Nanomedicine Research Journal

59-68

Authors: Leila Hamzehzadeh1 ; Armin Imanparast2 ; Amir Tajbakhsh3 ; Mahdi Rezaee4 ; Alireza Pasdar

Nanoparticles have been at the center of research focus as a new promising material for the treatment of cancer in recent years. Although many chemotherapy drugs for cancer treatment are available, their potential toxicity is the main point of concern. On the other hand, the conventional chemotherapeutic approach has not been found to be very efficient in colorectal cancer (CRC) as the drug molecule does not reach the target site with an effective concentration. A major challenge in cancer therapy is to destroy tumor cells without harming the normal tissue. To overcome this problem scientists are trying to use nanoparticles to directly target cancer cells for a more effective treatment and reduced toxicity. Different nanoparticles such as: liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and silica have been developed to carry a variety of anticancer agents including: cytotoxic drugs, chemo modulators, siRNA and antiangiogenic agents. This review discusses various treatments for colon cancer and the potential use of nanoparticles which facilitate targeting of cancer cells. The outlook for new treatment strategies in CRC management is also underlined.

79-83

Authors: kazem Marzban

Objective(s): So far, extensive research has been conducted on the preparation and characterization of nano ceramics based on Ca-Si by sol- gel method and bioactivity was evaluated, but, a few researches have paid attention to the preparation of materials by mechanical activation (MA). The aim of this study was the preparation of akermanite nano powder by mechanical activation method and bioactivity evaluation. Methods: Akermanite was prepared by MA method and subsequent heat treatment. Samples were mixed of calcium oxide (CaO), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and magnesium oxide (MgO) with molar ratio of 2:2:1, respectively. These were milled for 6 h, 8 h, and 10 h with ball-to- powder ratio 10:1 and rotation speed of 300 rpm. After synthesis, the samples were pressed under 25 MPa and heated at 1100 ºC for 3 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectrum (EDX-mapping) analysis were performed to characterize three kinds of powder. Bioactivity evaluation of the akermanite ceramics was investigated by being immersed in the simulated body fluid (SBF). Results: According to XRD pattern, the sample which was milled for 10 h at heat treatment at 1100 ºC only indicated the pure akermanite phase. The crystalline size of nano powder indicated that with ball milling time increase, the sizes of crystalline were decreased. Also, SEM images showed that, apatite nucleation happened and it grew on the sample surface. Conclusions: In the present investigation, the nanostructure akermanite powder can be prepared by mechanical activation (MA).

90-96

Authors: Maryam Jafari; Babak Kaffashi

Objective(s): The quantitative calculation of release data is more facil when mathematics come to help. mathematically modeling could aid optimizing and amending the delivery systems design. Aim of this study is to find out the isoniazid release kinetic. Methods: In this work degradable temperature sensitive dextran-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate- poly-N-isopropyl acryl amide (Dex-HEMA-PNIPAAm) nanogels which were synthesized by UV polymerization were loaded by Isoniazid. The Isoniazid release amounts taken from in vitro studies at two different temperatures, below and upper lower criticalsolution temperature (LCST) were mathematically modeled to investigate the kinetic of drug release. Mathematically inquiry of release phenomenon of Isoniazid makes it easy to predict and recognize the influence of delivery device laying out parameters on release kinetic formulation. The modeling was performed using model dependent methods, such as zero order, first order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer- Pepas, Hixon and Crowel. Results: The best fitted model showing the highest determination coefficient (R2) was Korsmeyer-Pepas which means predominant release mechanism is controlled by diffusion. Conclusions: The Isoniazid release pattern of most samples was combination of swelling, diffusion and degradation.

107-111

Authors: Ali Gheibi; Kamyar Khoshnevisan; Najmeh Ketabchi; Mohammad Ali Derakhshan; Arman Amani Babadi

Among the synthetic polymers, poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) microbial polyester is one of the biocompatible and biodegradable copolymers in the nanomedicine scope. PHBV has key points and suitable properties to support cellular adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of nanofibers. Nanofibers are noticeably employed in order to enhance the performance of biomaterials, and could be effectively considered in this scope. Electrospinning is one of the well-known and practical methods that extremely employed in the construction of nanofibrous scaffolds for biomedical application and recently PHBV has exploited in nerve graft and regenerative medicine. PHBV composites nanofibrous scaffolds are able to be applied as promising materials in many fields, such as; wound healing and dressing, tissue engineering, targeted drug delivery systems, functional carries, biosensors or nano-biosensors and so on. In this mini-review, we attempt to provide a more detailed overview of the recent advances of PHBV electrospun nanofibers application in neural graft and regeneration.

