification of key business attributes, the consolidation and reconfiguration of which will allow to form the key capabilities of the enterprise and transform them into competitive advantages.

300-306

Authors: Zubko D.

The energy market of Krasnodar Krai and also feature of the subject which need to be considered in the analysis of electrical power branch of the edge is considered. It is possible to refer to such features: summer “overpopulation” that leads to considerable overloads of power infrastructure of the cities and settlements, as a result of the development of the tourist direction in the region, besides the territory of the region is the largest agricultural zone of the country. In work the gross revenue of the enterprises of an electrical power complex of the edge is considered, the main enterprises of the energy market of Krasnodar Krai are listed. The activity of one of the enterprises of power branch of the edge of JSC NESK–elektroseti is analysed, priority activities of the enterprise are designated. Are designated a problem of development of a power complex of Krasnodar Krai, regarding ensuring reliable and trouble-free operation. For this purpose, the network companies within the program for an increase in reliability have carried out work on an inventory of reserve sources of power supply for objects of the social sphere and housing and public utilities. The factors influencing reliability and quality of power supply in the region are revealed, it is possible to carry to them: the need of modernization of a power supply system of edge, construction of consumer transformer substations. The problem, regarding deficiency of the electric power in Krasnodar Krai, is defined, at annual increase in volumes of consumption of resources, in connection with the active development of economy and growth of a number of consumers. For a solution of the problem of power deficiency in the region, it is offered to develop alternative energy sources, such as solar power engineering, application of geothermal sources, bioenergetics, development and design of wind complexes. At the same time, there are problems for the development of alternative sources of power, one of which is inflated prices of the equipment. It is defined that the solution of this problem requires.

321-327

Authors: Inayatov U.

The issues of the development of the mechanism of entrepreneurial structures, as well as the development of small business oriented on the implementation of quickly recouped projects that do not require large amounts of investment, are considered. Entrepreneurial functions acquire a number of general economic features and properties that determine their universal, integral and system–forming importance in constructing an effective structure of the national economy. The basis of social efficiency and harmonization of the interests of entrepreneurs, the state and society as a whole is the community of perspective interests of society and the state, as an expression of public interests and civilized entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs, like the state, are interested in creating a highly efficient economy, in political and social stability in society, in strengthening Uzbekistan’s position in the world arena.

335-339

Authors: Gafurova R.

The joint-stock company is a form of economic activity of the organization, which its authorized capital is divided into some number of shares. Shares of JSC are issued by the company and assigned to its shareholders with certain rights, including the right for company management and receiving a part of the profit in the form of dividends of the company. The shareholder of the joint-stock company is an owner of company shares. In other words, shares are equity securities that assigned a share in the company’s business to their owners, and the shareholder is one of the owners of the company. Based on these, the article discusses the role of the joint-stock company, history of development, conditions and establishment. Moreover, this study covers principles in implementation processes and advantages and disadvantages.

349-353

Authors: Asadullina G., Shayakhmetova R.

The article is devoted to problems of formation of national spirituality as a factor of sustainable development of the individual in modern society. The formation of the national spirituality and spiritual identity, capable of becoming an active subject taking place in the society of the revisionist processes is the requirement of time. National culture is a concentrated, condensed expression of certain spiritual deviations, a certain attitude and life possibilities, revealed in the historical destiny of this historical ethnic community. Any community has inherent not only conflicts of interest but also conflicts of values. A person can perceive the values of another ethnos for spiritual enrichment since, in the spiritual life of the individual, there is always a search and selection of spiritual values.

359-367

Authors: Griber Yu.

The research object is the chromatic “zero sign” understood as a meaning without a form, as an absence of positive significance, which should have been presented analogically with the other syntagmas, where a sign with the same meaning has an explicit form. The goal of the study is to undertake a theoretical reconstruction of ways and means through which “zero signs” manifested themselves in the urban space of the modern period. The paper discusses differences between “zero signs” and index signs, reveals the functions of “zero signs” in the European urban environment of the modern period. It contains the description of colour limitations and appeals for the practically complete negation of colour (for usage of chromatic “zero signs”) presented in the documents regulating urban colouring of Germany, France, Italy, Russia and other countries of the 18th–19th centuries. Practical recommendations of how to choose colours, suggested by F. C. Schmidt in his book “People’s architect” are analysed. The content of ordinances of Paris authorities, the structure of the colour plan of Turin, related to colour decrees of the Russian Empire is discussed. The idea of imitation of the constructed urban spaces to the ancient ones is considered as a basis of colour negation in urban coloristics. It is shown that the concept of “zero sign” opens wide prospects for the analysis of sign systems outside a natural language, namely a system of urban colouring where cases of a colour negation of city objects are rather frequently throughout the course of the history of urban settlement development.

