Health Risk Analysis

4–12

Authors: A.Yu. Popova, N.V. Zaitseva, I.V. May, D.A. Kiryanov

The authors stress in the paper that at a moment when a large-scale administrative reform of control-surveillance activities in the Russian Federation took place there was an efficient tool greatly compatible with control and surveillance activities, a so called social-hygienic monitoring system. When control and surveillance activities and social and hygienic monitoring are brought together, it is a process when mutual integration of both systems takes place; results obtained in one of them give grounds for planning in another. Control and surveillance activities should give precise and targeted recommendations for the social social-hygienic monitoring system for those objects which are to be observed systematically. Both systems accumulate data on which obligatory requirement this or that surveillance object is likely to violate. The monitoring systems allows to make scientifically grounded choice on observation points and monitoring programs development taking all zones influenced by risk sources into account. Measurement results are aimed at validated and precise determination of unacceptable health risk occurrence or threats to human life or health as well as an object causing such threats. But still each systems continues to solve each own tasks attributable only to it. Both systems, social-hygienic monitoring and control and surveillance activates, are becoming dynamic. Monitoring points and observations programs are changing in accordance with surveillance authorities actions and economic entities reactions to such actions. Control and surveillance authorities get another tool which helps to further validate their efficiency over the previous time periods. System management processes are cyclic and have time gaps between specific stages during a year; it causes substantial time expenses which are necessary to obtain optimal parameters. The overall management cycle for one system is equal to 4 years, and for combined systems, 8 years

22–31

Authors: D.A. Shaposhnikov, B.A. Revich

The paper dwells on techniques applied for assessing impacts exerted by environmental factors on population health which have become conventional all over the world over recent years. The greatest attention is paid to up-to-date approaches to calculating risks of additional mortality which occurs in big population groups during cold and hot temperature waves. The authors consider basic stages in direct epidemiologic research: temperature waves definition; statistics hypotheses formulation; models specification; statistical criteria sensitivity, and statistical validity of the obtained results. As per long-term research performed by us in various Russian cities, we constructed logistic curves which show probability of obtaining significant risk assessment results for small samplings. We recommend to apply percentiles of long-term average daily temperature distributions as temperature thresholds when identifying temperature waves; in our opinion, such thresholds correspond to perceptions of extreme (for this or that region) temperatures and provide comparable results in terms of expected waves quantity in different climatic zones. Poisson's generalized linear model for daily mortality is shown to be the most widely spread technique for calculating risks caused by hazardous environmental factors. It is advisable to allow for an apparent correlation between mortality and time and air contamination in any regression model. We can allow for meteorological conditions which influence heat balance (air humidity and wind speed) either via including them apparently into a model or via bioclimatic indexes application; research in this sphere is going on. When calculating risks, it is advisable to allow for time lags between extreme temperatures waves and changes in mortality. We revealed that minimal population of a typical city for which it is possible to obtain statistically significant assessment of risks caused by heat waves ensembles is about 200,000 people.

39–46

Authors: N.Kh. Davletova, Е.А. Tafeeva

Atmospheric air contamination holds the first place among priority factors which determine environmental risks for sportsmen's health at open-air sport facilities. Training processes especially those aimed at aerobic endurance development and improvement are inefficient under ecologically unfavorable conditions. Our research goal was to assess atmospheric air quality on territories where open-air sport facilities were located in Kazan. Our initial materials were data on contaminants emissions on Kazan territory, results of instrumental research on air quality, data taken from state Reports on natural resources and environmental protection issued in Tatarstan in 2006–2016. We examined impacts exerted by meteorological conditions on dispersion and accumulation of emissions from stationary sources and automobile transport in close proximity to open-air sport facilities. We charted all the open-air sport facilities and enterprises and assessed mutual influences by various city districts on each other depending on prevailing winds which de-termined contaminants transfer from place to place. Our analysis on winds repeatability from May to September over 2006–2016 revealed that North-West wind prevailed in July, and West wind, in May, June, August, and September. Conditions which were favorable for contaminants dispersion were observed only in 30.9 % of months over the examined period; partially favorable or even unfavorable ones occurred in 69.1 % of time. So, natural-climatic conditions existing in Kazan create specific qualitative composition of city air and contaminants are present in atmospheric air above open-air sport facilities in concentrations exceeding maximum permissible ones. It causes potential risks for sportsmen' s health. The obtained data give grounds for air monitoring planning at periods when sport events take place; for organizing work at priority enterprises when meteorological conditions are unfavorable; they can also be applied when changes are made into architectural and design plans for the city territory including transport routes development; or when activities aimed at environment protection are developed and im-plemented.