1-7

Authors: Pouya Dehghankelishadi1 2 ; Farid Dorkoosh

Pluronic based nano-particulate systems are innovative platforms for delivery of anti-cancer agents. These systems due to their pharmacological properties and suitable physicochemical characteristics are great opportunity for development cancer therapeutics. This mini-review tries to provide a more detailed overview on the currently available pluronic based drug delivery systems. In the section 2, pharmacological characteristics of pluronic as a therapeutic polymer are assessed. In section 3, pluronic based formulations for undruggable payloads and surfaced modified targeted delivery systems are analyzed. The combinatorial pluronic based systems are summarized in section 4 and at last but not least the challenges and future prospective are discussed within section 5.

15-22

Authors: Reza Aghayari 1 ; Heydar Maddah2 ; Ali Reza Faramarzi3 ; Hamid Mohammadiun4 ; Mohammad Mohammadiun4

Objective(s): This study aims to evaluate and predict the thermal conductivity of iron oxide nanofluid at different temperatures and volume fractions by artificial neural network (ANN) and correlation using experimental data. Methods: Two-layer perceptron feedforward artificial neural network and backpropagation Levenberg-Marquardt (BP-LM) training algorithm are used to predict the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. Fe3O4 nanoparticles are prepared by chemical co-precipitation method and thermal conductivity coefficient is measured using 2500TPS apparatus. Results: Fe3O4 nanofluids with particle size of 20-25 nm are used to test the effectiveness of ANN. Thermal conductivity of Fe3O4 /water nanofluid at different temperatures of 25, 30 and 35℃ and volume concentrations, ranging from 0.05% to 5% is employed as training data for ANN. The obtained results show that the thermal conductivity of Fe3O4 nanofluid increases linearly with volume fraction and temperature. Conclusions: the artificial neural network model has a reasonable agreement in predicting experimental data. So it can be concluded the ANN model is an effective method for prediction of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids and has better prediction accuracy and simplicity compared with the other existing theoretical methods.

31-38

Authors: Hossein Khosravi 1 ; Faezeh Rahmani2 ; Bijan Hashemi

Background: Normoxic type MAGICA gel dosimeters are established for dose quantification in three dimensions for radiotherapy. Objective(s): The ability of MAGICA polymer gel was assessed by experimental measurements method for studying the effect of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in dose enhancement under the external 18MV radiotherapy practices. Methods: The different GNPs concentrations were studied: 0.02mM, 0.05 mM and 0.1 mM. Then, a new formulation of MAGICA gel was synthesized. The fabricated gel was poured in the tubes (with and without the GNPs) located at the water phantom. The water phantom was irradiated to 18 MV beam of a Varian linac. After 24 hours, the irradiated gels were read using a Siemens 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. The absolute dose sat the reference points and isodose curves resulted from the experimental measurements of the gels following the external radiotherapy practices were compared. Results: The signal of non-irradiated gel samples containing GNPs showed maximum difference of the 1% compared to gel without nanoparticles. The dose enhancement factors were 1.014±0.07, 1.074±0.11and 1.161±0.15 for 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mM concentrations, respectively. The results demonstrate that use of GNPs embedded in polymer gels caused the enhancement of radiation. Conclusions: The results indicated that the polymer gel dosimetry method as developed and used in this study can be recommended as a reliable method for investigating the DEF of GNPs in external radiotherapy practices.

47-51

Authors: Ehsan Zayerzadeh 1 ; Azadeh Fardipour2 ; Meisam Shabanian3 ; Mohammad Kazem Koohi

Objective(s): Carbon nanotubes have unique mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, with potential different applications in nanomedicine, electronics, and other industries. These new applications of carbon nanotubes in different industries lead to the increased exposure risk of nanomaterials to human. Up to now, all aspects of carbon nanotubes toxicity are not completely clear following human and animal exposures with these novel compounds. The aim of this study was to assess cardiopulmonary toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes following oral administration in rats with respect to the histopathological and biochemical evaluation. Methods: In the present investigation, we studied cardiorespiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with regard to histopathological changes and some biomarkers including TnT, CK-MB and LDH in experimental rats following oral administration. One dose per 24 h of MWCNT suspension was administered orally (gavage technique) to animals at the doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day BW for 5 days. Results: The results of these study showed oral administration of MWCNT induces histopathological complications such as severe alveolar edema and hemorrhage in lungs and myocytolysis in heart of all experimental groups of animals. In all of the groups, troponin T level showed no changes when compared to baseline. Lactate dehydrogenase and CK-MB activity showed significant increment in all of animal groups following oral administration of carbon nanotubes. Conclusions: It can be concluded that oral exposure of MWCNT may be toxic for cardiovascular and respiratory systems, because MWCNT induced biochemical alterations and histopathological abnormalities in these vital systems.