Winemaking: Theory and Practice

11-15

Authors: Levan Shavadze, Vamekh Papunashvili

Viticulture is an important field of agriculture. The development of viticulture is necessary to improve the quality of the production product – wine, so much attention is paid to studies aimed at developing agro-technologies in viticulture. An article discusses the efficient methods to manage the missing plants in the vineyards (already giving full crop). The negative effect of missing plants is revealed especially in the old vineyards, causing the decrease of the yield and increase in financial expenses due to costly operations. We have manipulated five types of methods against missing plants – I version – replacement using the method of bending the matured shoot (control); II version – replacement by one year old vine plant head covered with soil; III version – replacement by one year old vine paraffined plant; IV version – replacement by green fertile pot vine plant; V version – replacement by newly stratified vine plant. The results have been recorded according to vine plant success, and to their vegetative growth. Preliminary results have been processed and results have been concluded accordingly.

11-19

Authors: Iya Shiukashvili

The article considers a range of sources for the development of winemaking in the Caucasus. There were used as materials a review of the historiography of middle of the XIX century on the issue of winemaking in the Caucasus. Here are reflected sources of personal origin, monographs, articles in scientific periodicals, articles in collections “Kavkazskii kalendar'”, as well as articles in the newspaper periodical press. In total, the author identified 61 publications, which were distributed by year as follows: 1820s – 1 publication, 1830s – 3, 1840s – 5, 1850s – 20, 1860s – 28, 1870 – 4 publications. This historiographical work is based on the problem principle. The sources are grouped into books (materials of personal origin, monographs), articles in scientific journals, articles published in the “Kavkazskii kalendar'”, as well as newspaper publications. In conclusion, the author states that most of the publications on viticulture and winemaking in the Caucasus were published in the period of 1850−1860. At the same time, the main part of publications consisted of works from scientific journals and newspapers. Most of these publications were made in the journal “Zapiski Kavkazskogo obshchestva sel'skogo khozyaistva” and the newspaper “Kavkaz”. The subject matter of the works included purely descriptive works – notes and travel diaries, as well as purely scientific research on viticulture and winemaking in the Caucasus.

8-13

Authors: Levan Shavadze, Nodar Chkhartishvili, Roza Lortkipanidze, Manana Kevlishvili

Vitus vitifoliae Fitch is a dangerous threat to the vine root system. Since the 60s of the 19th century philosopher has destroyed about 70 % of the world's vineyards. In many of the means that have been used by researchers phylloxera against – yards, water datboreba vineyard, sandy soils Vineyard cultivation, phylloxera against a variety of chemicals for use in another. The better the result of crop-giving vine damqnobam phylloxera vine rootstocks after grafting Viticulture has a special place. Based on the necessity of production of viticulture and the need for phylloxera resistant material, the topical issue is to specify agrotechnic works to be performed in the phyloxeric stem cells. The measures to be carried out in the pedigree must be directed towards the expansion of the main phylloxera-resistant rootstock, in this case the crucial role of the vine is to form.

22-42

Authors: Ali A. Zarmaev

The article is devoted to the history of the emergence, formation and development of genetics of grapes, both abroad and in our country. It is concluded that thanks to genetics, it became possible to develop the selection of grapes at a new molecular-genetic level. It is shown that the origins of the development of this science were such outstanding domestic scientists as Academician Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov and Professor Alexander Mikhailovich Negrul who made a great contribution to the genetics of grapes in our country. It is especially noted that the following features are typical for the genetic system of grapes that are found in various forms of grapes in various combinations: a) allogeneity – cross pollination, b) parthenocarpy and, possibly, in some forms apomixis, c) vegetative reproduction, d) diploidity – polyploidy, e) chimeras – "vegetative" heterogeneity. Completely new possibilities in selection of grapes can open a method of tissue culture and individual cells. Especially tempting is the production of plants from pollen, primarily in remote hybrids. An additional source of source material in selection can be induced mutagenesis and experimental polyploidy. It is reported that the Institute of Grape and Wine "Magarach" is one of the leading centers for the selection of grapes in the CIS countries. It is pointed out that the genetics of grapes is inseparable from selection, and the selection department, genetics of grapes and ampelography of the institute make a big contribution to this process. It is emphasized that molecular genetic methods are the most modern technology for improving and stabilizing the achievements of crop production. They make it possible to overcome many difficulties in the study of cultivated plants, such as the length of time for selection of the source material, the lack of the possibility of carrying out analysis for the detection of heterozygous loci, the search for optimal parental pairs for generative selection.

10-36

Authors: Ali A. Zarmaev

The successes of clonal selection, achieved in viticulture in different countries of the world, indicate the great possibilities of using the vegetative variability of grape varieties. Most of the clones of grapes regionalized varieties are 1.5-2 times higher than the original samples in plantation productivity, which is the derivative of the crop mass and its quality. Due to clonal selection, the yield of vineyards in general by countries or regions has been increased by 2-5 times (Germany, Italy, France, California, etc.). Although the foundations of clonal breeding were laid down in ancient times, the attitude towards it was equivocal for a long time. The centuries-old practice of agriculture proves the possibility of constant grape variety nature improving by creation the optimal conditions for growing and selecting the best plants for reproduction. Nevertheless, recognizing the heritability of "mutations", supporters of formally genetic science denied the possibility of inheritance of weakly expressed changes, caused by bud variations as well, by unequal conditions of feeding of grape bush, grapevine and grapevine’s buds. Only in recent decades, doubts have been ceased on the effectiveness of clonal breeding, in improving the productivity of widespread varieties of grapes. The way to this point was long. In this article, based on the wide involvement of literature sources, the emergence, formation and development of clonal selection, in the whole world, in the nearest abroad countries, in Russia, is shown. The prominent role of the outstanding scientist-geneticist N.I. Vavilov, whose teaching was the foundation for the development of scientific bases for selection of grapes, including clonal, is emphasized. The results of long-term research on clonal selection of grapes, which were conducted by scientists both in Russia and in the near and far abroad, are given. In particular, the role of scientists of the Institute of Grape and Wine "Magarach" in development of domestic clonal selection of grapes is shown. The analysis of modern methods of clonal selection of grapes for productivity is given. A general conclusion is drawn on the need to continue the work on improving methods of clonal selection.

44-48

Authors: Lana Mzarelua

In the essay are given the perspectives and trends of wine tourism development in Georgia. By the author’s opinion wine tourism is rather actual in Georgia, this is proved by the tourist’s great requests in wine tourism in recent times as they are interested in recreation with the items of ancient culture as well. The author underlines, that development of wine tourism in Georgia is possible, when the revival of viticulture and winemaking will be implemented by domestic market protection and detection of the export market. When essential profitable credit line will be available for grape processing privatized enterprises, when the local production of natural resources will be used maximally, when grape purchase and realization of the agricultural products will be legally regulated, the conditions of attracting investments will be created, and the most important thing – well-organized infrastructure and the best service for tourists marketing will be developed.