377-399

Authors: Egorov A., Pegov V.

The article presents a critical view of sport as a phenomenon of the New time. Such a representation is important due to the increasing attempts to give the sports activities of a pedagogical nature, to solve through sport objectives of upbringing and education of the younger generation. One of the arguments for justification of these attempts, the innovation of the sport. In this regard, an attempt has been made to examine sport practices in the context of innovations. First, it was shown that progress and innovations are the leading motives of human evolution only the beginning of a New time. This is also the time of the birth of sport as a contemporary social phenomenon. Secondly, the pursuit of innovation has gradually been associated with the implementation of conflicting impulse — standardization, which first identified the manufacturing sector and later spread to other spheres of human life, particularly in education and sports. Third, the implementation of innovations in sport has gone the way, which creates serious problems. On the one hand, it is a competition of technical equipment and inventory, when a person increasingly becomes only an appendage (“technical innovations”). On the other hand, achieving good results in many sports is due to the doping (“chemical innovation”). The analysis naturally leads to the question about future innovations in sports practice, when in the XIX century in relation to the body and corporeality of the man was set restricting predicate “physical” (“physical culture” “physical education”, etc.), and when achievement of the maximum possible result is the only goal.

410-416

Authors: Logunova Z.

This article discusses the features stay Latvians in Northeast China, caught on the territory of Manchuria, long before the October revolution of 1917 g. Outside the motherland, Latvian community has managed to preserve their national identity — language, culture and traditions. Trying to avoid assimilation, Latvians lived in Manchuria closed community. It is believed that between Latvians worldwide there is a special link that Latvians are merged across a sense of national spirit and blood kinship. Object of scientific research is a vital activity of Latvian national community, particularly its inclusion in the process of social, cultural and political cooperation, as well as the Organization of Latvian Central National Committee resettlement of Latvians home. Methodological principles based on Historicism and scientific objectivity. When writing an article, the author relied on both works by contemporary researchers and archival documents. The author finds that the relevance of the article is the issue of the purges in 20–30, in the cruelty of the repressive State machinery, under the rims which hit not only wrong, but also, whose fates have adjoined with the Harbin–Russian They city in the far East.

421-424

Authors: Biryaeva A., Pleshivtseva A.

The article presents the characteristics of political and legal views in ancient Greece, the reasoning of philosophers of the V–IV centuries BC about the formation of the state. The main treatises of Aristotle about the origin of the state are considered. In conclusion, it is concluded that all the teachings of Aristotle are used and studied in higher institutions around the world until now.

431-435

Authors: Kurmanova A.

This article examines the problem of defining the concepts of “land” and “land plot”, as well as the issue of the peculiarities of the legal status of objects in state ownership, in particular, land and land.

442-448

Authors: Kalguzhinova A., Ozbekov D., Zhumasheva A.

The significance of the sign “public place” in the current criminal and administrative legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan is determined. The absence of a normative concept of this feature has led to the practical need for its formulation in statistical reporting. The concept and criteria for the classification of public places (time of use, availability of protection, accessibility, security level) are considered. The consideration of statistically typical features revealed as a result of the analysis of the dynamics and structure of criminal offences committed in public places deserves special criminological evaluation and response.

454-458

Authors: Bisembiev T.

Currently, terrorism is the most urgent topic, as it represents the greatest danger to the peace and security of mankind. This article also provides methods of combating terrorism. In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to toughen the methods of combating terrorist acts, as well as to toughen sanctions of the criminal code of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the commission of such a particularly dangerous crime as terrorism. When considering cases related to terrorism, it is necessary to take into account the identity of terrorist criminals, which can help in the disclosure and consideration of other cases related to manifestations of terrorism.