59–65

Authors: I.G. Nenakhov, Yu.I. Stepkin, I.A. Yakimova

Our research was performed on 90 people working at Voronezh Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology, a certified test laboratory center. Our research goal was to assess peculiarities of sensorimotor reactions detected in personnel of hygienic and epidemiologic laboratories as per simple visual-motor reaction parameters and complex visual-motor reaction. To examine visual-motor reactions, we applied EffectonStudio software, "Jaguar. Perception. Reactions. Research on precision and speed qualities and human working capacity" package, and Maslash and Jackson procedure supplemented with a mathematical model developed in Bechterev's Saint-Petersburg Scientific Research Psychoneurological Institute to assess occupational burnout risks. The paper dwells on how fatigue develops during a working week and on contributions made by each working day into overall fatigue experienced by personnel employed at a certified test laboratory center. We examined occupational burnout peculiarities detected in laboratory center workers as per emotional exhaustion parameters, depersonalization, and reduction in professional competences; we calculated integral burnout index for them. We reveled health risks for certified test laboratory center personnel which were caused by their emotional burnout and determined cause-and effect relations between the central nervous system functional state and emotional burnout. On the basis of the obtained data we made recommendations on prevention activities aimed at working conditions optimization and occupational burnout prophylaxis. Our research supplements and enlarges this knowledge sphere in occupational hygiene in terms of examining and preventing fatigue occurring in personnel at their workplaces.

78–88

Authors: V.A. Loginova, G.G. Onishchenko

We performed comparative hygienic assessment of environmental factors and health of population living near the South-Eastern railway and railroad transport workers over 21012–2016 and revealed a trend for environmental quality improvement both at railroad objects and on territories influenced by them. This trend was confirmed by a 3.8 times decrease in specific weight of atmospheric air samples with hazardous substances concentrations exceeding MPC; a decrease in drinking water samples taken from distribution networks which deviated from standards (by 31.5 % as per sanitary-chemical parameters, and by 26.5 %, as per microbiological ones); lower share of soil samples not corresponding to standards (it went down to 0 as per sanitary-chemical parameters, and there was a 1.8 times decrease in it as per microbiological parameters); there was also a decrease in a number of workplaces not corresponding to hygienic standards in terms of physical factors (noise, by 1.6 times lower, microclimate, by 3.1 times, luminance, by 1.7 times) and in terms of MPC levels related to vapors and gases concentrations in working area air (by 4.3 times), as well as dust and aerosols (by 1.6 times). At the same time there are persistent negative trends for dynamic parameters of water reservoirs quality: a specific weight of water samples not corresponding to standards increased, by 3.4 % as per sanitary-chemical parameters, and by 29.2 %, as per microbiological ones. Occupational risks for railroad transport workers still exist. Industrial noise is considered to be a priority risk factor and it corresponds to occupational morbidity structure. 19 occupational morbidity cases were detected at South-Eastern railway over the examined period. Occupational morbidity went down from 1.3 to 0.2 cases per 10,000 workers (from 1.5 to 1.14 per 10,000 workers for the whole railways network). Sensorineural hearing loss amounts to 63.2 % in occupational pathology structure (up to 73 % for the whole railways network). Working conditions of locomotive team members remain the most unfavorable. Negative environmental factors continue to exert their influence on health. Although primary morbidity among population in general and workers employed by "Russian Railways" PLC ("RR" PLC) over 2012–2016 (by 13.1 % and 13.6 % cor-respondingly), an increase in respiratory organs diseases is detected both among population in general (by 11.2 %), and workers employed by "RR" PLC (by 18.5 %). Besides, respiratory organs diseases make the greatest contribution into primary morbidity. Their specific weight amounts to 26.5–39.8 % among population in general, and to 37.9 %, among "RR" PLC workers. As a whole, morbidity among "RR" PLC workers employed at the South-Eastern railway tends to be 34.7–43.9 % higher than among population in general (by 24.3–36.4 % for the whole railways network), and this fact proves there are additional negative influences exerted by occupational factors. It is also shown that morbidity with temporary disability among 1st category workers has a negative trend (a 5 % increase).

98–103

Authors: A.V. Voronkov, A.S. Lysenko, A.F. Bandura

Our research goal was to examine influences exerted by new pyrimidine derivatives coded as BL0 and BL2 on cerebral hemodynamics auto-regulation parameters and vasodilatating function of vessels endothelium as risk factors causing ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes under chronic hemic hypoxia. We performed an experiment on white Wistar rats to prove that endothelial dysfunction which evolves under chronic hemic hypoxia leads to disorders in endothelium-mediated mechanisms for cerebral circulation auto-regulation in rats. We modeled hypoxia in animals via granting them free access to 0.2 % sodium nitrite solution instead of ordinary drinking water. Endothelial dysfunction was confirmed as per disorders in vasodilatation and vasoconstriction reactions at intravenous introduction of acetyl choline (0.1 mg/kg) and methyl ether hydrochloride nitro-L-arginine (10 mg/kg). Cerebral blood flow speed was measured with MM-D-K-Minimax v.2.1. ultrasound Doppler. We assessed cerebral circulation auto-regulation as per compression test results which allowed us to calculate overshoot coefficient and auto-regulation power. Examined pyrimidine derivatives and comparison preparations were introduced orally 60 minutes prior to taking readings. Mexidol doses were calculated on the basis of interspecific recalculation of a maximum daily dose for a man. Nicergoline dose was taken as a most effective one as per literature data. When new pyrimidine derivatives BL0 and BL2 are applied under chronic hemic hypoxia, it causes overshoot coefficient to grow authentically higher than in a negative control group but it doesn't exert any positive influence on collateral reserve parameter, namely auto-regulation power. BL0 and BL2 improve endothelium vasodilatating function at intravenous acetylcholine introduction (0.1 mg/kg) and don't exert any influence on vasoconstricting function at L-NAME intravenous introduction (10 mg/kg). The examined substance BL0 has more apparent pharmacological effects thus exceeding the second substance BL2 and such comparison preparations as Mexidol and Nicergoline in some parameters.

113–125

Authors: E.V. Bragin

Examination of natural ageing processes including those caused by multiple external factors has been attracting re-searchers' attention over the last years. Senile cataract is a multi-factor disease. Expenditure on cataract surgery remain one of the greatest expenses items in public health care. Age is a basic factor which causes senile cataract. Morbidity with cataract doubles each 10 years of life. This outline considers some literature sources which describe research results on influence exerted on cataract evolvement by such risk factors as age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol intake, pancreatic diabetes, intake of certain medications, a number of environmental factors including ultraviolet and ionizing radiation. mane of these factors are shown to increase or reduce senile cataract risk; there are conflicting data on certain factors. The outline also contains quantitative characteristics of cataract risks which are given via odds relation and evolve due to age parameters impacts, alcohol intake, ionizing radiation, etc. The authors also state that still there is no answer to the question whether dose-effect relationship for cataract evolvement is a threshold or non-threshold.