466-474

Authors: Barinov D.

The problem of Russian society modernization is considered from the point of view of the social activity of the population, which is not the least due to the specifics of the national mentality. In this regard, the question of whether the level of social activity meets the requirements of modernization is discussed. The analysis of this issue is based on the results of applied sociological research conducted by various research organizations in different periods of the post-Soviet development of Russian society. The article concludes that the problem of modernization is connected with the problem of socio-cultural changes aimed at the formation of a new culture, including not only patterns of consumption, but also patterns of social activity and labour behaviour.

480-483

Authors: Ibatullin A., Asadullina G.

The article presents a social problem — the problem of virtuality. After all, our 21st century development of computer technology. In the modern world the computer is used by all, without exception, someone in the right order, and someone to carry out your wishes, to take its anger in various games. Children from an early age begin to spend most of your time at the computer and various gadgets. Parents instead of to watch and limit the time priprovozhdeniya in the virtual world, but rather neobrasayte attention to their children. Most importantly they importantly, that they are not Masali they are not noisy. Based on this, we are getting Internet-dependent youth. Our task is to find a way out of this situation. Because the youth is the future of our State, if you want to live in happy and beautiful future it is necessary today to think about this problem.

492-496

Authors: Shvaiba D.

In the article the analysis of problems related to the improvement of governance of socio-demographic development of the Republic of Belarus. It should be noted that the negative trends in demographic development, namely the high birth rate, high death rate of men of working age is characteristic not only for Belarus but also several other countries. However, the modern development of the Republic of Belarus connected with the implementation of the national economic model of socially oriented, legal and demographic trends, gives grounds for optimistic forecasts in relation to its socio-economic and demographic prospects.

508-528

Authors: Smirnov E., Uvarov A., Smirnov N.

In the present article one of “zones of modern achievements in science” of school mathematics by means of computer and mathematical modelling is investigated. Research concerns a problem of the modern section of mathematics development “fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic” by means, available to the school, and by means of construction and adaptation to initial conditions of school knowledge of the major generalized constructs concerning the analysis and a being of fuzzy sets. The technology of school mathematics adaptation to the theory and practice of using of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic on the basis of mathematical modelling and computer design of nonlinear dynamics of synergetic effects manifestation is developed. During development of the difficult concept of fuzzy sets by means of visual modelling developed technological constructs of founding clusters of generalized construct components in the direction of availability and school mathematics maintenance. Equipment of a motivational field of school student’s research activity is revealed and the multiple goal– the setting of processes of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic development is realized. Means of communication on the basis of integration of mathematical, information, natural–science and humanitarian knowledge and procedures are developed. Research is conducted in the context of integration of mathematical and computer modelling at informative activity in small groups of school students and creations of conditions for the manifestation of synergetic effects. Equipment and stages of the adaptation of modern achievements in science to the initial condition of school students experience in longitude research are developed.

534-539

Authors: Bogdanova A.

The article is devoted to consideration of the revolutionary events in Russia in 1917. in school learning history. The author showed the main trends in the lighting revolution of 1917. in text and weeks two components of textbooks, determined the latest historiographical situation in teaching historical content and their consistency with Historical and cultural standard teaching materials for national history. According to the author, loyal and truthful coverage of events in the history books is essential to the education of citizenship and patriotism, developing value attitude to history.

545-549

Authors: Ryazanova A., Zakirova A.

This article reveals the influence of mass media; the concepts of education, the distinctive influence and different types, methods and mechanisms of mass media. The object of the study is the social education of young people. The subject is the synthesis of social educator’s work with the youth using the mass media. The aim of the work is to analyze the social educator’s work. Methods: theoretical analysis of literature, work’s synthesis of the specialist.

554-557

Authors: Nurullaeva Sh., Alimardonova M.

The article, to consider that the formation of children’s ideas about geometric shapes is evident in their ability to form perception. This ability allows the child to learn to distinguish and represent various geometric shapes. To develop in children the skills to identify geometric shapes in various objects of the world around us or find their similarity with geometric shapes. It helps in complete the world deliberately to examine the surrounding objects.